Risk factors and mortality for elderly patients with Bloodstream infection of Carbapenem resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae：a 10-year longitudinal study in China

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1513332/v1

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Risk factors and mortality for elderly patients with Bloodstream infection of Carbapenem resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae：a 10-year longitudinal study in China

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1513332/v1

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Background: Bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), especially in elderly patients, results in higher morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess risk factors associated with CRKP BSI and mortality among elderly patients in China.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we enrolled 252 inpatients aged ≥65 years with BSI caused by KP from January 2011 to December 2020 in China. Data regarding demographic, microbiological characteristics, and clinical outcome were collected.

Result: Among the 252 BSI patients, there were 29 patients (11.5%) caused by CRKP and 223 patients (88.5%) by carbapenem-susceptible KP (CSKP). The overall 28-day mortality rate of elderly patients with a KP BSI episode was 10.7% (27/252), of which CRKP BSI patients (14 / 29, 48.3%) were significantly higher than CSKP patients (13 / 223, 5.83%) (P < 0.001). Hypertension (OR: 13.789, [95% CI: 3.883-48.969], P < 0.001), exposure to carbapenems (OR: 8.073, [95% CI: 2.066-31.537], P =0.003), and ICU stay (OR: 11.180, [95% CI: 2.663-46.933], P = 0.001) were found to be associated with the development of CRKP BSI in elderly patients. A multivariate analysis showed that isolation of CRKP (OR 6.032, 95% CI 1.728-21.055, P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for 28-day mortality of KP BSI.

Conclusion: In elderly patients, hypertension, exposure to carbapenems and ICU stay were associated with the development of CRKP BSI. Active screening of CRKP for the high-risk populations, especially elderly patients, is significant for early detection and successful management of CRKP infection.

Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae

Bloodstream infection

Risk factor

Mortality

Elderly patients

Bloodstream infection (BSI) casued by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is a major public health problem worldwide, which casues the multiple nosocomial outbreaks, high morbidity and high mortality.[1, 2]. World Health Organization listed CRKP as one of the critical antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens in 2017, for which new antibiotics are urgently needed[3].

The mortality rates of patients with BSI caused by CRKP is reported to be significantly higher than that caused carbapenem-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae (CSKP) (30–50% versus 2.4–12.5%)[4, 5]. Identifying the risk factors for increased prevalence of CRKP BSI can help formulate effective intervention strategies to prevent outbreaks of CRKP BSI. A growing body of literature suggests that risk factors for CRKP infection include exposure to antibiotics, intensive care units (ICU), invasive devices, and intestinal colonization by Klebsiella pneumoniae(KP)[4, 6, 7]. The risk factors for fatal outcomes were confirmed to include mechanical ventilation, septic shock and CRKP isolation[4].

Population-based studies demonstrate that BSIs are more common in older people, due to a variety of factors such as comorbidity, immunocompromised, malnutrition, and environmental factors. More than 50% of the cases occurred in patients aged 65 and over[4, 5]. In a recent large series of assessments of community onset BSI in patients aged 65 and older, 37.5% of bacteremia was medically related.[6]. Due to the high frequency of atypical clinical manifestations, the diagnosis of BSI in frail elderly remains a challenge[7]. In the absence of specific infection symptoms, senile symptoms such as weight loss, delirium, drowsiness, anorexia, fall and urinary incontinence may be the most important symptoms [8]. In two retrospective studies, the independent risk factors for elderly patients to obtain nosocomial BSI were age, bed rest status, the presence of intravascular access or gastrostomy at admission, and urinary incontinenc[9, 10]. However, it is worth noting that, currently in China, there are few studies on the risk factors and mortality for elderly patients with bloodstream infection of CRKP.

The aim of this study was to assess risk factors associated with CRKP BSI and mortality among elderly patients in China, improving the awareness of medical institutions on the prevention and control of CRKP infections in the elderly.

Study design and patients

This study was conducted in the 2850 beds of First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2011 to December 2020. Patients aged ≥ 65 years with confirmed K. pneumoniae BSI were included. According to established criteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae BSI is defined as the presence of at least one positive blood culture with infectious symptoms and signs [17, 18]. K. pneumoniae BSI cases were identified from the microbiology laboratory database. Only the first episode of K. pneumoniae BSI was included. Patients with multibacterial BSI or patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. CRKP was defined as minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for ertapenem ≥ 2 µg/ml.

The data collected included information regarding demographics, underlying diseases, length of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, exposure to invasive procedure, antibiotic treatment, significant history of infection, immunosuppressive therapy in the 90 days prior to the date of BSI onset, microbiological data and patient outcomes.

Microbiological Methods

The strains were identified by the Vitek 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France). The antibiotics susceptibility tests for the strains were examined by Gram-negative susceptibility (GNS) cards on the Vitek system (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France). Susceptibility testing results were interpreted according to the criteria recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2021). E. coli ATCC 25922 and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were used as the the quality control strains for susceptibility testing.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 24.0 software.

Categorical variables are expresssed in numbers and percentages. Continuous variables are showed as mean and standard deviation (SD) (normal distribution) or median and interquartile range (IQR) (non normal distribution). Chi square test or Fisher’s exact test were used for comparing categorical variables. According to their distribution, Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test was analyzed continuous variables. The results of univariate analysis were as follows: Odds ratio (or), 95% confidence interval (CI), and P value. Significant variables with P value of < 0.05 were then selected into binary logistic regression model for multivariate analysis to evaluate risk factors of CRKP BSIs and for mortality. Survival analysis was examined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, for which two tailed P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Clinical and demographic characteristic of patients with KP BSI

Among these 252 KP BSI inpatients, 29 (11.5%) KP isolates were carbapenem-resistant. The overall 28-day mortality rate of elderly patients with a KP BSI episode was 10.7% (27/252). It was significantly higher for patients with CRKP BSI (14/29, 48.3%) than patients with CSKP BSI (13/223, 5.83%) (P < 0.001).

Most elderly patients (233/242, 92.5%) had at least one underlying disease, including hypertension (40.5%), previous bacterial infections (40.5%), malignant tumors ( 37.3%), diabetes mellitus (27.0%), organ dysfunction (24.6%), septic shock (14.7%), hematologic malignancies (5.2%), and immunodeficiency ( 2.8%). Besides, 23.4% of these patients had been admitted to ICU department before BSI onset. The median duration of hospital stay before the onset of BSI was 6 days (IQR, 2 to 13 days). The clinical and demographic characteristics of cohort patients with KP BSI isolates were shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Characteristics of 252 elderly patients with KP BSI according to CSKP or CRKP isolates
	Total (n = 252)	CSKP (n = 223)	CRKP (n = 29)	P
Demographic variables
Male sex	166(65.9)	143(64.1)	23(79.3)	0.105
Age
60–70	138(54.8)	123(55.2)	15(51.7)	0.78
70–80	73(29.0)	65(29.2)	6(20.7)	0.66
80–90	38(15.1)	33(14.8)	5(17.2)	0.44
> 90	5(2.0)	2(0.9)	3(10.3)	0.26
Co-morbidities
Hypertension	102(40.5)	79(35.4)	23(79.3)	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	68(27.0)	57(25.6)	11(37.9)	0.158
Hematological tumors	13(5.2)	12(5.4)	1(3.5)	0.658
Malignant tumors	94(37.3)	86(38.6)	8(27.6)	0.25
Previous bacterial infections	102(40.5)	85(38.1)	17(58.6)	0.034
Septic Shock	37(14.7)	31(13.9)	6(20.7)	0.331
Immunosuppression	7(2.8)	5(2.2)	2(6.9)	0.151
Organ dysfunction	62(24.6)	54(24.2)	8(27.6)	0.692
Antibiotics before KPN isolation
β-Lactam/lactamase combinations	29(11.5)	21(9.4)	8(27.6)	0.009
cephalosporins	47(18.6)	35(15.7)	12(41.4)	0.001
carbapenems	45(17.9)	28(12.6)	17(58.6)	< 0.001
quinolones	23(9.1)	19(8.5)	4(13.8)	0.354
Hospital stays before onset	6(2,13)	5(1,12)	16(5,33)	0.016
ICU stay	59(23.4)	38(17.0)	21(72.4)	< 0.001
Pathogen isolated from other sitets	96(38.1)	75(33.6)	21(72.4)	< 0.001
Department when KP isolated
Internal medicine	128(50.8)	123(55.2)	5(17.2)	0.98
Surgical	76(30.2)	73(32.7)	3(10.3)	0.98
ICU	48(19.1)	27(12.1)	21(72.4)	< 0.001
Invasive operation
Surgery	68(27.0)	61(27.3)	7(24.1)	0.714
Puncture	108(42.9)	90(40.4)	18(62.1)	0.026
Catheter	28(11.1)	22(9.9)	6(20.7)	0.081
Mechanical ventilation	31(12.3)	18(8.1)	13(44.8)	< 0.001
Transfusion	46(18.3)	33(14.8)	13(44.8)	< 0.001
Mortality	27(10.7)	13(5.8)	14(48.3)	< 0.001
Data are expressed as n(%) or median(IQR).

Risk factors for patients suffered from CRKP BSI versus CSKP BSI

The clinical characteristics of patients with CRKP BSIs and CSKP BSIs were compared in Table 2. The variables associated with CRKP BSI, using the univariate analysis, included hypertension, previous bacterial infections, and hospital stay before BSI onset. Further, ICU stay before BSI onset, department when KPN isolated, blood transfusion, mechanical ventilation, application of puncture, prior exposure to β-lactam/lactamase combinations, carbapenems, cephalosporins were identified associated with CRKP BSI.

Further, our multivariate analysis summarizes independent risk factors for developing CRKP BSI versus CSKP BSI: hypertension (OR: 13.789, 95% CI: 3.883–48.969, P < 0.001), exposure to carbapenems (OR: 8.073, 95% CI: 2.066–31.537, P = 0.003), and ICU stay(OR: 11.180, 95% CI: 2.663–46.933, P = 0.001)

Table 2

Univariate and multi-variate analysis of risk factors for BSI caused by CRKP compared with patients with BSI caused by CSKP
	CSKP (n = 223)	CRKP (n = 29)	P	OR	P
Male sex	143(64.1)	23(79.3)	0.105
Age	69(64,76)	69(63,80)	0.154
Co-morbidities
HP	79(35.4)	23(79.3)	< 0.001	13.789(3.883–48.969)	< 0.001
Previous bacterial infections	85(38.1)	17(58.6)	0.034
Antibiotics before KPN isolation
β-Lactam/lactamase combinations	21(9.4)	8(27.6)	0.009
cephalosporins	35(15.7)	12(41.4)	0.001
carbapenems	28(12.6)	17(58.6)	< 0.001	8.073(2.066–31.537)	0.003
Hospital stays before onset	5(1,12)	16(5,33)	0.016
ICU stay	38(17.0)	21(72.4)	< 0.001	11.180(2.663–46.933)	0.001
Pathogen isolated from other parts	75(33.6)	21(72.4)	< 0.001
Department when KPN isolated	27(12.1)	21(72.4)	< 0.001
Invasive operation
Puncture	90(40.4)	18(62.1)	0.026
Catheter	22(9.9)	6(20.7)	0.081
Mechanical ventilation	18(8.1)	13(44.8)	< 0.001
Transfusion	33(14.8)	13(44.8)	< 0.001
Data are expressed as n(%) or median(IQR).

Risk factors for 28-day mortality in patients with KP BSI

The univariate analysis to identify potential risk factors for 28-day mortality of KP BSI include isolation of CRKP (OR 15.077, 95% CI 6.015–37.789, P < 0.001), combination with other site infection (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.225–6.397), P < 0.001), sepsis shock (OR 4.314, 95% CI 1.792–10.385, P < 0.05), hospital stay (OR 1.023, 95% CI 1.009–1.036, P = 0.001), ICU stay (OR 1.038, 95% CI 1.018–1.059, P < 0.001), infection with other pathogen(OR 7.000, 95% CI 2.711–18.076, P < 0.001), BSI onset in ICU (OR 25.667, 95% CI 9.514–69.241, P < 0.001), catheter (OR 5.552, 95% CI 2.155–14.300, P < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (OR 13.176, 95% CI 5.344–32.487, P < 0.001), transfusion (OR 4.494, 95% CI 1.936–10.433, P < 0.001) recently, treated with carbapenem (OR 2.573, 95% CI 1.082–6.120, P = 0.028).

A multivariate analysis conducted on these 252 patients showed that variable associated with 28-day mortality in patients with KP BSI were CRKP isolation (OR 6.032, 95% CI 1.728–21.055, P < 0.05) and KP isolated in ICU (OR 7.816, 95% CI 1.860-32.847, P < 0.05)(Table 3).

Table 3

Univariate and multi-variate analysis of risk factors for 28-day mortality in patients with KP BSI
	Survival (n = 225)	Death (n = 27)	OR	P	OR	P
Demographic variables
Male sex	145(64.4)	21(77.8)		0.167
Age	69(64,76)	70(64,79)		0.134
Carbapenem resistance	15(6.7)	14(51.9)	15.077(6.015–37.789)	< 0.001	6.032((1.728–21.055)	0.005
Co-morbidities
Hypertension	87(38.7)	15(55.6)		0.091
Diabetes mellitus	61(27.1)	7(25.9)		0.896
Hematological tumors	12(5.3)	1(3.7)		0.718
Malignant tumors	85(37.8)	9(33.3)		0.652
Infection(any)	85(37.8)	17(63.0)	2.8(1.225–6.397)	0.012		0.727
Septic Shock	27(12.0)	10(37.0)	4.314(1.792–10.385)	0.001		0.274
Immunosuppression	5(2.2)	2(7.4)		0.121
Organ dysfunction	52(23.1)	10(37.0)		0.112
Hospital stays before onset	5(1,12)	14(7,38)	1.023(1.009–1.036)	0.001		0.144
ICU stays before onset	0(0,1)	10(1,34)	1.038(1.018–1.059)	< 0.001		0.600
Pathogen isolated from other parts	75(33.3)	21(77.8)	7.000(2.711–18.076)	< 0.001		0.877
KP isolated in ICU	27(12.0)	21(77.8)	25.667(9.514–69.241)	< 0.001	7.816(1.860-32.847)	0.005
Invasive operation
surgery	60(26.7)	8(29.6)		0.743
puncture	23(10.2)	5(18.5)		0.195
catheter	87(38.7)	21(77.8)	5.552(2.155–14.300)	< 0.001		0.080
Mechanical ventilation	17(7.6)	14(51.9)	13.176(5.344–32.487)	< 0.001		0.887
transfusion	34(15.1)	12(44.4)	4.494(1.936–10.433)	< 0.001		0.542
Carbapenem including treatment	108(48.0)	19(70.4)	2.573(1.082–6.120)	0.028		0.575
Data are expressed as n(%) or median(IQR).

Elder Patients With Kp Bsi In Icu

ICU is a significant factors in patients which always means higher risk of carbapenem resistance and higher mortality. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the significant of 28-days survival of patients in ICU versus non-ICU (P < 0.001)(Fig. 1).

Among 48 patients with KP BSI in ICU, the overall 28-day mortality rate of elderly patients with a KP BSI episode was 43.6% (21/48). It was significantly higher for patients with CRKP BSI (11/21, 52.4%) than patients with CSKP BSI (10/27, 37.0%) (P < 0.01)(Fig. 2). The median duration of ICU stay before the onset of BSI was 14 days (IQR, 1 to 33 days). Except patients have higher operation rate in SICU, there was no significant in characteristics between patients in MICU and SICU (Table 4).

Table 4

Characteristics of patients with KP BSI in ICU
	Total (n = 48)	MICU (n = 27)	SICU (n = 21)	P
Demographic variables
Male sex	34(70.8)	18(66.7)	16(76.2)	0.471
Age	69(65–77)	69(65–77)	69(69–75)	0.834
Length of ICU stay	14(1,33)	5(1,31)	16(8,33)	0.184
Pathogen isolated from other parts	38(79.2)	24(88.9)	14(66.7)	0.06
surgery	13(27.1)	2(7.4)	11(52.4)	0.001
Carbapenem resistance	21(43.6)	15(55.6)	6(28.6)	0.062
Mortality	21(43.6)	15(55.6)	6(28.6)	0.062
Data are expressed as n(%) or median(IQR).

Population-based studies showed the incidence rate of BSI has been rising in recent years, especially in elderly patients. A recent study showed that the average incidence rate of age group over 65 was 6000 times per 100 thousand population.[8, 9]. More than half of BSI occurs in patients aged 65 and over, and 70% of deaths occur in this age group, highlighting the severity of BSI in elderly patients[10]. Klebsiella spp.is the common pathogen causing BSI in the elderly, accounting for about 3% − 10% [11]. It is worth noting that CRKP infection is becoming a serious problem and has attracted much attention due to limited treatment options and adverse effects on prognosis. However, currently, there is a lack of epidemiological data on BSI caused by CRKP in the elderly population, especially the studies on specific measures to prevent BSI infection of older patients are still insufficient.

In the present study, we described the clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcome of BSI due to KP in the elderly population, in order to reveal the severity of CRKP related bloodstream infection and provide a theoretical basis for further prevention of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection in the elderly patients. In this retrospective observational study with 252 elderly patients with KP BSI, we identified over 10% of the patients suffered BSI caused by CRKP. It is worth noting that the incidence of CRKP was the highest in the age group over 90 years old, suggesting that these patients should be vigilant about the isolation of CRKP in other parts to avoid further BSI. Almost all of the study subjects have an underlying disease/comorbidity. The common underlying diseases/comorbidities of the study subjects included hypertension, previous bacterial infections, malignant tumors, diabetes mellitus, organ dysfunction and septic shock. This finding is similar to previous studies[12, 13]. It is reported that the most common source of BSI in older patients is the urinary tract, increasing with age, and accounting for 20–40% and up to 60% of bloodstream infections[14–16]. Compared with young patients, the elderly have a higher risk of BSI in pyelonephritis[15]. Our results showed that more than one fifth of patients had a history of admission to the ICU. Most of these patients were severe patients with consciousness disorder, limb movement disorder, language disorder and so on. They sufferd from a variety of underlying diseases, immunosuppression, exposure to a variety of antibiotics, and invasive operation, such as indwelling urinary catheter, gastric tube, endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, etc., which increased the risk of bloodstream infection. Meanwhile, receipt of broad-spectrum antibiotics has also been identified as risk factors of CRKP BSI[17, 18]. The inadequacy of empirical antimicrobial regimens also emerged as a predictor of mortality of BSI caused by antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the general populations.The present study proved that exposure to carbapenems was one of the independent risk factors for developing CRKP BSI in elderly.

In the present study, the 28 days-mortality of those who suffered from bloodstream infection caused by KP was 10.7% (27/252). This mortality was lower compared with another study with 46.2% (48/104)[19].The mortality associated with CRKP-BSI was significantly (48.3%) higher in elderly patients. Significantly, the mortality associated with CRKP-BSI in ICU patients was much higher. As identified in previous studies, ICU stay is a critical risk factor to develop CRKP BSI [[20, 21]]. According to a systematic review and meta-analys, pooled mortality among 2462 patients infected with CRKP was 42.14%, while 21.16% in those infected with CSKP. The mortality of patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) was 54.30%, and 48.9% in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) [21]. In our study, totally 48 (48/252, 19.0%) patients developed KP-BSI in ICU and mortality of these patients was 43.6%, which was much higher than overall mortality (10.7%). It is worth noting that the separation rate of CRKP in ICU is significantly higher than that in ordinary ward. It can be detected in ICU environment and various equipment, including bed, table, floor and ventilators. In addition, patients admitted to the ICU are more likely to undergo invasive surgery, which will lead to a higher probability of CRKP-BSI. Studies have proved that KP colonization is another important risk factor for ICU infection[22, 23], and more than 50% of the infections are caused by the strains carried by themselves. More importantly, it is believed that the reason for obtaining CRKP BSI during ICU hospitalization may be that after the extensive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the pre-existing CRKP in the gastrointestinal tract is screened out to become dominant, which develops into sequent infections[24]. Therefore, screening for colonization on admission and intervention strategies are urgently needed in.

There were some limitations in this study. First of all, it was a retrospective study conducted in a single center, including 252 elderly patients. This may affect the ability to analyze and identify risk factors. Further prospective multicenter investigations are needed. Moreover, molecular characterization on the clinical isolates to examined the carbapenem resistance mechanisms was not performed in this study. To our knowledge, this is the first study in China to demonstrate the epidemiological characteristics of the risk factors and mortality of BSI caused by CRKP in the elderly for the last decade, which provides a useful basis for the diagnosis and treatment of KP BSI in the elderly.

In summary, hypertension, exposure to carbapenems and ICU stay were associated with the development of CRKP BSI in elderly patients. We also found a high mortality caused by K. pneumoniae BSI in elderly patients in ICUs. Active screening of CRE for high-risk groups, especially for elderly patients, is conducive to the early identification, treatment and control of CRE infections, so as to achieve the successful management.

BSI

Bloodstream infection

CRKP༚Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae༛CSKP༚Carbapenem susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae

Acknowledgements

None.

Authors’contributions

YLC was responsible for the design of the subject, the collection and statistics of data, and the writing of the manuscript. YC was responsible for consulting medical records, laboratory data, statistical analysis and chart making. PJL, PHG and ZWW participated in collecting the routine lab data. YQP, YPC and JKD participated in literature searching and assessments. KL and BH were in chagred of the proposal of scientific problems, the design and organization of the subject, and the overall interpretation. All authors read and approved the fnal manuscript.

Funding

None.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All methods were carried out in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. This study was approved by the Clinical Research and Ethics Committee of the First Afliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

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No competing interests reported.

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Risk factors and mortality for elderly patients with Bloodstream infection of Carbapenem resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae：a 10-year longitudinal study in China

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Methods

Study design and patients

Microbiological Methods

Statistical analysis

Results

Clinical and demographic characteristic of patients with KP BSI

Risk factors for patients suffered from CRKP BSI versus CSKP BSI

Risk factors for 28-day mortality in patients with KP BSI

Elder Patients With Kp Bsi In Icu

Discussion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1