Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences (P < 0.05), indicating the presence of genotypic variation among the tested sesame genotypes (Table 3). ANOVA highly significant differences in days to maturity, plant height, and number of pods per plant, 1000 seed weight, and seed yield per hectare among sesame genotypes [8, 9]. The combined analysis of variance of three years of data from Werer, Bonta(Arrage) and Miesso reveals that the grain yield performances of promising genotypes are significantly affected by year and location.
Table 3
Mean sesame seed yield of the genotypes at Werer, Bonta(Arage) and Miesso (Yield kg_ha)
No | Treatment | Yield (kg_ha) Loc : Werer | Yield (kg_ha) Loc : Bonta(Arage) | Yield (kg_ha) Loc : Miesso | Over all mean |
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean |
1 | Acc − 00048 | 1307 | 1615 | 1307 | 1396 | 945 | 1169 | 964 | 1026 | 907 | 608 | 552 | 689 | 1037 |
2 | Acc − 00001(1) | 1503 | 1673 | 1503 | 1433 | 1213 | 1479 | 985 | 1227 | 1049 | 613 | 599 | 754 | 1137 |
3 | Acc − 00002 | 1330 | 1443 | 1330 | 1346 | 979 | 1120 | 1201 | 1100 | 1104 | 755 | 552 | 804 | 1083 |
4 | Acc − 00015 | 1467 | 1590 | 1467 | 1355 | 1059 | 1294 | 987 | 1113 | 873 | 479 | 566 | 639 | 1036 |
5 | Acc − 00033(1) | 1348 | 1458 | 1348 | 1303 | 941 | 884 | 979 | 935 | 950 | 640 | 459 | 683 | 973 |
6 | Acc − 00032 | 1209 | 1601 | 1209 | 1358 | 843 | 1348 | 1035 | 1075 | 1123 | 619 | 380 | 707 | 1047 |
7 | Acc − 00016(1) | 1362 | 1798 | 1362 | 1483 | 978 | 1412 | 1121 | 1170 | 961 | 498 | 608 | 689 | 1114 |
8 | Acc − 00025 | 1185 | 155 | 1185 | 1351 | 964 | 1255 | 979 | 1066 | 771 | 645 | 516 | 644 | 1020 |
9 | Acc − 00044(2) | 1529 | 1687 | 1529 | 1440 | 1008 | 976 | 1008 | 997 | 774 | 484 | 528 | 595 | 1011 |
10 | Acc − 00049 | 1257 | 1665 | 1257 | 1430 | 1337 | 1279 | 1044 | 1220 | 955 | 497 | 476 | 643 | 1098 |
11 | Adi | 1193 | 1423 | 1193 | 1251 | 583 | 1190 | 852 | 875 | 970 | 607 | 420 | 665 | 930 |
12 | Serkamo white | 1338 | 1723 | 1337 | 1571 | 1310 | 1568 | 1021 | 1299 | 1167 | 718 | 463 | 783 | 1218 |
13 | Acc − 00024(1) | 1356 | 1872 | 1356 | 1522 | 906 | 1351 | 1176 | 1144 | 1082 | 488 | 487 | 686 | 1117 |
14 | Acc − 44(1) | 16.09 | 1817 | 1609 | 1572 | 127 | 1091 | 1041 | 1134 | 835 | 579 | 889 | 768 | 1158 |
15 | Acc − 00035 | 1175 | 1525 | 1175 | 1327 | 889 | 1400 | 1071 | 1120 | 946 | 808 | 672 | 809 | 1085 |
| Mean | 1345 | 1629 | 1345 | 1409 | 1015 | 1254 | 1031 | 1100 | 964 | 602 | 545 | 704 | 1071 |
| CV | 6.18 | 14.34 | 6.18 | 13.77 | 17.35 | 25.97 | 9.15 | 20.96 | 15.03 | 24.17 | 31.04 | 23.9 | 17.80 |
| LSD | 139 | 391 | 139 | 1812 | 2945 | 545 | 158 | 215 | 242 | 244 | 283 | 157 | 102 |
Where; Kg = kilo gram, Loc = location, ha = hectare, CV = coefficient of variation and LSD = least significant difference |
Sesame seed yield
Serkamo white, Acc-44(1), and Acc-00024(1) performed best at Werer, Bonta (Arage), and Miesso. The interaction of genotypes with the environment is a critical factor that discourages breeders and geneticists because it complicates the plant variety development program for most crops in order to produce a stable variety across locations and seasons. Ethiopia has diverse environmental conditions in terms of altitude, soil type, and climate variability, making Ethiopia's plant-breeding program difficult to develop stable varieties with greater adaptability. The average sesame seed yield ranged between 930 and 1218 Kgha-1. The genotype Serkamo white produced the highest mean yield; while, genotype Adi and Acc-00033(1) produced the lowest seed yield (Table 3).
Thousand seed weight
- analysis of variance revealed that 1000 seed weight differed significantly between genotypes. The weight of a thousand seed was recorded by Acc-00032 and Acc-00035; while, the lowest 1000 seed weight was recorded by Acc-00049 (Tabel.4). Similarly, 1000 seed weight and seed yield per hectare among sesame genotypes [9, 10].
Table 4
Mean agronomic performance of the genotypes at Werer, Bonta(Arage) and Miesso (1000seedwt )
No | Treatment | Loc : Werer | Loc : Bonta(Arage) | Loc : Miesso | Over all mean |
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean |
1 | Acc − 00048 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 3.33 | 3.18 | 3.33 | 3.23 | 3.23 | 3.27 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.19 |
2 | Acc − 00001(1) | 3.23 | 3.13 | 2.77 | 3.04 | 2.77 | 3.03 | 3.03 | 2.94 | 3.23 | 3.13 | 3.18 | 3.18 | 3.06 |
3 | Acc − 00002 | 2.97 | 2.97 | 2.57 | 2.83 | 2.57 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 2.92 | 2.97 | 2.97 | 2.97 | 2.97 | 2.91 |
4 | Acc − 00015 | 2.73 | 2.70 | 2.80 | 2.74 | 2.80 | 3.57 | 3.57 | 3.31 | 2.73 | 2.70 | 2.72 | 2.72 | 2.92 |
5 | Acc − 00033(1) | 3.07 | 2.90 | 3.23 | 3.07 | 3.23 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.92 | 3.07 | 2.90 | 2.98 | 2.98 | 2.99 |
6 | Acc − 00032 | 3.40 | 3.27 | 3.50 | 3.39 | 3.50 | 3.63 | 3.63 | 3.59 | 3.40 | 3.27 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 3.44 |
7 | Acc − 00016(1) | 3.07 | 3.17 | 2.83 | 3.02 | 2.83 | 3.27 | 3.27 | 3.12 | 3.07 | 3.17 | 3.12 | 3.12 | 3.09 |
8 | Acc − 00025 | 3.20 | 2.90 | 3.30 | 3.13 | 3.30 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.43 | 3.20 | 2.90 | 3.05 | 3.05 | 3.21 |
9 | Acc − 00044(2) | 3.07 | 3.133 | 2.37 | 2.85 | 2.37 | 2.87 | 2.87 | 2.70 | 3.07 | 3.13 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 2.89 |
10 | Acc − 00049 | 2.73 | 2.63 | 2.27 | 2.54 | 2.27 | 2.70 | 2.70 | 2.56 | 2.73 | 2.63 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.59 |
11 | Adi | 3.30 | 3.10 | 3.37 | 3.25 | 3.37 | 3.43 | 3.43 | 3.41 | 3.30 | 3.10 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.29 |
12 | Serkamo white | 3.30 | 3.27 | 3.63 | 3.40 | 3.63 | 2.63 | 2.63 | 2.97 | 3.30 | 3.27 | 3.28 | 3.28 | 3.22 |
13 | Acc − 00024(1) | 3.20 | 3.23 | 3.50 | 3.31 | 3.50 | 3.47 | 3.47 | 3.48 | 3.20 | 3.23 | 3.22 | 3.22 | 3.34 |
14 | Acc − 44(1) | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 3.57 | 3.57 | 3.30 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.94 |
15 | Acc − 00035 | 3.13 | 3.20 | 3.63 | 3.32 | 3.63 | 3.53 | 3.53 | 3.57 | 3.13 | 3.20 | 3.17 | 3.17 | 3.35 |
| Mean | 3.08 | 3.04 | 3.06 | 3.06 | 3.06 | 3.22 | 3.22 | 3.16 | 3.08 | 3.04 | 3.06 | 3.06 | 3.094 |
| CV | 3.40 | 4.19 | 5.71 | 7.22 | 5.71 | 3.25 | 3.25 | 8.26 | 3.4 | 4.19 | 2.47 | 3.48 | 7.93 |
| LSD | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
Where; Loc = location, CV = coefficient of variation and LSD = least significant difference |
Pods per plant
The analysis of variance revealed that genotypes differed significantly in pods per plant. As a result, the genotypes Acc-00048, Acc-00049, Serkamo white and Adi had the highest pods per plant; while, Acc-00002 had the fewest pods per plant (Tabel.4). Similarly, seven genotypes out of fifteen sesame genotypes performed better than the overall mean (Tabel.5). Similarly, the number of pods per plant varied significantly between sesame genotypes [8, 9, 10].
Table 5
Mean agronomic performance of the genotypes at Werer, Bonta(Arage) and Miesso (Pod/Plant)
No | Treatment | Maturity Loc: Werer | Maturity Loc : Bonta(Arage) | Maturity Loc: Miesso | Over all mean |
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean |
1 | Acc − 00048 | 40.67 | 37.87 | 41.67 | 40.07 | 57.27 | 80.93 | 117.07 | 85.09 | 76.00 | 26.33 | 27.33 | 43.22 | 56.13 |
2 | Acc − 00001(1) | 46.33 | 31.60 | 42.67 | 40.20 | 40.93 | 53.67 | 112.60 | 69.07 | 64.67 | 39.67 | 22.00 | 42.11 | 50.46 |
3 | Acc − 00002 | 45.33 | 20.73 | 49.00 | 38.36 | 58.00 | 56.80 | 82.93 | 65.91 | 63.67 | 36.27 | 25.33 | 41.76 | 48.67 |
4 | Acc − 00015 | 48.33 | 31.93 | 43.33 | 41.20 | 55.73 | 58.53 | 110.60 | 74.96 | 54.00 | 29.43 | 24.67 | 36.03 | 50.73 |
5 | Acc − 00033(1) | 45.33 | 27.67 | 49.33 | 40.78 | 58.33 | 68.73 | 91.93 | 73.00 | 59.33 | 35.97 | 23.33 | 39.54 | 51.11 |
6 | Acc − 00032 | 38.67 | 29.53 | 36.67 | 34.96 | 51.40 | 60.07 | 95.40 | 68.96 | 54.33 | 30.87 | 20.67 | 35.29 | 46.40 |
7 | Acc − 00016(1) | 45.67 | 42.53 | 44.00 | 44.07 | 70.27 | 58.87 | 100.73 | 76.62 | 60.33 | 39.70 | 21.67 | 40.57 | 53.75 |
8 | Acc − 00025 | 55.33 | 36.47 | 35.33 | 42.38 | 65.73 | 71.87 | 80.73 | 72.78 | 53.67 | 25.30 | 21.33 | 33.43 | 49.53 |
9 | Acc − 00044(2) | 50.33 | 34.47 | 41.33 | 42.04 | 52.80 | 52.33 | 132.27 | 79.13 | 64.33 | 31.80 | 25.33 | 40.49 | 53.89 |
10 | Acc − 00049 | 46.67 | 33.73 | 30.33 | 36.91 | 67.67 | 82.40 | 129.20 | 93.09 | 78.00 | 37.50 | 32.00 | 49.17 | 59.72 |
11 | Adi | 53.00 | 31.87 | 33.00 | 39.29 | 66.67 | 69.00 | 143.67 | 93.11 | 72.67 | 39.13 | 22.33 | 44.71 | 59.04 |
12 | Serkamo white | 55.67 | 37.40 | 33.67 | 42.24 | 75.87 | 63.80 | 108.07 | 82.58 | 81.00 | 33.93 | 27.00 | 47.31 | 57.38 |
13 | Acc − 00024(1) | 39.33 | 43.33 | 36.00 | 39.56 | 57.40 | 46.20 | 93.73 | 65.78 | 74.00 | 38.53 | 21.67 | 44.73 | 50.02 |
14 | Acc − 44(1) | 45.00 | 30.60 | 48.33 | 41.31 | 68.27 | 65.67 | 108.07 | 80.67 | 59.67 | 45.20 | 24.00 | 42.96 | 54.98 |
15 | Acc − 00035 | 59.33 | 29.20 | 29.00 | 39.18 | 65.67 | 67.00 | 56.53 | 63.07 | 64.00 | 37.53 | 21.67 | 41.07 | 47.77 |
| Mean | 47.67 | 33.26 | 39.58 | 40.17 | 60.80 | 63.72 | 104.23 | 76.25 | 65.31 | 35.14 | 24.02 | 41.49 | 52.64 |
| CV | 12.17 | 35.86 | 19.82 | 24.46 | 22.44 | 22.73 | 31.53 | 30.19 | 22.14 | 42.00 | 30.57 | 29.64 | 52.50 |
| LSD | 9.70 | 19.95 | 13.12 | 9.17 | 22.82 | 24.23 | 54.97 | 21.49 | 24.18 | 24.69 | 12.28 | 11.48 | 14.79 |
Where; Loc = location, CV = coefficient of variation and LSD = least significant difference |
Table 6
Mean agronomic performance of the genotypes at Werer, Bonta(Arage) and Miesso (Plant Height)
No | Treatment | Loc : Werer | Loc : Bonta(Arage) | Loc : Miesso | Over all mean |
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean |
1 | Acc − 00048 | 119 | 113 | 109 | 114 | 106 | 169 | 139 | 138 | 121 | 102 | 79 | 101 | 119 |
2 | Acc − 00001(1) | 134 | 111 | 117 | 121 | 136 | 170 | 158 | 158 | 124 | 103 | 83 | 104 | 127 |
3 | Acc − 00002 | 127 | 88 | 112 | 109 | 146 | 180 | 167 | 164 | 123 | 108 | 79 | 103 | 125 |
4 | Acc − 00015 | 141 | 130 | 122 | 131 | 155 | 125 | 134 | 138 | 138 | 103 | 90 | 111 | 126 |
5 | Acc − 00033(1) | 118 | 97 | 115 | 110 | 93 | 189 | 171 | 151 | 109 | 95 | 74 | 92 | 118 |
6 | Acc − 00032 | 107 | 86 | 99 | 97 | 97 | 142 | 145 | 128 | 102 | 101 | 68 | 90 | 105 |
7 | Acc − 00016(1) | 126 | 115 | 110 | 117 | 133 | 186 | 126 | 149 | 121 | 101 | 79 | 100 | 122 |
8 | Acc − 00025 | 118 | 103 | 99 | 107 | 117 | 157 | 126 | 133 | 95 | 94 | 72 | 87 | 109 |
9 | Acc − 00044(2) | 157 | 133 | 118 | 136 | 153 | 193 | 172 | 173 | 138 | 99 | 90 | 109 | 139 |
10 | Acc − 00049 | 144 | 113 | 111 | 123 | 147 | 198 | 185 | 176 | 148 | 102 | 81 | 110 | 137 |
11 | Adi | 131 | 105 | 112 | 116 | 133 | 185 | 147 | 155 | 119 | 110 | 81 | 103 | 125 |
12 | Serkamo white | 129 | 115 | 98 | 114 | 145 | 188 | 190 | 174 | 120 | 102 | 77 | 100 | 129 |
13 | Acc − 00024(1) | 136 | 129 | 122 | 129 | 148 | 147 | 144 | 146 | 134 | 110 | 86 | 110 | 128 |
14 | Acc − 44(1) | 147 | 124 | 128 | 133 | 150 | 176 | 144 | 157 | 136 | 105 | 86 | 109 | 133 |
15 | Acc − 00035 | 124 | 100 | 101 | 109 | 118 | 184 | 130 | 144 | 112 | 112 | 83 | 102 | 118 |
| Mean | 130 | 111 | 112 | 118 | 132 | 173 | 152 | 152 | 123 | 103 | 80.5 | 102 | 124 |
| CV | 5.6 | 13.7 | 9.2 | 9.87 | 8.75 | 6.68 | 8.61 | 12.2 | 7.42 | 14.1 | 8.26 | 11.1 | 16.4 |
| LSD | 12.1 | 25.3 | 16.9 | 10.8 | 19.3 | 19.4 | 21.9 | 17.4 | 15.2 | 24.4 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 10.9 |
Where; Loc = location, CV = coefficient of variation and LSD = least significant difference |
Plant height and maturity date: in terms of plant height, the analysis of variance shown significant differences between genotypes. The tallest genotypes were Acc-44(1) and Acc-00049, while the shortest genotype was Acc-00032 (Tabel.6). Significant variation in sesame genotypes on plant height stated [10]. Maturity date: Significant variation was observed among sesame genotypes; the longest plant height were Acc-44(1) and Acc-00049; while, those with the shortest maturity date were Adi, Acc-00035, and Acc-00032 (Table.7).
Table 7
Mean agronomic performance of the genotypes at Werer, Bonta(Arage) and Miesso ( Maturity)
No | Treatment | Loc: Werer | Loc : Bonta(Arage) | Loc: Miesso | Over all mean |
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Mean |
1 | Acc − 00048 | 120.0 | 95.33 | 110.00 | 108.44 | 95.33 | 110.00 | 110.33 | 105.22 | 107.67 | 102.67 | 110.17 | 106.83 | 106.70 |
2 | Acc − 00001(1) | 120.0 | 96.67 | 110.67 | 109.11 | 96.67 | 110.67 | 113.00 | 106.78 | 108.33 | 103.67 | 111.83 | 107.94 | 107.94 |
3 | Acc − 00002 | 123.33 | 109.00 | 118.67 | 117.00 | 109.00 | 118.67 | 110.33 | 112.67 | 116.17 | 113.83 | 114.50 | 114.83 | 114.83 |
4 | Acc − 00015 | 128.33 | 108.00 | 109.00 | 115.11 | 108.00 | 109.00 | 107.00 | 108.00 | 118.17 | 108.50 | 108.00 | 111.56 | 111.56 |
5 | Acc − 00033(1) | 120.00 | 94.00 | 117.00 | 110.33 | 94.00 | 117.00 | 112.67 | 107.89 | 107.00 | 105.50 | 114.83 | 109.11 | 109.11 |
6 | Acc − 00032 | 120.00 | 94.00 | 108.33 | 107.44 | 94.00 | 108.33 | 107.00 | 103.11 | 107.00 | 101.17 | 107.67 | 105.28 | 105.28 |
7 | Acc − 00016(1) | 123.33 | 104.67 | 118.00 | 115.33 | 104.67 | 118.00 | 114.67 | 112.44 | 114.00 | 111.33 | 116.33 | 113.89 | 113.89 |
8 | Acc − 00025 | 120.00 | 95.00 | 108.33 | 107.78 | 95.00 | 108.33 | 107.00 | 103.44 | 107.50 | 101.67 | 107.67 | 105.61 | 105.61 |
9 | Acc − 00044(2) | 128.33 | 106.33 | 120.67 | 118.44 | 106.33 | 120.67 | 115.33 | 114.11 | 117.33 | 113.50 | 118.00 | 116.28 | 116.28 |
10 | Acc − 00049 | 130.00 | 106.33 | 121.33 | 119.22 | 106.33 | 121.33 | 118.67 | 115.44 | 118.17 | 113.83 | 120.00 | 117.33 | 117.33 |
11 | Adi | 121.67 | 93.33 | 108.33 | 107.78 | 93.33 | 108.33 | 111.00 | 104.22 | 107.50 | 100.83 | 109.67 | 106.00 | 106.00 |
12 | Serkamo white | 120.00 | 94.67 | 114.33 | 109.67 | 94.67 | 114.33 | 119.00 | 109.33 | 107.33 | 104.50 | 116.67 | 109.50 | 109.50 |
13 | Acc − 00024(1) | 123.33 | 94.67 | 107.00 | 108.33 | 94.67 | 107.00 | 108.33 | 103.33 | 109.00 | 100.83 | 107.67 | 105.83 | 105.83 |
14 | Acc − 44(1) | 128.33 | 109.67 | 107.00 | 115.00 | 109.67 | 107.00 | 112.00 | 109.56 | 119.00 | 108.33 | 109.50 | 112.28 | 112.28 |
15 | Acc-00035 | 120.00 | 97.00 | 107.00 | 108.00 | 97.00 | 107.00 | 107.67 | 103.89 | 108.50 | 102.00 | 107.33 | 105.94 | 105.94 |
| Mean | 123.11 | 99.91 | 112.38 | 111.80 | 99.91 | 112.38 | 111.60 | 107.96 | 111.51 | 106.14 | 111.99 | 109.88 | 109.88 |
| CV | 1.93 | 3.20 | 2.68 | 3.61 | 3.20 | 2.68 | 3.13 | 4.24 | 1.88 | 2.31 | 1.74 | 2.77 | 6.62 |
| LSD | 3.98 | 5.35 | 5.03 | 3.80 | 5.35 | 5.03 | 5.84 | 4.27 | 3.51 | 4.09 | 3.27 | 2.84 | 3.90 |
Where; Loc = location, CV = coefficient of variation and LSD = least significant difference |
GGEbiplot analysis of sesame genotypes tested at different location over season
Which-won-where
One of the most interesting characteristics of a GGEbiplot is its ability to display the which-won-where pattern of a genotype by environment dataset (Fig. 2). This application of a biplot is appealing to many researchers because it graphically addresses important concepts such as crossover GE, mega-environment differentiation, specific adaptation, and so on. A polygon is first drawn on genotypes farthest away from the biplot origin, so that all other genotypes are contained within the polygon [11]. As a result, genotype twelve (G12) is located on the vertex of the polygon in the first quadrant, which is suitable in environment (E1, E4 and E7); as a result, this is Werer site in 2014, 2015, and 2016; and also E5 is Bonta (Arage) in 2014; while genotype fourteen (G14) is located on the vertex of the polygon in the fourth quadrant, which is suitable in specific environment and suitable genotype for environment (E3 and E9) that is Miesso site in 2014 and 2016 (Fig. 2 and Table 2).
Ranking of genotypes in GGEbiplot analysis based on mean performances
The G12 genotype outperformed the G13 and G12 genotypes in terms of mean performance. Genotype 12 performed best in environments E1, E4, E7 and E5, whereas G14 performed best in environments E3 and E9. Environment one (E1) is the best ideal sesame growing environment, followed by E4, E5 and E7 (Fig. 3). Thus, GGbiplot analysis of G and GE interaction explained 74.32 percent of the variation (Figs. 2, 3 and 4).
Ranking genotypes relative to the ideal genotype
an ideal genotype should have both high mean performance and high stability across environments [11]. Figure 3 defines an “ideal” genotype (the center of the concentric circles) to be a point on the averaged environment axis EA (“absolutely stable”) in the positive direction and has a vector length equal to the longest vectors of the genotypes on the positive side of average environment axis (AEA) is maximum mean performance. Therefore, genotypes located closer to the ‘ideal genotype’ are more desirable than others. Thus, G13 and G12 were more desirable than the others Figure (Figs. 2, 3 and 4). “Stable” genotypes are desirable if only when they have high mean performances [11]; therefore, G12 have the highest mean performance and stable genotype what call Serkamo white.