Removal of acidic Yellow Dye of wastewater by Moringa Peregrina


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Throughout the world, there are 100,000 different forms of dye exceeding the one million tons 24 annual production limit (Tunc, Tanacı et al. 2009). Millions of liters of colored effluent are 25 produced daily by the dyeing industry and associated factories. Each liter of these colored effluents 26 has indestructible materials that cause environmental problems if not treated before 27 discharge (Sismanoglu, Kismir et al. 2010). 28 Removing dyes from sewage in the last decade is one of the most challenging topics for water and 29 wastewater treatment. Colored wastewater produced by various industries, including textile, paper, 30 rubber, and plastics, may cause significant environmental problems in the event of discharge to 31 the environment (Sarayu and Sandhya 2012). Such dyes are human health threats because they are 32 carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature. Besides its apparent reduction in water transparency, 33 turbidity also constitutes a disorder in the ecosystem of the region (Aravind, George et al. 2010). 34 Hence, the use of purified water has increased and many residents in non-urban areas are forced 35 to prepare healthy, turbid-free water. 36 It is typically used to extract color from aqueous solutions such as physical, chemical, and 37 biological processes or compliant methods. In the biological method, the contamination caused by 38 textile wastewater is removed by the activity of microorganisms (Manai, Miladi et al. 2017). 39 Bacillus and Aeromonas hydrophilia microorganisms in aqueous solutions decreased the 40 concentration of dispersing blue and acidic yellow dyes to less than 1.5 mg / L for 48 41 hours (Sandhya, Padmavathy et al. 2005). The lack of versatility of this approach is a time for the 42 activity of microorganisms (Jiang, Sun et al. 2008). Nevertheless, due to high costs and how to 43 dispose of effluent, biological methods have not been completely accepted (

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Adsorption is an adequate alternative approach for the removal of dyes, which is the process of area without any interaction with the environment. Essentially, the process of adsorption is not 57 prone to poisonous compounds, but its use is limited by the high price of adsorbents.

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A variety of different adsorbents are used to adsorb kinetic dyes. Surface adsorbents are classified 59 into two types: industrial and natural adsorbents. Industrial materials are used to a great degree 60 owing to excessive chemical stability, however, the origin of their production is from non-61 renewable sources that are destructive to the environment (Hongjie, Jin et al. 2009 There is a wide range of ways to measure and reduce turbidity. Water turbidity in laboratory  Moringa Oliefra, and its low-fat content has created a major role in healthy diets (Wangcharoen 86 and Gomolmanee 2011). Moreover, high doses of antioxidants in plant oil activate the battle 87 against the free radicals in the human body and prevent cancer cells from emerging (Senthilkumar,88 Karuvantevida et al. 2018).

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Acid yellow 19 (AC) is widely used in textile factories for the dyeing of cotton, silk, modified 90 acrylic, and wool fibers. This pigment is called acidic due to the massive presence of sulfonic acid 91 or carboxylic acid (Shindy 2016). Acid yellow belongs to azo clusters of pigments which are of 92 potential concern to the environment. In most studies, acid yellow indicates satisfactory 93 performance in research as an absorbent (Malik 2003).The Acid yellow chemical structure is shown 94 in Fig. 1.    The levels and rates of the variables involved in the analysis are presented in Table 1      The analysis of the response variance was summarized in Table 4. To verify the perfection of the 257 model, the coefficient of variation (the ratio of the standard error of estimation to the mean value 258 expressed as a percentage) and the F-value tests were also carried out. The coefficient of 259 determination (R 2 = 0.8746) was moderately strong, as proven by 87.46% of the total variance in 260 response. In an overall estimate, the proposed model is valid and significant if "Prob>F" is less 261 than 0.05. Also, based on being the non-significant value of lack of fit, the conclusion is that the 262 model is sufficiently descriptive of the data for the elimination of dye. The validity of the 263 coefficients of the parameter and the associated standard error of any Eq term is set out in Table   264 5. According to p values (< 0.05 is meaningful), it can be recognized that all the main second-order 265 effects (A 2 and C 2 ) are incredibly significant. Furthermore, the negative coefficient of the first 266 order parameters indicates the maximum response value within the specified parameters ranges.

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Other factors, such as AB and B 2 , had a negligible effect on the removal of AC owing to p values 268 of more than 0.05.  To obtain a better perception of the AC adsorption process, the contour plots were studied. Curved It was also noticed that the impact of the interaction between pH and the adsorbent dose was also 305 very important, as shown by the corresponding p-value (0.0094). Fig. 6 shows that at constant 306 adsorbent dosage, a relatively higher dye concentration and a very low pH contribute to higher dye 307 removal. The highest removal efficiency was about 70%. This process is initially performed very 308 quickly and the majority of the dye is eliminated by the adsorbent in the first few minutes.

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Observation can be explained in terms of the amount of MP molecules existing in the solution.

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The explanation for this phenomenon is to fill active adsorption sites by increasing dye

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In addition to Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, Fig. 7 can be considered to define the final relationship at constant 313 pH (=8). In Fig. 7 Fig. 7 The effect of the initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage on dye removal of AC 323 (pH=8).

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The design was given a set of solutions (Table 6) to achieve the optimum conditions of the 325 operation. Based on the solution provided by the design, four experiments were carried out under 326 fixed conditions. It was observed that the maximum removal dye or adsorption of AC of 80% was 327 obtained when 250 mg/L of initial dye concentration and 0.875 g of MP were used and the 328 optimum pH value was found to be 8. 329 Table 6 Optimum conditions defined by the design expert for the adsorption process