Systematic Expression Analysis of the Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of HEPACAM Family Member 2 in Colon Adenocarcinoma

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-154487/v1

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Systematic Expression Analysis of the Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of HEPACAM Family Member 2 in Colon Adenocarcinoma

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-154487/v1

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Background: The diagnostic and prognostic value of HEPACAM family member 2 (HEPACAM2) gene in patients with colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is rarely reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in patients with COAD.

Methods: Firstly, we analyzed the differential expression levels of HEPACAM2 gene and diagnostic value analysis from different databases. Secondly, univariate and multivariate survival analysis of the prognostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in patients with COAD was performed. Finally, utilizing joint-effects analysis and comprehensive prognosis analysis to investigate the prognostic value of HEPACAM2 and related genes.

Results: Differential analyses of multiple databases showed that the HEPACAM2 expression level in COAD tumor tissue was significantly lower than that of adjacent normal tissues. The diagnostic ROC curve results indicated that HEPACAM2 gene had a higher diagnostic value in COAD. The RT-qPCR verification results of COAD tissue in the Guangxi cohort showed that HEPACAM2 expression level in COAD tumor tissue was significantly higher than that of adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001), and the diagnostic value was high in COAD (AUC=0.892). The prognostic value analysis showed that low expression of HEPACAM2 gene had a poorer prognosis of overall survival (OS) in patients with COAD when compared with those patients with high expression of HEPACAM2 gene ((P = 0.038, HR (95% CI) = 0.635(0.414-0.976)). Joint-effects analysis and comprehensive prognosis analysis showed that high expression of HEPACAM2 combined with high expression of CLCA1, high expression of REP15, and high expression of B3GNT6 were associated with a better prognosis of overall COAD OS.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that the HEPACAM2 may be an independent diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for COAD.

Gastroenterology & Hepatology

HEPACAM2

Guangxi cohort

COAD

prognosis

diagnosis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor that ranks second in cancer morbidity and third in mortality worldwide.(1) The morbidity and mortality of CRC are increasing globally, with approximately 1.4 million new CRC cases and 700,000 deaths in 2018.(2) Smoking, alcohol consumption, excess weight, consumption of red or processed meat, low dietary fiber or calcium intake are considered risk factors for increased CRC.(3) Colonoscopy and clinicopathological examinations are still the main methods of screening and diagnosis, but these operations are often invasive and could bring certain pain and economic burden to patients.(4) Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has a certain prognostic value in CRC, but its low diagnostic value and poor early prognosis are still the main contradictions. (5, 6) At present, the main treatments for CRC are still surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. When diagnosed with advanced metastatic disease, CRC patients traditionally have a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of 5%-8%.(7) Therefore, we urgently need to find another novel, accurate, practical oncology biomarker to improve the early diagnosis and prognostic detection of patients with CRC. As an important regulatory molecule, mRNA expression is believed to play an important role in tumor cell survival and tumor progression, and the comparison of gene expression profiles between tumors and adjacent tissues plays an important role in the identification of biomarkers. (8, 9) Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is the most common type of CRC,(10) so this study aimed to find potential mRNA gene biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic value in COAD.

Hepatic and glial cell adhesion molecule (HEPACAM) was first identified as a cell adhesion molecule in 2005, belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily.(11) The HEPACAM gene is often down-regulated or lost in various human cancer cells or tissues.(12) It is reported that HEPACAM mediates the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of cancer cells.(13) However, as a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, the HEPACAM family member 2 (HEPACAM2) gene has few reports on its role in cancer regulation and management. HEPACAM2, also called MIKI and LOC253012, is located in the chromosome region 7q21.(14) This gene encodes a protein related to the immunoglobulin superfamily and plays a role in mitosis. The poly (ADP-ribosylation) of the encoded protein can promote its translocation to the centrosome, thereby promoting the maturation of the centrosome.(15) It was reported that HEPACAM2 participated in regulating the cell proliferation, and knockdown of this gene can lead to early and metaphase block of mitosis, abnormal nuclear morphology and apoptosis.(14, 16) It is noteworthy that the expression of HEPACAM2 was downregulated in colorectal cancer(17–19). Nevertheless, the clinical importance of HEPACAM2 in COAD remains unclear. This study is the first to investigate and explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD.

Public data collection

The HEPACAM2 gene mRNA expression dataset and consistent clinicopathological parameter information were obtained from the global public cancer database of TCGA (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/) (20). Additionally, we also obtained the co-expression gene expression dataset related to HEPACAM2 gene in COAD from the TCGA database.

Differential expression analysis and diagnostic ROC Curve Analysis based on TCGA cohort and public networks

Firstly, we downloaded the related information of HEPACAM2 gene in different cancers from UALCAN (http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/index.html)(21) and Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER, https://cistrome.shinyapps.io/timer/)(22) database. To further explore the differential expression of the HEPACAM2 gene in COAD, we also obtained the different HEPACAM2 gene expression data from the public databases of Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA; http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html)(23) and Metabolic gEne Rapid Visualizer (MERAV; http://merav.wi.mit.edu/)(24). Additionally, we also investigated and performed the differential expression of HEPCAM2 gene in COAD cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues, and analyzed the expression level of HEPCAM2 gene in COAD tumor tissues under different tumor TNM stages based on the TCGA database. Finally, based on the TCGA database, we performed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to analyze the diagnostic value of the HEPACAM2 gene in COAD tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues.

Mining and validation of the differential expression and diagnostic value of HEPACAM2

Mining cohort

The mRNA expression of HEPACAM2 in COAD or CRC was analyzed within the Oncomine dataset (https://www.oncomine.org/)(25), which based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The differential expression scatter plot and diagnostic ROC curve of HEPACAM2 gene were performed in two studies, including Skrzypczak COAD (26) and Hong CRC(27).

Validation cohort

We collected tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue samples from 30 COAD patients from the Colorectal Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. Inclusion criteria: 1. The patient was older than 18 years; 2. Complete clinical parameter information; 3. The postoperative diagnosis was COAD; 4. Sign the consent form. Exclusion criteria: 1. The patient was under 18 years old; 2. Incomplete clinical parameter information; 3. Disagree to sign the consent form. The tissue samples were immersed in RNA protection solution immediately after the operation, and stored in a refrigerator at -80 degrees refrigerator according to the protection solution storage instructions. Tissue total RNA was extracted from the tissue, cDNA was synthesized through reverse transcription, and PCR reaction was performed afterwards. The reaction conditions were: 1 cycle at 95°C for 10 min; 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 s, 60°C for 1 min and 95°C for 30 s; 1 cycle at 95°C for 15 s, 60° C for 1 min, 95°C for 30 sec, 60°C for 15 s. The primer sequences were: HEPACAM2 Forward：5’-TGCCACCCAATGCATCTCTGCT-3’, HEPACAM2 Reverse：5’-TCTGCACCACTGGCTTTGTGAC-3’; β-actin Forward：5’-CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC-3’, β-actin Reverse：5’-CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT-3’. The final result was calculated using 2 ‑ ∆∆ Cq.(28) This study followed the Herki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Association of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University [No.: 2019(KY-E-001)], all patients signed an informed consent form.

Univariate and multivariate survival analysis of HEPACAM2 Gene in COAD

The expression of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD was divided into two groups according to the median cut-off value of gene expression level, namely, high- and low- expression groups. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was performed to evaluate the survival prognosis of HEPACAM2 gene in patients with COAD. We then constructed different prognostic COX risk models according to the different clinical parameters, the HR risk curve and multivariate survival analysis was investigated to explore the prognostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD. Finally, we constructed the HEPACAM2 gene-related nomogram to estimate the prognosis risk in COAD.

Collection of HEPACAM2 gene mutation and immune infiltration information of COAD

The mutation status and mutation frequency of HEPACAM2 related to COAD were obtained from the cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (cbioportal, https://www.cbioportal.org/) database.(29) Additionally, we obtained the potential connection between HEPACAM2 gene and different immune infiltrating cells through the TIMER database.

Correlation analysis and correlation-genes survival analyses in COAD patients

We collected COAD gene sets associated with HEPACAM2 gene from different datasets, including GEPIA, ULCAN, and LinkedOmics (http://www.linkedomics.org/)(30) dataset, and drew a Venn diagram to select the intersection genes of the three datasets. Then, we also performed a correlation analysis of intersection genes based on the TCGA cohort. The intersection genes were also separated into two compartments based on median cut-off value, the univariate and multivariate survival analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of these genes in COAD.

Joint-effects analysis and comprehensive prognosis analysis

The joint-effects survival analysis of correlation genes was investigated the combination effects in COAD patients’ survival, the survival curves and multivariate survival analyses were also utilized to evaluate the prognostic value in COAD. Meanwhile, we also conducted different prognostic nomograms based on joint-effects survival results. Finally, we constructed different prognostic risk scored models based on joint-effects survival analysis. The formula for calculating the prognostic risk score was: Risk score= gene₁ expression × β1 gene₁ + gene₂ expression×β2 gene2+…Gene _n expression× β_nGene _n. The result of β came from the coefficients of the multivariate COX regression risk model. (31) COAD patients were divided into different risk models according to the level of median risk score values. The prognostic time-dependent ROC curves were performed by R software to estimate the predictive accuracy in COAD patients.

Statistical analysis

The comparison of HEPACAM2 gene expression in COAD tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues in the TCGA cohort was performed by unpaired Student's t-test, and the validation cohort of RT-PCR result was validated by paired t-test, and the mean ± Standard deviation represented gene expression level. The multivariate Cox risk model was adjusted by different models, namely, model 1: Unadjusted model; model 2: Adjusted by TNM stage; model 3: Adjusted by age, sex, and TNM stage. The results were presented with hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-value. All results in this study were considered to be statistically different at P<0.05. All statistical calculations were performed by SPSS 25.0 (IBM, New York, NY, USA) and R software, version 4.0.3 (http://www.R-project.org/).

Data resource processing

We downloaded a total of 461 COAD patients' clinical data and 456 gene expression levels (including 480 cancer tissue expression levels and 41 adjacent normal tissue expression levels) from the TCGA database. We integrated the two data to obtain 438 cases of COAD tumor tissue and 41 cases of adjacent normal tissue (removal of no prognostic information, mismatched information, and repeated expression of cancer tissue). The univariate survival analysis of clinical parameters was shown in Table 1. The results showed that the TNM stage was correlated with the OS of COAD patients (Log-rank P < 0.001).

Table 1

Baseline patient characteristics in TCGA cohort
Variables	Patients	OS
Variables	(n = 438)	No. of events	MST (days)	HR (95%CI)	Log-rank P
Age(years)
≤ 65	268	57	3042	1	0.196
> 65	168	41	1910	1.305(0.871–1.965)
Missing*	2
Sex
Male	234	54	2475	1	0.545
Female	204	44	NA	0.884(0.593–1.318)
TNM Stage
Ⅰ	73	4	NA	1	< 0.001
Ⅱ	168	28	2821	2.308(0.807–6.602)
Ⅲ	126	31	NA	4.101(1.446–11.634)
Ⅳ	61	31	858	11.355(4.003–32.208)
Missing^#	10
Notes: Missing*, information of age was unknown in 2 patients; Missing^#, information of TNM stage was not reported in 10 patients; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; OS, overall survival; MST, median survival time; 95 % CI, 95 % confidence interval; HR, hazards ratio; NA, not available.

Differential expression analysis and diagnostic ROC Curve Analysis based on TCGA cohort and public networks

We downloaded the HEPACAM2 gene expression level in various cancer tissues and normal tissues from the UALCAN and TIMER databases. The results showed that the expression level of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD tumor tissue was lower than that in normal colon tissue. (Fig. 1) We further downloaded the expression box diagrams of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD tissue and normal colon tissue from the GEPIA and MERAV databases, and the results were consistent with the previous description. (Figure S1A-1B) Meanwhile, the expression level of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD patients of different TNM stages did not reach statistical differences (P > 0.05). (Figure S1C)

Based on the TCGA database, we also investigated the differential expression of HEPACAM2 gene between COAD tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues, the result showed that the HEPACAM2 expression level was higher in COAD adjacent normal tissues than that in tumor tissues. We also found that the HEPACAM2 expression level didn’t show differential expression in different TNM stages. (Fig. 2A) The diagnostic ROC curve showed that HEPACAM2 had a higher diagnostic value in patients with COAD (P < 0.001, Area Under Curve (AUC) = 0.940, 95%CI = 0.805–0.979). (Fig. 2B)

Finally, we also investigated the differential expression and diagnostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD or CRC using an Oncomine dataset based on GEO cohort, the result showed that the HEPACAM2 gene was highly expressed in Skrzypczak COAD or Hong CRC normal tissue than that in tumor tissues, and the HEPACAM2 gene had a high diagnostic value in Skrzypczak COAD (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.896, 95%CI = 0.812–0.980) and Hong CRC (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.976, 95%CI = 0.944-1.000). (Fig. 3)

Validation and analysis of HEPACAM2 in the diagnostic value of COAD based on the Guangxi cohort

We collected 30 pairs of COAD patients' tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. After RT-qPCR detection, we found that the expression level of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD tumor tissue (0.036942 ± 0.062463) was significantly lower than that in adjacent normal colon tissue (0.167750 ± 0.179779). (P < 0.001) Meanwhile, the diagnostic ROC curve suggested that the HEPACAM2 gene had a higher diagnostic value in patients with COAD (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.892, 95%CI = 0.805–0.979). (Fig. 2C-2E)

Univariate and multivariate survival analysis of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD

We performed a survival analysis of HEPACAM2 gene in patients with COAD in accordance with the median cutoff value of HEPACAM2 gene expression, the patients with high expression of HEPACAM2 gene had better survival than those with lowly expressed HEPACAM2 gene. (Fig. 4A) In terms of the survival results of univariate clinical parameters, we constructed two different adjusted models and found that the HEPACAM2 gene was related to the OS of patients with COAD, namely model 2: Adjusted by TNM stage (P = 0.044, HR (95% CI) = 0.643(0.419–0.988)) and model 3: Adjusted by age, sex, and TNM stage (P = 0.038, HR (95% CI) = 0.635(0.414–0.976)). (Table 2) Finally, the association between HEPACAM2 gene and death risk of COAD patients was presented in Fig. 5A-5C. In short, the death risk of COAD decreased with the increased expression of HEPACAM2 gene. The HEPACAM2 gene-related nomogram showed that HEPACAM2 gene made a certain contribution to COAD OS. (Figure S2 A)

Table 2

Multivariate survival analysis of *HEPACAM2* gene and *HEPACAM2* related genes expression in COAD of TCGA cohort
Gene	Patients	OS (model 0)		OS (model 1)		OS (model 2)
Gene	(n = 438)	HR (95%CI)	Crude P^*	HR (95%CI)	Adjusted P^#	HR (95%CI)	Adjusted P^&
HEPACAM2			0.006		0.044		0.038
Low	219	1		1		1
High	219	0.560(0.370–0.846)		0.643(0.419–0.988)		0.635(0.414–0.976)
CLCA1			0.001		0.008		0.006
Low	219	1		1		1
High	219	0.499(0.330–0.755)		0.561 (0.366–0.860)		0.550 (0.358–0.844)
REP15			0.023		0.046		0.042
Low	219	1		1		1
High	219	0.623(0.414–0.938)		0.651(0.427–0.992)		0.654(0.423–0.984)
B3GNT6			0.003		0.005		0.004
Low	219	1		1		1
High	219	0.528(0.348–0.801)		0.540(0.352–0.830)		0.535(0.348–0.823)
Notes: Crude P*, Univariate survival analysis; Adjusted P^#, Adjustment for TNM stage; Adjusted P^&, Adjustment for Age, Sex, and TNM stage; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; OS, Overall survival; COAD, Colon adenocarcinoma; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNM, Tumor Node Metastasis; NA, not available.

Table 3

Joint effects analysis of *HEPACAM2* and related genes expression in COAD patients OS
Group	HEPACAM2	Related genes	Patients (n = 438)	OS (model 0)		OS (model 1)		OS (model 2)
Group	HEPACAM2	Related genes	Patients (n = 438)	HR (95% CI)	Crude P*	HR (95% CI)	Adjusted P^#	HR (95% CI)	Adjusted P^&
HEPACAM2&CLCA1
A	Low	Low	117	1		1		1
B	Low	High	45	0.654(0.333–1.286)	0.218	0.694(0.351–1.372)	0.294	0.724(0.365–1.439)	0.357
C	High	Low	42	0.752(0.358–1.581)	0.452	0.832(0.392–1.765)	0.631	0.905(0.426–1.924)	0.796
D	High	High	174	0.433(0.270–0.695)	0.001	0.499(0.304–0.819)	0.006	0.489(0.298–0.803)	0.005
HEPACAM2&REP15
A	Low	Low	183	1		1		1
B	Low	High	39	0.927(0.493–1.743)	0.814	0.856(0.453–1.619)	0.633	0.864(0.448–1.666)	0.663
C	High	Low	36	0.685(0.311–1.510)	0.348	0.815(0.367–1.809)	0.615	0.823(0.365–1.856)	0.639
D	High	High	180	0.515(0.323–0.820)	0.005	0.568(0.350–0.923)	0.022	0.560(0.344–0.910)	0.019
HEPACAM2&B3GNT6
A	Low	Low	184	1		1		1
B	Low	High	35	0.724(0.365–1.439)	0.357	0.413(0.173–0.984)	0.046	0.397(0.166–0.947)	0.037
C	High	Low	35	0.905(0.426–1.924)	0.796	0.698 (0.314–1.551)	0.377	0.653(0.291–1.462)	0.300
D	High	High	184	0.489(0.298–0.803)	0.005	0.544(0.340–0.870)	0.011	0.534(0.333–0.856)	0.009
Notes: Crude P*, Univariate survival analysis; Adjusted P#, Adjustment for TNM stage; Adjusted P&, Adjustment for Age, Sex, and TNM stage; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; OS, Overall survival; COAD, Colon adenocarcinoma; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; TNM, Tumor Node Metastasis; NA, not available.

HEPACAM2 gene mutation and immune infiltration information of COAD

We investigated the mutation status of HEPACAM2 gene in patients with COAD and found that mutation frequency was low and genomic alterations occurred in COAD patients. (Fig. 6A-6B) Additionally, we utilized the TIMER dataset to analyze possible correlations between HEPACAM2 gene and immune infiltration of different Immune cells in COAD. The result showed that there was no significant and positive association between HEPACAM2 gene and different Immune cells. (Fig. 6C)

Correlation analysis and correlation-genes survival analyses in COAD patients

We selected correlation genes that were related to the HEPACMA2 gene in COAD. The correlation coefficients of the genes were greater than 0.7 in the three datasets, including GEPIA, ULCAN, and LinkedOmics databases. The correlation analysis by Venn diagram showed that HEPACAM2 gene was strongly associated with chloride channel accessory 1(CLCA1) gene, RAB15 effector protein (REP15) gene, and UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6 (B3GNT6) gene. (Figure 7 and Figure 8) The survival curves showed that the low expression of CLCA1 gene, REP15 gene, and B3GNT6 gene had worse survival in COAD. (Figure 4B-4D) Finally, the multivariable survival analyses indicated that the expression of CLCA1 gene (Model 1: P = 0.008, HR (95% CI) = 0.561 (0.366-0.860); Model 2: P = 0.006, HR (95% CI) = 0.550 (0.358-0.844)), REP15 gene (Model 1: P = 0.046, HR (95% CI) = 0.651(0.427-0.992); Model 2: P = 0.044, HR (95% CI) = 0.654(0.423-0.984)), and B3GNT6 gene (Model 1: P = 0.005, HR (95% CI) = 0.540(0.352-0.830); Model 2: P = 0.004, HR (95% CI) = 0.535(0.348-0.823)) were significantly associated with the OS of patients with COAD.

Joint-effects analysis and comprehensive prognosis analysis

We carried out the survival analysis of each combination with HEPACAM2 gene. (Figure 5D-5F) Highly expressed HEPACAM2 gene combined with highly expressed CLCA1 gene (Model 1: P = 0.006, HR (95% CI) = 0.499 (0.304-0.819); Model 2: P = 0.005, HR (95% CI) =0.489 (0.298-0.803)) or REP15 gene (Model 1: P = 0.022, HR (95% CI) = 0.568 (0.350-0.923); Model 2: P = 0.019, HR (95% CI) = 0.560 (0.344-0.910)) or B3GNT6 gene (Model 1: P = 0.011, HR (95% CI) = 0.544 (0.340-0.870); Model 2: P = 0.009, HR (95% CI) = 0.534 (0.333-0.856)) predicted longer OS of COAD patients. In other words, the combination of these highly expressed genes was associated with a reduced risk of death in COAD. However, we also observed that the combination of low expression of HEPACAM2 gene and high expression of B3GNT6 associated with a better prognosis of COAD OS (Model 1: P = 0.046, HR (95% CI) = 0.413 (0.173-0.984); Model 2: P = 0.037, HR (95% CI) = 0.397 (0.166-0.947)).

The nomograms of HEPACAM2 and CLCA1, HEPACAM2 and REP15, HEPACAM2 and B3GNT6 showed that these different combinations displayed a higher prognostic contribution to COAD OS than the only HEPACAM2 gene-related nomogram. (Figure S2B- S2D)

Finally, the risk scored model of HEPACAM2 and CLCA1 was constructed by the following formula: (-0.453×HEPACAM2 expression) +(-0.598 × CLCA1 expression). The risk scored model of HEPACAM2 and REP15 was as follows: (-0.453×HEPACAM2 expression) +(-0.615 × REP15 expression). The risk scored model of HEPACAM2 and B3GNT6 was as follows: (-0.453×HEPACAM2 expression) +(-0.429 × B3GNT6 expression). All nomograms we constructed showed that low risk scored group had better survival and fewer deaths of COAD OS. The prognosis 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUC of HEPACAM2 and CLCA1 was 0.547, 0.561 and 0.635, respectively. The prognosis 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUC of HEPACAM2 and REP15 was 0.559, 0.582 and 0.650, respectively. The prognosis 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUC of HEPACAM2 and B3GNT6 was 0.550, 0.569 and 0.619, respectively. (Figure 9)

Although with the advancement of medical technology, surgical techniques, and chemotherapy, the treatment of COAD has made great progress, the mortality rate of COAD remains at a high level,(32) which may be due to insufficient understanding of its underlying mechanism and lack of effectiveness of biomarkers. Previous studies have investigated and found that dysregulated genes may play an important role in cancer and have great potential as biomarkers.(33) However, little is known about the potential clinical value of HEPACAM2 in patients with COAD. Thus, our study aimed to investigate and explore the value of HEPACAM2 gene expression in the diagnosis and prognosis of COAD.

Data in multiple databases showed that the expression of HEPACAM2 gene in tumor tissues of patients with COAD was significantly lower than that of adjacent normal COAD tissues (P < 0.05). We also investigated the diagnostic value of HEPACAM2 gene expression in COADon the TCGA data cohort (AUC = 0.940, 95%CI = 0.805–0.979) and GEO data cohort (Skrzypczak COAD (26), AUC = 0.896, 95%CI = 0.812–0.980) showed the high diagnostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD, and the data of Hong CRC (27) (AUC = 0.976, 95%CI = 0.944-1.000) indirectly reflected the high diagnostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD. Then, we validated the diagnostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD based on the Guangxi cohort and found that the expression of HEPACAM2 gene in adjacent normal COAD tissues was significantly higher than that in COAD tumor tissues, and it also had a higher diagnostic value in COAD (AUC = 0.892, 95 %CI = 0.805–0.979). Finally, when compared with the low expression of HEPACAM2, the survival prognosis analysis found that the highly expressed HEPACAM2 gene had a better prognosis and the reduced risk of death in patients with COAD based on different adjusted models. Therefore, we hypothesized that the HEPACAM2 gene might be an independent diagnostic and prognostic biological indicator in patients with COAD.

In the study of Huang et al., they obtained a total of 116 normal colorectal mucosal tissues and 930 tumor tissues of patients with CRC from the TCGA and GEO (GSE71187, GSE21815, and GSE21510) databases. The Cox proportional hazards stepwise regression analysis was used to search out the prognostic genes and found that high expression of HEPACAM2 decreased the death risk of CRC (HR = 0.937, P = 0.017).(18) Another study by Wu et al., five datasets (GSE39582, GSE4183, GSE10714, GSE8671, and GSE14333) from GEO were selected to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the colorectal normal mucosa–adenoma-carcinoma sequence, the result showed that the expression of HEPACAM2 gene showed a downward trend with tumor progression. The highly expressed HEPACAM2 showed a better prognostic value in patients with CRC (P = 0.00029). They also found that HEPACAM2 participated in the biology process of mitotic nuclear division and cell division.(19) A similar result was also found in Klopfleisch et al.’s study, the expression level of HEPACAM2 gene was up-regulated in the benign stage of tumor and adenoma, such as the small intestinal mucosa and colon. Additionally, HEPACAM2 gene might be involved in cell-cell adhesion and tumor metastasis. (34) It seems that HEPACAM2 gene may play as a potential tumor suppressor candidate.

Our gene mutation analysis found that the mutation rate of HEPACAM2 gene in COAD was low. Additionally, as we have known that immune cells infiltrating in the tumor microenvironment played an important role in the initiation and progression of the tumor through directly contacting with tumor cells to promote or suppress tumor cell growth.(35) But the HEPACAM2 gene didn’t show a significantly positive relationship with immune cells infiltrating. We obtained the genes associated with the HEPACAM2 gene through different data websites and found that CLCA1, REP15 and B3GNT6 genes were strongly related to HEPACAM2 gene in COAD. Based on the TCGA database, multivariate survival analysis found that CLCA1, REP15 and B3GNT6 genes had statistical significance in the survival of COAD patients. After the combined survival analysis and comprehensive survival prognostic analysis, it was found that HEPACAM2 gene combined with CLCA1 gene, HEPACAM2 gene combined with REP15 gene, and HEPACAM2 gene combined with B3GNT6 gene could improve the survival prediction of patients with COAD.

CLCA1 gene is expressed in the intestinal epithelium.(36) This gene may act as a tumor suppressor and play an important function in regulating the differentiation and inhibiting the proliferation in colon cell lines.(37) Previous studies reported that low expression of CLCA1 was associated with a poorer OS in patients with CRC and related to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and high chromosomal instability. (38, 39) The protein encoded by the REP15 gene interacts with Rab15 bound to GTP and participates in the circulation of the transferrin receptor from the endocytic circulation chamber to the cell surface.(40) A study by Xu et al. identified that REP15 could serve as a novel prognostic gene for CRC and low expression of REP15 was associated with unfavorable prognosis of CRC, besides, they also found that the high expression of REP15 was positively correlated with the p53 pathway, and negatively correlated with glycerophospholipid metabolism, hedgehog and insulin pathways.(41) The gene B3GNT6 encodes a glycosyltransferase, which is capable of adding progressive carbohydrates to form a core 3 O-glycan structure and only appears in specific tissues, such as the colon. It has been reported that the core 3 structure in colon cancer tissue decreases with the decrease of core 3 synthase activity.(42) Besides, B3GNT6 was down-expressed in the grade of CRC progress and in tumor metastasis when compared with normal tissues.(43, 44) These prognostic genes seem to have changes in their expression during the occurrence and development of tumors. When these genes are combined with the HEPACAM2 gene, they can improve the survival prediction ability of patients with COAD. Of course, these assumptions still need to be further verified in the future.

Of course, this research still has some shortcomings. Firstly, the clinical parameter information we obtained from public databases is still not perfect. Secondly, the diagnostic and prognostic value of HEPACAM2 still needs to be further explored in vivo and in vitro. Finally, multi-center and larger samples are still needed to verify our findings.

This study explored the diagnostic and prognostic value of HEPACAM2 gene in patients with COAD for the first time. The results of multiple data cohorts and the Guangxi cohort found that HEPACAM2 gene had a higher diagnostic value in COAD, and the results of multivariate COX survival analysis showed that low expression of HEPACAM2 gene had a poorer prognosis in patients with COAD when compared with those patients with high expression of HEPACAM2 gene. HEPACAM2 gene may be an independent biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with COAD. However, these findings need to be verified in the future.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All patients signed an informed consent form, and the experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. (No. 2019(KY-E-001))

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

This work was sponsored in part by The Project to Improve the Basic Research Ability of Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Universities (2020KY12026) and Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education (YCBZ2020048). 2020KY12026 and YCBZ2020048 play roles in the analysis, interpretation of data, and writing of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the National Key Clinical Specialty Programs (General Surgery and Oncology) and the Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Incidence-Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, China. The authors also thank the contributors of The Cancer Genome Atlas (https://cancergenome.nih.gov/).

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FigureS1.pdf
Figure S1 The differential analysis in tumor tissues and normal tissues and in different TNM stages of COAD.
FigureS2.pdf
Figure S2 Nomograms of different groups.

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Systematic Expression Analysis of the Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of HEPACAM Family Member 2 in Colon Adenocarcinoma

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