The description of the study population is presented in Table 1. The mean age of the respondents was 31.9±8.1 with about a quarter aged 40-45. Less than one-fifth can read a whole sentence, and 28.5% were not exposed to the media. Most of the respondents were affiliated to other Christian denominations (non-Catholic), married (54.4%), and have had 4 children on average, and were in union with no cowife. Many of the respondents owned a mobile phone (75.6%).
Table 1. Description of the study population
Characteristic
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
LGA
Esan South East
Etsako East
|
710
701
|
50.3
49.7
|
Age
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-45
Mean 31.9 SD 8.1
|
70
196
292
284
225
344
|
5.0
13.9
20.7
20.1
16.0
24.4
|
Literacy
Can read whole sentence
Can read only a part
Cannot read at all
|
248
567
596
|
17.6
40.2
42.2
|
Exposure to the media
More exposure
Less exposure
No exposure
|
409
600
402
|
29.0
42.5
28.5
|
Religion
Catholic
Other Christian
Islam/Other
|
379
971
61
|
26.9
68.8
4.3
|
Marital status
Married
Living together
Formerly married
|
768
557
86
|
54.4
39.5
6.1
|
Number of children
0-2
3-4
5+
Mean 3.7 SD 2.1
|
462
429
456
|
34.3
31.9
33.9
|
Number of cowives
None
1 cowife
2-6 cowives
|
885
348
178
|
62.7
24.7
12.6
|
Own a mobile phone
Yes
No
|
1,066
345
|
75.6
24.6
|
Knowledge of Coronavirus
Table 2 presents the knowledge of coronavirus, the symptoms and preventive measures. Slightly more than 1 in 10 (12.4%) of the respondents have never heard of coronavirus. Among those who have heard, the most common source of information was the radio, while the least common source was through a relative. The other source category includes social media, phone call, internet, text message, Church, market, town crier, and workplace. Close to 2 in 10 of the respondents who have heard of coronavirus (19.3%) could not mention one symptom of coronavirus, only 17% mentioned 5, and less than 1% mentioned all the ten symptoms. The most mentioned symptoms were fever (70.7%) and cough which was mentioned by 58.7%, whereas the least mentioned were fatigue, diarrhea, and loss of taste or smell. About 21% of the respondents do not know any of the ten preventive measures, but 39.2% mentioned all the 10. Eight of the preventive measures were mentioned by 70 to 75% of the respondents, and 22.1% knew none or just one preventive measure. The least known preventive measures include staying at home when sick which was mentioned by 53.3% and covering of mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing mentioned by 57.9%. Only 19.8% knew there is no drug or vaccine for coronavirus.
Table 2. Knowledge of coronavirus, the symptoms and preventive measures
Variable
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
Heard of coronavirus
Yes
No
|
1,236
175
|
87.6
12.4
|
Source of information
Television
Radio
Friend
Neighbour
Relative
Other (
|
86
563
149
360
61
17
|
7.0
45.5
12.1
29.1
4.9
1.4
|
Number of symptoms known
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
239
169
348
79
96
210
19
23
40
5
8
|
19.3
13.7
28.2
6.4
7.8
17.0
1.5
1.9
3.2
0.4
0.7
|
Frequency of mention of a symptom
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Headaches
Fatigue
Diarrhoea
Loss of taste or smell
|
997
828
480
401
305
95
76
53
13
8
|
70.7
58.7
34.0
28.4
21.6
6.7
5.4
3.8
0.9
0.6
|
Knowledge of the symptoms
Mean (SD)
Knows none or one
Knows >1
|
2.3(2.2)
408
828
|
33.0
67.0
|
Number of preventive measures known
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
258
15
5
9
8
9
25
39
114
270
484
|
20.9
1.2
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
2.0
3.2
9.2
21.8
39.2
|
Knowledge of preventive measures
Mean (SD)
Knows none or one
Knows >1
|
7.1(3.9)
273
963
|
22.1
77.9
|
Frequency of mention of preventive measures1
Limit movement - Only go out when necessary
Regular handwashing with soap
Wear a face mask when you go out
Avoid handshake
Do not hug anyone
Use hand sanitizer
Avoid crowded places
Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands
Stay at home when you feel sick
Cover mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze
|
867
922
922
913
870
905
929
909
782
715
|
70.2
74.6
74.6
73.9
70.4
73.2
75.2
73.5
53.3
57.9
|
Knows there is currently no drug or vaccine for coronavirus
No/don’t know
Yes
|
991
245
|
80.2
19.8
|
Note: 1 – Multiple responses
In Table 3, the results of the regression analysis that estimated the likelihood of knowledge of coronavirus, the symptoms and preventive measures are presented. The lack of knowledge of coronavirus was significantly higher in Etsako East LGA (OR 2.05 CI:1.25-3.38) than Esan South East, among respondents who had no exposure to the media (OR 3.90 CI:2.26-6.74) than those who had more exposure, and those who had 2 or more cowives (OR 2.05 CI:1.31-3.18) than those who had no cowife. The odds of no knowledge were significantly less among respondents who have 5 or more children (OR 0.35 CI:0.20-0.61) compared to those who had 0-2 children. The likelihood of not knowing any symptom and just one was significantly higher among women who can read only a part of a sentence (OR 1.77 CI: 1.19-2.64), and those who cannot read at all (OR 2.26 CI: 1.49-3.43). Respondents in Etsako East were 33% less likely than those in Esan South East to lack knowledge or know only one of the preventive measures. Respondents who were aged 40-45 were more likely to have no/or poor knowledge of the preventive measures compared to younger women age 15-19 years. Relative to the respondents who were highly exposed to the media, no knowledge of preventive measures was significantly higher among women who had less (OR 1.49 CI:1.01-2.21) or no exposure (OR 2.14 CI:1.38-3.33) to the media. Respondents who lived together with a partner (consensual union) were more likely to have little or no knowledge of the preventive measures (OR 1.49 CI: 1.02-2.17) than those who were married. Being in a marital union where there is one cowife predicted lower odds of not knowing the preventive measures or knowing just one (OR 0.27 CI:0.18-0.40) compared to those in a monogamous union. The odds of not knowing the preventive measures or knowing only one increased for women who do not own a mobile phone (OR 1.80 CI: 1.24-2.60) relative to those who owned a phone.
Table 3. Odds of knowledge of coronavirus, the symptoms and preventive measures
|
Knowledge of coronavirus
|
Knowledge of symptoms
|
Knowledge of
preventive measures
|
Variable
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
LGA
Esan South East (Ref)
Etsako East
|
2.05(1.25-3.38)**
|
0.67(0.47-0.92)8
|
0.19(0.12-0.29) ***
|
Age
15-19 (Ref)
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-45
|
1.58(0.49-5.11)
2.05(0.64-6.57)
2.63(0.81-8.54)
3.24(0.97-10.8)
2.2490.64-7.78)
|
1.66(0.77-3.55)
1.28(0.60-2.73)
1.31(0.59-2.89)
1.52(0.67-3.42)
1.16(0.51-2.63)
|
2.57(0.76-8.71)
2.58(0.78-8.50)
2.78(0.82-9.42)
3.01(0.88-10.3)
4.44(1.31-15.1) *
|
Literacy
Can read whole sentence (Ref)
Can read only a part
Cannot read at all
|
0.98(0.55-1.75)
1.71(0.96-3/03)
|
1.77(1.19-2.64) **
2.26(1.49-3.43) ***
|
1.58(0.96-2.59)
1.61(0.96-2.69)
|
Exposure to the media
More exposure (Ref)
Less exposure
No exposure
|
1.33(0.76-2.33)
3.90(2.26-6.74)***
|
1.00(0.74-1.35)
0.74(0.52-1.06)
|
1.49(1.01-2.21) *
2.14(1.38-3.33) **
|
Religion
Catholic (Ref)
Other Christian
Islam/Other
|
0.72(0.48-1.09)
1.40(0.68-2.91)
|
0.84(0.63-1.12)
1.62(0.81-3.26)
|
1.16(0.81-1.66)
0.63(0.17-2.35)
|
Marital status
Married (Ref)
Living together
Formerly married
|
0.98(0.60-1.60)
1.02(0.48-2.17)
|
1.28(0.94-1.74)
1.56(0.90-2.70)
|
1.49(1.02-2.17) *
1.40(0.75-2.64)
|
Number of children
0-2 (Ref)
3-4
5+
|
0.80(0.50-1.26)
0.35(0.20-0.61)***
|
1.00-0.70-1.44)
1.21(0.82-1.78)
|
0.99(0.63-1.55)
1.28(0.80-2.03)
|
Number of cowives
None (Ref)
1 cowife
2-6 cowives
|
0.32(0.17-0.60)***
2.05(1.31-3.18)**
|
1.28(0.96-1.70)
0.87(0.57-1.34)
|
0.27(0.18-0.40) ***
0.87(0.53-1.44)
|
Own a mobile phone
Yes (Ref)
No
|
1.36(0.92-2.02)
|
1.08(0.80-1.46)
|
1.80(1.24-2.60) **
|
Note: OR-odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05
Risk perception and exposure to risk
Many (75.2%) of the respondents who have heard of coronavirus considered coronavirus a health threat to them and their families (Table 4). Exposure to the risk of infection as measured with ten indicators revealed that less than one percent of the respondents were exposed to no risk as well as 9 of the ten risk indicators. The majority were exposed to 2 -4 risks. Categorizing the number of risks into less (0-1 risk) and more risk (2-9 risks) shows that 91.7% were exposed to more risks. Only 6 respondents have ever been infected, and 3 knew someone who had been infected.
Table 4. Perception of coronavirus as a health threat and exposure risk
Variable
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
Perceives coronavirus as a health threat
Yes
No
|
930
306
|
75.2
24.8
|
Number of risks exposure
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
8
95
276
215
218
167
137
73
35
11
|
0.7
7.7
22.4
17.4
17.7
13.5
11.1
5.9
2.8
0.9
|
Risks exposure
Less risk
More risk
|
103
1,132
|
8.3
91.7
|
Ever infected
Yes
No
Don’t know
|
6
1,151
79
|
0.5
93.1
6.4
|
Know someone infected
Yes
No
Don’t know
|
3
653
580
|
0.2
52.8
46.9
|
The predictors of risk perception and exposure to risks are presented in Table 5. Perception of coronavirus as no health threat to the respondent and her family was significantly lower in Etsako East compared to Esan South East (OR 0.36 CI:0.24-0.52). Compared to the respondents who had high exposure to the media, the odds of perceiving coronavirus as no health threat were 48% higher among respondents who had less exposure to the media (OR 1.48 CI 1.04-2.12), and 52% higher among those who had no exposure to the media (OR 1.52 CI 1.01-.28). The respondents who were living together with a partner were significantly more likely to perceive coronavirus as no health threat relative to the married (OR 1.73 CI:1.22-2.44). The likelihood of considering coronavirus as no threat was significantly higher among respondents who had one cowife compared to those who had no co-wife (OR 1.46 CI: 10.3-2.08). The odds of not considering coronavirus a health threat increased for respondents who do not own a mobile phone compared to those who own a phone (OR 1.45 CI: 1.04-2.03). The respondents who knew there is no drug or vaccine for coronavirus were 82% less likely to consider coronavirus as no threat (OR 0.12 CI 0.07-0.22).
Exposure to the risk of coronavirus was significantly higher in Etsako East than in Esan South East (OR 4.69 CI:2.52-8.71). Less exposure to the media (OR 1.72 CI 1.03-2.85), and no exposure to the media (OR 2.11 CI:1.06-4.17) predicted higher odds of more exposure to the risk of being infected compared to more exposure to the media. Respondents who live with a partner were significantly more likely than the married to be more exposed to the risk of coronavirus (OR 2.38 CI:1.40-4.07). The odds of more exposure to coronavirus risk increased for respondents who live in large households with five or more children (OR 2.02 CI: 1,05-3.90) relative to those who had 0-2 children. Relative to the respondents who had no cowife, exposure to more risks decreased by 69% for respondents who had one cowife and by 60% for respondents who had 2 or more cowives. Respondents who do not have a mobile phone were significantly more exposed to coronavirus than those who had a mobile phone (OR 2.14 CI:1.07-4.25).
Table 5. Odds of risk perception and exposure to risks
Variable
|
Risk perception
|
Exposure to risks
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
LGA
Esan South East (Ref)
Etsako East
|
0.36(0.24-0.52) ***
|
4.69(2.52-8.71) ***
|
Age
15-19 (Ref)
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-45
|
0.98(0.4-.29)
0.95(0.41-2.19
0.68(0.28-1.62)
0.76(0.31-1.87)
0.94(0.39-2.30)
|
0.50(0.06-4.33)
0.26(0.03-2.08)
0.47(0.05-4.08)
0.38(0.04-3.36)
0.48(0.05-4.18)
|
Literacy
Can read whole sentence (Ref)
Can read only a part
Cannot read at all
|
0.90(0.59-1.37)
0.91(0.58-1.42)
|
1.32(0.72-2.42)
1.02(0.53-1.98)
|
Exposure to the media
More exposure (Ref)
Less exposure
No exposure
|
1.48(1.04-2.12) *
1.52(1.01-2.28) *
|
1.72(1.03-2.85) *
2.11(1.06-4.17) *
|
Religion
Catholic (Ref)
Other Christian
Islam/Other
|
0.88(0.63-1.22)
1.85(0.87-3.96)
|
1.04(0.64-1.70)
0.87(0.19-4.06)
|
Marital status
Married (Ref)
Living together
Formerly married
|
1.73(1.22-2.44) **
1.27(0.67-2.41)
|
2.38(1.40-4.07) **
2.61(0.86-7.95)
|
Number of children
0-2 (Ref)
3-4
5+
|
1.27(0.84-1.92)
1.51(0.97-2.37)
|
1.60(0.90-2.83)
2.02(1.05-3.90) *
|
Number of cowives
None (Ref)
1 cowife
2-6 cowives
|
1.46(1.03-2.08) *
1.34(0.83-2.15)
|
0..31(0.19-0.51) ***
0.40(0.19-0.83) *
|
Own a mobile phone
Yes (Ref)
No
|
1.45(1.04-2.03) *
|
2.14(1.07-4.25) *
|
No drug or vaccine for coronavirus
No/Don’t know (Ref)
Yes
|
0.12(0.07-0.22) ***
|
|
Note: OR-odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05
Preventive behavior
Descriptive results of preventavive The respondents were asked if they followed the recommendations from the authorities to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus. Less than half of the respondents reported that they followed the recommendations very much (Table 6), others neither adhered to all the recommendations (34.4%) or not at all (17.1%). Many of the respondents go out every day, and the most common activity that takes them out of their houses is to buy food. Hand hygiene was common among them, 77.2% reported that they washed their hands every time they come into their houses from outside. However, one-quarter (20.1%) do not have a handwashing facility, and the most common handwashing facility was handwashing bowl and soap. More than half of the respondents (51.8%) do not have a face mask. Among those who have a face mask, 12.1% do not wear it whenever they go out. In all, the percentage of the respondents who have a face mask and wear it is 42.4% whereas those do not have a mask and those who have but do not wear it is 57.6%. Slightly more than half (51%) of the members of the respondents’ families do not have a face mask and 9% of the family members who have a mask do not wear it.
The percentage distribution of the respondents who do not wash hand every time they come into their houses from outside, by selected characteristics is presented in Figure 1. The higher prevalence of poor hand hygiene was among respondents in Esan South East, those who cannot read at all, aged 15-19, perceived coronavirus as no health threat, had no exposure to the media, affiliated to other Christian denomination, and had no handwashing facility. About 31% of those who had no handwashing facility in their homes reported washing hand whenever they come into their houses from outside (Table not shown). Among those who had handwashing facility, 37.5% of those who had only water and 13% of those who had handwashing bowl and soap did not wash hand whenever they come in from outside. The relationship between each characteristic and handwashing was statistically significant except religion.
Table 6. Preventive behavior
Variable
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
Adherence to recommended preventive measures
Not at all
Not all
Very much
|
211
425
600
|
17.1
34.4
48.5
|
Frequency of going out in a week
Every day
Every other day
Rarely
Never go out
|
640
194
522
55
|
45.4
13.7
37.0
3.9
|
Activities that take respondents out of the house
To buy food
Work
Visit friends and relatives
Meetings
Religious service
Others (social event and farm)
|
N=2846
1,327
622
400
271
224
2
|
46.6
21.9
14.0
9.5
7.9
0.1
|
Handwashing every time you come into your house from outside
Yes
No
|
1,088
322
|
77.2
22.8
|
Handwashing facility
None
Running water and soap
Only water
Handwashing bowl and soap
Hand sanitizer
|
284
399
48
675
4
|
20.1
28.3
3.4
47.9
0.3
|
Have a face mask
Yes
No
|
680
731
|
48.2
51.8
|
Wear a mask whenever you go out
Yes
No
|
598
82
|
87.9
12.1
|
Face mask
Have and wear
Have and don’t wear/have none
|
598
813
|
42.4
57.6
|
Household members have a mask
Yes
No
|
720
691
|
51.0
49.0
|
Household members wear a mask
Yes
No
|
655
65
|
91,0
9.0
|
The percentage distribution of respondents who do not have a mask and those who own a mask but do not wear it, by selected characteristics is presented in Figure 2. Wearing a face mask was not common, between 41.6% and 80% of the respondents either had no mask or had a mask but do not wear it whenever they go out. The higher prevalence was among respondents in Etsako East, respondents who cannot read at all, age 15-19 years, do not perceive coronavirus a health threat, had no exposure to the media, and those affiliated to Islam and other religions. The highest percentage (80%) of respondents who did not wear mask were adolescents aged 15-19. The association between the characteristics and wearing of a mask was statistically significant except religion.
In Table 7, the odds of not adhering to the recommendation of by the authorities on preventing the spread, hand washing and wearing face mask are presented. The odds of not following the recommendations at all or partially was significantly lower among respondents aged 25-29 (OR 0.39 CI:0.19-0.82), and 35-39 (OR 0.41 CI:0.18-0.90). Compared to those who can read a whole sentence, respondents who can only read a part of a sentence and those who cannot read at all were 44% and 58% more likely to report that they did not follow the recommendations, respectively. Those who had no exposure to the media were significantly less likely to report that they did not follow the recommendations. Affiliation to other Christian denomination predicted higher odds of not following the recommendation at all or partially (OR 1.37 CI: 1.02-1.83), compared to Catholics. Respondents who lived together with a partner compared to the married (OR 1.44 CI:1.06-1.96), and those who had one cowife compared to those who had none (OR 2.61 CI:1.91-3.56), were more likely to report that they did not follow or partially followed the recommendations. Compared to the respondents who did not know there is no drug or vaccine for coronavirus, those who know were more likely to follow the recommendations partially or not at all (OR 2.48 CI:163-3.77). the respondents who went out every day were significantly less likely to report that they followed the recommendations partially or not at all (OR 0.52 CI:0.39-0.70).
The likelihood of not washing hand was significantly lower among respondents who knew there is no drug or vaccine for coronavirus than those who did not know (OR 0.17 CI: 0.07-0.41). Compared to those who considered coronavirus a health threat, the respondents who did not consider it a threat were more likely to enter their houses from outside without washing hand (OR 1.77 CI:1.12-2.78). The likelihood of not handwashing was lower among respondents who have a handwashing facility compared to those who do not have (OR 0.05 (0.03-0.08). The odds of not washing hand were higher among the respondents who could not identify handwashing as a preventive measure compared to those who identified it correctly (OR 5.25 CI:3.21-8.59).
Not wearing a mask was significantly higher in Etsako East than in Esan South East (OR 3.98 CI: 2.72-5.84). The odds of not wearing a mask declines significantly with age. The respondents who were aged 20-45 were all significantly less likely not to wear a mask than their younger counterparts aged 15-19 years. The likelihood of not wearing a face mask was 85% higher among the respondents who were not exposed to the media compared to those who had more exposure to the media. Compared to the married, women living together with a partner were more unlikely to wear a face mask (OR 1.81 CI: 1.27-2.58). Respondents who had 3 or more children were significantly more unlikely to wear a face mask compared to those who had 0-2 children. On the contrary, having one cowife significantly reduced the odds of not wearing a face mask by 51%.
The respondents who do not own a mobile phone were more unlikely to wear a face mask compared to those own a phone (OR 1.96 CI:1.37-2.80). Those who knew there is no drug or vaccine for coronavirus were 56% less likely not to wear a mask compared to those who did not know. The odds of not wearing a face mask was higher among respondents who could not identify wearing a face mask as a preventive measure (OR 4.54 CI: 2.96-6.96), and those who did not wash hand whenever they come into their houses from outside (OR 3.06 CI:1.97-4.75).
Table 7 Odds of preventive behavior
Variable
|
Follow recommendations by authorities
|
Hand washing
|
Mask wearing
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
LGA
Esan South East (Ref)
Etsako East
|
1.35(0.94-1.94)
|
0.80(0.45-1.41)
|
3.98(2.72-5.84) ***
|
Age
15-19 (Ref)
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-45
|
0.71(0.34-1.49)
0.39(0.19-0.82) *
0.52(0.24-1.11)
0.41(0.18-0.90) *
0.57(0.26-1.28)
|
0.85(0.31-2.35)
0.45(0.16-1.28)
0.64(0.22-1.92)
0.41(0.13-1.30)
0.49(0.15-1.55)
|
0.66(0.29-1.54)
0.43(0.19-1.00) *
0.41(0.17-0.99) *
0.32(0.13-0.80) *
0.34(0.14-0.84) *
|
Literacy
Can read whole sentence (Ref)
Can read only a part
Cannot read at all
|
1.44(1.00-2.07) *
1.58(1.07-2.34) *
|
0.98(0.53-1.80)
1.74(0.93-3.24)
|
0.86(0.58-1.28)
1.05(0.68-1.60)
|
Exposure to the media
More exposure (Ref)
Less exposure
No exposure
|
0.95(0.70-1.29)
0.70(0.49-0.99) *
|
1.02(0.63-1.67)
0.65(0.37-1.14)
|
1.29(0.92-1.81)
1.85(1.26-2.73) **
|
Religion
Catholic (Ref)
Other Christian
Islam/Other
|
1.37(1.02-1.83) *
1.05(0.51-2.14)
|
0.94(0.59-1.50)
0.96(0.31-2.95)
|
1.08(0.78-1.49)
0.85(0.41-1.76)
|
Marital status
Married (Ref)
Living together
Formerly married
|
1.44(1.06-1.96) *
1.47(0.84-2.58)
|
1.48(0.90-2.42)
1.17(0.47-2.87)
|
1.81(1.27-2.58) **
1.20(0.61-2.37)
|
Number of children
0-2 (Ref)
3-4
5+
|
1.15(0.80-1.64)
1.24(0.84-1.84)
|
1.38(0.78-2.44)
1.13(0.60-2.11)
|
1.85(1.23-2.77) **
1.68(1.08-2.62) *
|
Number of cowives
None (Ref)
1 cowife
2-6 cowives
|
2.61(1.91-3.56) ***
0.82(0.54-1.23)
|
0.82(0.47-1.40)
1.17(0.63-2.19)
|
0.49(0.35-0.69) ***
0.75(0.47-1.19)
|
Own a mobile phone
Yes (Ref)
No
|
1.11(0.81-1.50)
|
1.44(0.91-2.26)
|
1.96(1.37-2.80) ***
|
No drug or vaccine for coronavirus
No/Don’t know (Ref)
Yes
|
2.48(1.63-3.77) ***
|
0.17(0.07-0.41) ***
|
0.44(0.29-0.69) ***
|
Consider coronavirus a health threat
Yes (Ref)
No
|
1.14(0.82-1.58)
|
1.77(1.12-2.78) *
|
1.27(0.88-1.84)
|
Frequency of going out
Rarely/never (Ref)
Every other day
Every day
|
1.28(0.83-1.97)
0.52(0.39-0.70) ***
|
|
|
Knowledge of symptoms
Knows >1 (Ref)
Knows none or one
|
0.90(0.67-1.20)
|
|
|
Knowledge of preventive measures
Knows >1 (Ref)
Knows none or one
|
0.76(0.51-1.12)
|
|
|
Have facility for washing hand
None (Ref)
Have facility
|
|
0.05(0.03-0.08) ***
|
|
Know handwashing as a preventive measure
Yes (Ref)
No/Don’t know
|
|
5.25(3.21-8.59) ***
|
|
Know mask wearing as a preventive measure
Yes (Ref)
No
|
|
|
4.54(2.96-6.96) ***
|
Wash hand every time you come into your house
Yes (Ref)
No
|
|
|
3.06(1.97-4.75) ***
|
Note: OR-odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05