Quantum cloud theory: Collapse expectations of matter proportions

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1549401/v1

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Quantum cloud theory: Collapse expectations of matter proportions

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1549401/v1

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Most of metabolic processes are extremely complicated but occur spontaneously and steadily, the essential reason of which may be either a thermodynamic problem or related to some quantum properties. Here, collapse selection is interpreted with an analytical model of energy transfer, from which the concept of quantum cloud is defined as that during undetectable changes of a group of particles between its effective changes, particles are in the superposition of various energy states and the group is named as a cloud. It is deduced from the interpretation of collapse selection and the notion of matter proportions that cloud collapses have different expectations: active cloud collapses have least-time expectation while passive collapses have matter-proportion expectation.

quantum superposition

quantum biology

quantum Zeno effect

dark matter

dark energy

Ten years ago, scientists had realized the phenomena of quantum coherence may well be ubiquitous in the nature world¹. Although evidences suggest that a variety of organisms may metabolize with some quantum properties^1–3, the essential relationship between quantum properties and biological phenomena hasn’t been found. And recently, extensive research was motivated by the hypothesis that nature used quantum coherences to direct energy transfer³, which may be a great foresight. However, this body of work, a cornerstone for the field of quantum biology, rests on the interpretation of small-amplitude oscillations in two-dimensional electronic spectra of photosynthetic complexes³, which may not be the core property of coherence in metabolism. Actually, until now, quantum biology seems still a frontier and marginal subject in biology as whether quantum properties participate in general cell metabolism and establish the metabolic order isn’t known. To get the answer, we need to explore the nature of life and the nature of matter.

Many scientists believe that the quantities that can’t be observed or detected are meaningless, including many quantum scientists. Their reasons are that these quantities can’t have an influence on us, and they could hardly be proved. In fact, since Heisenberg uncertainty principle was put forward, no experiment can refute it substantially. However, if the unobserved quantities will not be studied, we may never know how we exist. Although real physical hidden variables may not exist, some conservation may be beyond the scope of reality. Actually, some virtual hidden variables may affect our world all the time in quantum changes and cause the cosmological phenomena of dark matter and dark energy.

Although there are maybe still arguments, many scientists did not believe in action at a distance between bodies^4–6, and yet there is no analogous property of which action at a distance is a consequence⁴; that is to say: all unitary energy transfers require particle contact. It is defined that a quantum energy transfer is a point and the matter between two next points is a link. A point can be from one or more links, usually from two a real and a virtual; a link is only from a point. A link is a particle, such as molecular, an atom, an electron, a photon etc., or a unit of them, but a particle can be many links or parts of them as superposition.

The probable points from a common particle are named as parallel points, which exist for a while after they occur. Parallel points will cause other points, until a point is linked to a target point. And then other different-effect parallel points collapse while the series of linked points become real for the target point.

Every real point makes an effect for the reality. If the reality means all the existent changes that will make effects on humans and human minds, the target points for the reality are the points of mind metabolism, which are objectively existent but are quite different from and can’t be considered as the subjective consciousness.

If a point through a finite number of points is linked to the target points, it is a bright point and all its parallel points collapse. A series of linked points from a bright point to another bright point is called a route. A complete route needs to define the initial states of particles.

According to the Relativity Theory, no energy transfer could travel faster than light, so if a point is observed directly, it has the most chance to be a bright point. However, human can’t directly see most of quantum changes, but the points with significant heat generation or heat transfer may make effects on the target points by thermal radiation.

Moreover, one point, such as a point with heat generation or a heat transfer, may establish many links and form many points. Once one of the formed points is detected, there is a route from the initial point to the target points. The process the initial point is linked to other points and the linked points become more and more is called global linking.

In fact, most of points may not establish a route to the target points or take a long time to establish a route after their occurrence, but they may make a global linking soon, so though they aren’t linked to the target points and aren’t determined as real, they are difficult to be replaced by their parallel points when we detect them. Therefore, such points that make a global linking can be seen as bright points as soon as occurrence and are named as definitive points or thermodynamic points, namely they have some thermodynamic directions or thermodynamic effects.

However, not every change has a thermodynamic effect in time.

The points that haven’t been linked to the target points or definitive points are named as dark points. The existent time of dark points on the earth are usually very short, and then they may become bright points or collapse.

If a particle is a link from a bright point directly, the energy state of the particle is definite and the particle is a unique and definite particle without parallel links. If a particle is links or part of links from dark points directly, the energy state of the particle is indefinite and the particle is an indefinite particle.

A system or a particle group in which all the particles are indefinite particles is named as a quantum cloud, or a cloud.

A unitary cloud is a unit to us or to a specific reality, which has only holistic characteristics, such as a whole gravitation, one kind of charges, or a velocity. Any particle, link or system could be seen as a unitary cloud when there is superposition and no part of them is definite.

The object of theoretical researches should be objective existence namely absolute existence, but the category of practical research is relative existence, effective existence or namely the reality. A reality is a network of linked and/or coherent routes among the existence. While the universe usually means the reality for us, herein the existence is named as the absolute universe.

Suppose a particle in the absolute universe seems like numberless grains. The grains have common characteristics like mass and spin while have different characteristics like locations, velocities and spin directions. Moreover, the grain can divide into small ones and can be a part of a bigger one. The proportion of the amount of some grains to the total is named as matter proportion.

Matter proportion (M) can be expressed as:

M = P· L,

where M is the proportion of the particle number in a reality to the particle number in the absolute universe; P represents the proportion of the particle number in a cloud to the particle number in the absolute universe; L represents the proportion of the particle number in a link to the particle number in the cloud.

An active collapse is an orderly change like atomic decay.

According to the interpretation above, clouds always collapse in the least time to form a reality. If the least-time realities have a special result, the special result is the least-time expectation in the absolute university and the collapse is defined as an active collapse.

All active changes, from chemical reactions to nuclear reactions, take the least time to generate definitive points, which are in orders and with small matter proportions in the absolute university.

Take photosynthesis as an example. When a photon is captured by a chloroplast cell, the photon will induce many parallel points, as a part of the parallel points react as photosynthesis while the others turn the photon into heat or make other changes. If the points of photosynthesis always occur, that means the definitive points of photosynthesis are faster than the definitive points of other effects.

For another example, several polypeptide macromolecules may generate many parallel points to form different tertiary and quaternary structures of protein. If there is a special one that has a particular function and the function will fastest generate definitive points, the special tertiary and quaternary structures are determined after the function performance.

A third example, if every quantum nuclear change is random in a very distance star and the star is close to a cloud to us. In our observation, it is likely to be the brightest possibility.

It should be noticed that there couldn’t be all collapses active in a reality, so the clouds bigger and longer the orders more significant and the matter proportions smaller in the absolute universe. Quantum anti-Zeno effect^7–9 may be a typical phenomenon of active collapses.

A passive collapse is an induced change like observation.

When an observation particle enters a cloud, it collides with any grain of a particle to reflect in equal-probability, because the grains have common physical properties and the same chance in any location. Therefore, the collapse results are always in complete random, namely with matter-proportion expectation in the absolute universe. The matter-proportion expectation (MPE) can be expressed as:

MPE = 1/N· (L_1last + L_2last··· L_nlast),

where N represents there are N particles in the cloud; _n represents there are n particles that compose the route of the reality in the cloud; _numberlast means the link proportion of the number particle that last participates in the route.

Suppose there are two cloud systems A and B. The first particles from one to the other are all likely in the realities with least-time expectations. However, when the particles from the cloud A first arrive at B and induce a return to A; if the return is earlier than the first particles from the realities of B with least-time expectations to reach the target points, cloud B is passively collapsed while cloud A is actively collapsed. Then there is a reality between the two systems and the cloud A is the active system; the cloud B is the passive system. This phenomenon, as passive collapses, a reality is determined with matter-proportion expectation but without least-time expectation is named as passive-cloud effect.

Quantum Zeno effect^10–12 may be a typical phenomenon of passive-cloud effect, since observation will reduce the matter proportion of a particle and the rest of grains is in a reality with matter-proportion expectation. Because the decay part of grains may be quite small, the reality is likely without an atomic decay. Furthermore, if observing particles like photons enter a changing system, only if all observations in an entire change progress are in the changing-part reality, the change can occur.

Because passive systems are almost not release energy, if there is a third system, it can only receive information from the active but can’t receive any information except a holistic effect like gravitation from the passive. What’s more, every time particles from the active arrive at the passive may make such an effect. This phenomenon is named as dark-cloud effect. In addition, the passive system is determined by too less information and can still be seen as a cloud with many superposition realities but without bright and most of orderly part from the view of the third system, so it could be named as a dark cloud.

If when a dark cloud formed, atomic structures have already been established, the matter in the dark cloud is the same with us.

Dark clouds in the universe the so-called dark matter may be mainly composed of low atomic weight materials, such as hydrogen and helium. And they may be cold and sparse in vast space or may be some celestial bodies we have never seen before. However, the properties of such a cloud are different from that of the matter in a certain reality.

I argue that, from the fundamental principle, there may be no difference between dark-cloud effect and quantum Zeno effect. If the dark cloud effect occurred before specific atomic structures were formed, the clouds maybe will have some special potential features when they collapse.

Most of changes in the reality aren’t typical active collapses or passive collapses; they are randomly induced and then collapse with somewhat order. Therefore, thermodynamic phenomena usually conform to statistics. In fact, same-effect quantum realities are always in superposition in our macroscopic reality; when we detect them, they will collapse into a random one.

However, statistics results will vary with different rates of passive collapses. For example, in the distant space, the statistics will be much more active than the things around us like quantum anti-Zeno effect.

Solar flares can cause many changes in the sun. These changes may make effects on us, so they collapse randomly. However, if the reality can only record flares of some celestial bodies, the changes induced by a flare will be in superposition, and the next flare from the changes will occur in the least time while on the other side of the celestial bodies all the changes induced by the flares are also in superposition but not collapse as flares, which causes a asymmetrical flares of the celestial bodies between the side faced to the earth and the side back against the earth.

If flares are seen as changes with enough luminescence, every star has the asymmetry to a certain degree. The luminescent asymmetries give forces to make stars accelerate leaving the earth.

However, whether the forces are enough to be dark energy needs further studies. In addition, if the periods of flares of a star are close to or longer than the rotation period, the asymmetry will disappear.

Quantum Zeno effect, anti-Zeno effect and maybe dark matter and dark energy phenomena are typical and fundamental phenomena of cloud collapses. Actually, the scope of the target points of a mind metabolism is a much more complex problem. Thus, it isn’t mature to exactly define parallel universes or many worlds from this research, which doesn’t emphasize them at this stage.

However, this theory emphasizes that the existence of parallel universes or many worlds isn’t an irrelevant thing for the reality, which the existence is the postulate of the theory. And the two different expectations of collapses may be just the reason of the different rules between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.

This article isn’t analyzed in quantum mechanics. Although there may be many reasons and cases, Hugh Everett’s many-worlds interpretation gives a possible reason and case for reality splitting.

Competing Interests

The Author declares no Competing Financial or Non-Financial Interests.

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No competing interests reported.

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You are reading this latest preprint version

Quantum cloud theory: Collapse expectations of matter proportions

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Introduction

The Analytical Model Of Energy Transfer

Heat Determination And Global Linking

Quantum Cloud

Matter Proportions: Realities In The Existence

Efficiency Brings Realities With Orders: The Least Time Principle Of Collapse

Passive Collapses And Dark Clouds

The Luminescent Asymmetries

Remarks

The Limitation Of The Theory

Declaration

References

Competing Interests

Status:

Version 1