Table 1: Descriptive analyses of the variables.
Variables
|
Frequencies
|
Age
|
|
23-35 months
|
27,96
|
36-47 months
|
31,76
|
48-59 months
|
40,28
|
Birth order
|
|
1
|
47,91
|
2-3
|
37,99
|
4 and more
|
14,10
|
Insurance
|
95,59
|
Have insurance
|
4,41
|
No insurance
|
|
Mother education
|
23,25
|
None
|
33,19
|
Primary
|
33,15
|
Secondary and higher
|
33,66
|
Wealth Index
|
|
Poor
|
46,24
|
Less poor
|
20,40
|
Rich
|
33,37
|
Mother's age
|
4,89
|
20-34
|
|
35 and over
|
49,69
|
Region
|
50,31
|
Maritime
|
10,93
|
Tray
|
12,58
|
Central
|
15,09
|
Kara
|
16,16
|
Savanes
|
22,82
|
Golfe-Urbain
|
12,07
|
Lomé-commun
|
10,34
|
Prenatal care
|
18,33
|
Yes
|
95,61
|
No
|
4,39
|
Source: Author based on MICS data, 2017.
Table 2: Analyses of the determinants of immunization among children under five years of age by residence.
Cover
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
Together
|
Coef.
|
p-value
|
Sig
|
Coef.
|
p-value
|
Sig
|
Coef.
|
p-value
|
Sig
|
Sex
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female
|
.058
|
.74
|
|
.058
|
0.49
|
|
.0468085
|
0.626
|
|
Age
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6-11 months
|
1.676
|
.009
|
***
|
.275
|
0.92
|
|
.5923953
|
0.021
|
|
12-23 months
|
2.332
|
0
|
***
|
1.23
|
5.14
|
***
|
1.440962
|
0.000
|
***
|
24-35 months
|
3.555
|
0
|
***
|
2.278
|
9.73
|
***
|
2.526403
|
0.0000
|
***
|
36-59 months
|
0
|
.
|
|
-4.592
|
-4.48
|
***
|
-4.710048
|
0.000
|
***
|
Birth order
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
.553
|
.109
|
|
.249
|
1.23
|
|
.3069728
|
0.072
|
*
|
2-3
|
.674
|
.042
|
**
|
.033
|
0.19
|
|
.2051289
|
0.186
|
|
Insurance
|
0
|
.
|
|
0
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
Have insurance
|
.445
|
.161
|
|
-.684
|
-1.65
|
*
|
.04391
|
0.855
|
|
Mother education
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
.504
|
.039
|
**
|
.095
|
0.55
|
|
.1788355
|
0.196
|
|
Priamaire
|
.252
|
.212
|
|
.16
|
0.96
|
|
. 2270821
|
0.073
|
|
Wealth Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poor
|
1.923
|
.107
|
|
.447
|
2.01
|
**
|
.4479708
|
0.013
|
|
Less poor
|
.257
|
.287
|
|
.2
|
0.85
|
|
.2022487
|
0.219
|
|
Mother's age
|
0
|
.
|
|
0
|
.
|
|
|
|
|
20-34
|
-.162
|
.501
|
|
-.057
|
-0.37
|
|
-.1194052
|
0.351
|
|
35 and over
|
-.05
|
.916
|
|
-.299
|
-0.86
|
|
-.2019694
|
0.466
|
|
Region
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maritime
|
-.041
|
.942
|
|
.539
|
2.69
|
***
|
.3584943
|
0.163
|
|
Tray
|
-.02
|
.957
|
|
.754
|
3.99
|
***
|
.5382702
|
0.025
|
*
|
Central
|
.114
|
.75
|
|
.878
|
4.78
|
***
|
.654935
|
0.006
|
**
|
Kara
|
.495
|
.195
|
|
.328
|
1.86
|
*
|
.2354295
|
0.333
|
|
Savanes
|
.74
|
.029
|
**
|
0
|
.
|
|
-.0198029
|
0.934
|
|
Gulf_Urban
|
.037
|
.86
|
|
-3.62
|
-8.91
|
***
|
.0842101
|
0.684
|
|
Constant
|
-4.687
|
0
|
***
|
-3.352
|
0.000
|
|
-3.352763
|
0.000
|
|
Source: Author based on data from MICS 6, 2017
Table 3: Decomposition of Oaxaca
Vaccination
|
Coef.
|
Std.Err.
|
z
|
P>z
|
[95%Conf.
|
Interval]
|
overall
|
|
Rural
|
0.137***
|
0.009
|
15.440
|
0.000
|
0.120
|
0.154
|
Urban
|
0.136***
|
0.006
|
22.430
|
0.000
|
0.124
|
0.148
|
difference
|
0.001
|
0.011
|
0.100
|
0.917
|
-0.020
|
0.022
|
endowments
|
-0.074***
|
0.019
|
-3.940
|
0.000
|
-0.111
|
-0.037
|
coefficients
|
0.057*
|
0.035
|
1.610
|
0.108
|
-0.012
|
0.126
|
interaction
|
0.018
|
0.038
|
0.470
|
0.635
|
-0.057
|
0.094
|
Table 4: Breakdown of explained and unexplained portions of the vaccination gap in rural and urban areas.
Mean
|
prediction
|
high
|
(H)
|
0.137
|
|
Mean
|
prediction
|
low
|
(L)
|
0.136
|
|
Raw
|
differential
|
(R)
|
H-L
|
0.00100
|
|
-
|
due
|
to
|
endowments
|
(E)
|
-0.0180
|
-
|
due
|
to
|
coefficients
|
(C)
|
0.198
|
-
|
due
|
to
|
interaction
|
(EC)
|
-0.178
|
Source: Author based on MICS 6 data.
Table 5: Results of the decomposition of the urban-rural gap in immunization coverage
D:
|
0
|
1
|
0,5
|
0,267
|
*
|
Unexplained (U){C+(1-D)CE}:
|
0.075
|
0.057
|
0.066
|
0.069
|
0.019
|
Explained (V) {E+D*CE}:
|
-0,074
|
-0,56
|
-0,065
|
-0,068
|
-0,018
|
% unexplained {U/R}:
|
6690,2
|
5062,6
|
5876,4
|
6169,1
|
1695,2
|
% explained (V/R):
|
-6590,2
|
-4962,6
|
-5776,4
|
-6069,1
|
-1595,2
|
Source: Author based on MICS 6 data.
Table 6: Identification of the variable that explains most of the gap between urban and rural areas in terms of vaccination.
Variables
|
E (D=0)
|
C
|
EC
|
1
|
0.500
|
0.320
|
*
|
Female
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
6-11 months
|
0
|
0.00600
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
12-23 months
|
0.00100
|
0.00500
|
0
|
0.00200
|
0.00200
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
24-35 months
|
0
|
0.0120
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
36-59 months
|
0.00200
|
0.0170
|
-0.00100
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
2-3
|
0
|
0.0140
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4 and more
|
0.00200
|
-0.00400
|
0.00100
|
0.00300
|
0.00200
|
0.00200
|
0.00200
|
Health insurance
|
-0.00200
|
0.00300
|
0.00400
|
0.00200
|
0
|
-0.00100
|
0
|
Primary
|
0
|
-0.0100
|
-0.00100
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Secondary and higher
|
-0.00200
|
-0.00700
|
-0.0100
|
-0.0110
|
-0.00700
|
-0.00500
|
-0.00400
|
Less poor
|
0.00200
|
-0.0460
|
0.0150
|
0.0160
|
0.00900
|
0.00600
|
0.00200
|
Rich
|
-0.0280
|
-0.0220
|
-0.156
|
-0.184
|
-0.106
|
-0.0780
|
-0.0300
|
20-34
|
-0.00100
|
-0.00800
|
-0.00100
|
-0.00200
|
-0.00100
|
-0.00100
|
-0.00100
|
35 and over
|
0
|
0.00100
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Tray
|
-0.00200
|
-0.00300
|
0.00100
|
0
|
-0.00100
|
-0.00100
|
-0.00200
|
Central
|
-0.00400
|
-0.00400
|
0.00200
|
-0.00200
|
-0.00300
|
-0.00300
|
-0.00300
|
Kara
|
0.00300
|
0.0150
|
-0.0110
|
-0.00800
|
-0.00300
|
-0.00100
|
0.00200
|
Savanna
|
0.0110
|
0.0380
|
-0.0290
|
-0.0190
|
-0.00400
|
0.00100
|
0.00800
|
Lomé_
|
0
|
0
|
0.00200
|
0.00200
|
0.00100
|
0.00100
|
-0.0100
|
Golfe_
|
0
|
0
|
0.00400
|
0.00400
|
0.00200
|
0.00100
|
-0.0100
|
cons
|
0
|
0.190
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Total
|
-0.0180
|
0.198
|
-0.178
|
-0.197
|
-0.107
|
-0.0750
|
0.00100
|
Source: Author based on MICS 6 data.
Table 7: Estimates of coefficients, averages, and predictions for each variable in each group.
|
High model
|
Low model
|
Pooled
|
Variables
|
Coef.
|
Mean
|
Pred.
|
Coef.
|
Mean
|
Pred.
|
Coef.
|
Female
|
-0.00500
|
0.501
|
-0.00300
|
-0.00600
|
0.517
|
-0.00300
|
-0.00500
|
6-11 months
|
0.0760
|
0.115
|
0.00900
|
0.0190
|
0.0970
|
0.00200
|
0.0380
|
12-23 months
|
0.154
|
0.210
|
0.0320
|
0.128
|
0.200
|
0.0260
|
0.137
|
24-35 months
|
0.394
|
0.200
|
0.0790
|
0.334
|
0.200
|
0.0670
|
0.354
|
36-59 months
|
-0.0300
|
0.374
|
-0.0110
|
-0.0740
|
0.396
|
-0.0290
|
-0.0600
|
2-3
|
0.0150
|
0.380
|
0.00600
|
-0.0220
|
0.381
|
-0.00800
|
-0.00900
|
4 and more
|
-0.0520
|
0.101
|
-0.00500
|
-0.0270
|
0.160
|
-0.00400
|
-0.0310
|
Health insurance
|
0.0440
|
0.0760
|
0.00300
|
-0.0520
|
0.0310
|
-0.00200
|
0.00200
|
Primary
|
-0.0200
|
0.355
|
-0.00700
|
0.00900
|
0.334
|
0.00300
|
0.00600
|
Secondary and higher
|
-0.0440
|
0.462
|
-0.0200
|
-0.00700
|
0.201
|
-0.00100
|
-0.0150
|
Rural
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
-0.0440
|
Less poor
|
-0.230
|
0.153
|
-0.0350
|
-0.0240
|
0.224
|
-0.00500
|
-0.0230
|
Rich
|
-0.249
|
0.843
|
-0.210
|
-0.0380
|
0.102
|
-0.00400
|
-0.0410
|
20-34
|
-0.0170
|
0.771
|
-0.0130
|
-0.00500
|
0.663
|
-0.00300
|
-0.0110
|
35 and over
|
-0.00500
|
0.0470
|
0
|
-0.0190
|
0.0500
|
-0.00100
|
-0.0160
|
Tray
|
0.00600
|
0.0650
|
0
|
0.0220
|
0.152
|
0.00300
|
0.0190
|
Central
|
0.0140
|
0.0780
|
0.00100
|
0.0330
|
0.187
|
0.00600
|
0.0290
|
Kara
|
0.0550
|
0.0580
|
0.00300
|
-0.0180
|
0.212
|
-0.00400
|
-0.0100
|
Savanna
|
0.0790
|
0.0680
|
0.00500
|
-0.0450
|
0.306
|
-0.0140
|
-0.0320
|
Lomé_
|
0.00600
|
0.317
|
0.00200
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-0.0320
|
Golfe_
|
0.00900
|
0.382
|
0.00400
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-0.0250
|
cons
|
0.298
|
1
|
0.298
|
0.108
|
1
|
0.108
|
0.135
|
Total
|
0.137
|
0.136
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Author based on MICS 6 data.