3T Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the bovine carpus

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1553949/v1

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Research Article

3T Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the bovine carpus

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1553949/v1

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Background: Lameness in cattle is a major health problem and causes great economic losses. Carpal injury is a common cause of forelimb lameness in cattle. Radiography and/or ultrasonography of the carpus is a challenge due to complex anatomy of the joint. Additional imaging using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be indispensable for reaching a decisive diagnosis. Precise evaluation of the clinical CT and MRI images necessitates an in-depth knowledge of the normal CT and MRI tissue variants. Therefore, our purpose was to provide a detailed description of the normal CT and MRI appearance of the osseous and soft tissue structures of twelve cadaveric bovine carpi using CT and 3 Tesla MRI. Carpi were frozen, transected in sagittal, dorsal and transverse planes then adjoined to their corresponding CT and MRI images.

Results: The clinically significant articular and peri-articular structures of the bovine carpus were identified and characterized on the CT and MRI images. CT images provided a remarkable delineation of the cortical, subchondral, and cancellous bone. The high-field 3 Tesla MRI offered high definition and distinction of the delicate soft tissues of the bovine carpus.

Conclusions: 3 Tesla high-field MRI offers new opportunities in soft tissue tomography but cannot be compared with CT in terms of bone imaging. Clinicians have to determine whether CT, MRI or both imaging techniques are required in clinical situations.

3 Tesla

Magnetic resonance imaging

Computed tomography

Carpus

Cattle

The bovine carpus is a composite joint comprising three levels of articulations sharing a common fibrous capsule; although, each of which has its own synovial membrane [1]. The antebrachiocarpal joint is proximal, the middle carpal joint lies in the middle and the carpometacarpal joint is distal. The antebrachiocarpal joint is formed by the antebrachial bones and the proximal row of carpal bones. The middle carpal articulation lies between the proximal and distal carpal bones. The carpometacarpal joint is formed by the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals [2]. The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints are always communicated and connected to the antebrachiocarpal joint in 13% of cattle [3]. The bovine carpus involves six carpal bones arranged in two rows. The proximal row comprises the radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones. The distal row is made up of the fused second and third carpal and the fourth carpal bones [4]. The radial and intermediate carpal bones articulate proximally with the radius and distally with the fused second and third carpal bone. The ulnar carpal bone articulates proximally with radius and ulna and distally with the fourth carpal bone. The fused second and third carpal bone articulates distally with the third metacarpal bone. The fourth carpal bone articulates proximally with the intermediate and ulnar carpal bones and distally with the fourth metacarpal bone [5].

The carpal joint is referable as a common cause of forelimb lameness in cattle [6], but conclusive diagnosis through clinical and orthopedic investigations could be a challenge [7]. A presumptive diagnosis may be developed on the basis of imaging with radiography and/or ultrasonography. Radiography is the first line of investigation when bone pathology is suspected; however, it is of limited help for accurate identification of soft tissues and superimposed bony structures [8]. Ultrasonography is the most cost-effective modality for evaluation of soft tissues but it is operator dependent, restricted by bone, and attenuation of sound beams restricts its ability to explore deeper structures [9]. Indeterminate ultrasonographic/radiographic findings often require additional imaging by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) either to integrate the ultrasonographic and/or radiographic findings or to clarify any inconclusive or equivocal finding, and thereby supporting clinical decision-making [10].

The use of CT and MRI as diagnostic tools in various fields of veterinary medicine is continuously increasing due to its wide array of applications in both companion and production animals [11]. CT and MRI allow radiologists to gauge the extent of injury, identify culprit cofactors of disease predisposition, and provide valuable preoperative information in cases that require surgical repair [12]. Effective use and interpretation of information gained by CT and MRI for diagnosis of pathological changes necessitates a thorough understanding of the normal CT and MRI imaging appearance of soft tissues and osseous structures of the region of interest [13]. To the authors’ knowledge, the CT and MRI of the bovine carpal joint have not been previously reported. Moreover, high-field 3T MRI system has not been used in cattle yet. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to describe the CT and high-field 3T MRI imaging features of the carpal joint in healthy cattle and adjoin the obtained images to their corresponding gross anatomical slices in order to establish a clinically relevant reference data that would facilitate interpretation in clinical situations.

The MRI and CT images from 7 sections in 3 planes were selected and adjoined to their corresponding anatomic slices: 2 in the sagittal plane, 1 in the dorsal plane and 4 in the transverse plane (Fig. 1). For each anatomic section, a corresponding MRI and CT images were selected on the basis of similarity. The clinically osseous and soft tissue structures of the bovine carpus were identified and labeled on the anatomic slice then subsequently located on the corresponding CT and MRI images. Each figure is a composite of four images corresponding to the adjoined gross anatomic section, MRI, CT bone window and CT soft tissue window. The transverse and dorsal images were oriented with lateral to the right and sagittal images were oriented with dorsal to the right. The representative sagittal images were selected laterally at the level of the ulnar carpal bone (Fig. 2) and medially at the level of the radial carpal bone (Fig. 3). A dorsal image was chosen at the level of the collateral ligaments (Fig. 4). The transverse images were selected at the level of the distal radius (Fig. 5), proximal row of carpal bones (Fig. 6), distal row of carpal bones (Fig. 7), and the proximal metacarpal region (Fig. 8).

On the transverse images at the level of the distal radius (Fig. 5), the cortical and medullary bone of the radius and ulna were clearly depicted on the CT bone window. The cortex had low signal intensity and medulla had heterogeneous high signal intensity, on the MRI images. On the CT soft tissue window: the ulnar, humeral and radial heads of the deep digital flexor muscle, superficial and deep parts of the superficial digital flexor muscle; and the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle were hypodense compared with their tendinous parts. The tendons of common digital extensor, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis, lateral digital extensor and flexor carpi radialis muscles were hyperattenuated on the CT images and markedly hypointense on the MRI images, compared with the surrounding soft tissues. The long and short (proximal limb) medial collateral carpal ligaments were identified adjacent to the medial edge of the radius and had low signal intensity on the MRI images and appeared as hyperattenuated oval structures on the CT images.

At the level of the proximal row of carpal bones (Fig. 6), the radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones were clearly depicted on the CT images. The cortices had low signal intensity and cancellous bone had heterogeneous high signal intensity, on the MRI images. The long and short lateral collateral ligaments were identified adjacent to the ulnar carpal bone as oval hyperattenuated structures on CT images and of low signal intensity on the MRI images. The extensor and flexor tendons were more or less oval in shape with low signal intensity on MRI images and hypodense on the CT images. At this level, the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles had heterogeneous signal intensity on the MRI images and heterogeneous density on the CT images (mixed tendinous and muscle tissue). The intercarpal ligaments were recognized between the carpal bones as lines of low to moderate signal intensity on the MRI images and heterogeneous density on the CT images. The synovial fluid had intermediate signal intensity on the MRI images.

At the level of the distal row of carpal bones (Fig. 7), the fused second and third, and fourth carpal bones were well defined. The intercarpal ligaments were seen as parallel fibers of low signal intensity separated by synovial fluid pockets of intermediate signal intensity. The long lateral collateral ligament appeared thicker than further proximally and had heterogeneous low signal intensity with clear margins. The medial collateral ligament had also heterogeneous signal intensity, and was larger, more elongated, and spreaded around the medial side of the fused second and third carpal bone. The superficial and deep digital flexor tendons had low signal intensity. The flexor retinaculum was seen as a narrow band of homogeneous medium to low signal intensity. Synovial fluid was observed between the carpal bones, between the intercarpal ligament fibers, and on the palmarolateral side of the middle carpal joint.

At the level of the proximal metacarpal region (Fig. 8), the third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones were visible. The lateral collateral ligament appeared thin and elongated at this level with heterogeneous density and signal intensity on the CT and MRI images, respectively. The medial collateral ligament became thinner more palmar and spreaded around the mediopalmar side of the third metacarpal bone. The extensor carpi radialis tendon was less well defined and had heterogeneous signal intensity.

On the sagittal slices (Figs. 1, 2), the joint spaces of the antebrachiocarpal, middle intercarpal joint and carpometacarpal joints were well depicted. On the CT bone window, excellent differentiation between cortical, subchondral, and cancellous bone was seen. The trabecular pattern of the cancellous bone was well depicted. On the CT soft tissue window, the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons were clearly recognized along the disto-palmar aspect of the carpus. On the lateral parasagittal slice, ligaments of the accessory carpal bone and the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon could be evaluated. Detectable on the medial parasagittal slice were the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles with its transition into tendons as well as the changes of signal intensity from muscle to tendon.

On the dorsal slice (Fig. 3), the distal radius, contours of the radial trochlea, joint spaces, and associated inter-osseus foramina of the ulnar, intermediate, radial, fused second and third, fourth carpal bones were clearly visualized on the CT bone window images. On the CT soft tissue window images, the origin of the long limbs of the collateral ligaments from the ulnar and radial styloid processes could be evaluated and followed from proximal to distal. The short deep collateral ligaments were partially visible as they ran in a nearly horizontal (dorsoproximal-palmarodistal) direction. The inter-carpal ligaments were recognized at the level of the associated joint spaces. The articular surfaces and joint spaces of the carpal joints were clearly defined. The median artery and vein were deeply located medial to the deep part of the superficial digital flexor tendon and appeared as circular structures, of medium to low signal intensity. The radial vein was seen running subcutaneously on the palmaro-medial aspect, accompanied laterally by the radial artery caudal to the flexor carpi radialis tendon (Figs. 5–8).

In the current study, the normal MRI signal intensity and the normal CT tissue density of the articular and peri-articular structures of the bovine carpus were presented. As far as we know, this is the first description of the CT and MRI of the normal bovine carpal joint by the use of multi-detector row CT and 3T high-field MRI. The present study demonstrates that CT and MRI are useful techniques for imaging of the bovine carpus. The dorsal and sagittal images enabled thorough evaluation of the carpal joint spaces and bone contours. The transverse and sagittal images offered detailed descriptions of the palmar soft tissue structures. Previous CT and MRI studies in horses reported that imaging of joints in three planes provides comprehensive assessment of the clinically significant anatomic structures [14–18].

In the present investigation, the osseous and soft tissue structures identified on the gross anatomic slices correlated well with the CT and MRI images. CT provided excellent delineation of the subchondral and cortical bone, outlined the trabeculae of the cancellous bone and allowed identification of the majority of the clinically relevant soft tissue structures. MRI images provided more details and better definition of the soft tissue structures. The most recognizable difference between CT and MR images was that tendons and ligaments were defined in greater soft tissue contrast in the MRI images and tissue texture was better demonstrated using CT [14]. In this study, the high quality of the CT images were attributed to the use of a multi-row detector spiral CT. Improvements were appreciated to the thinner collimation, quick scanning, flexibility in acquisition and reconstruction and the higher spatial resolution [17]. The detailed and better definition of the 3T high-field MRI images was associated with the improved coil designs that enabled visualization and characterization of the musculoskeletal structures in exquisite detail and high resolution [19].

The bovine carpus is supported by numerous ligaments and several fibrous bands including the medial and lateral collateral ligaments extending between the forearm and the metacarpus and the short ligaments joining the carpal bones. The collateral ligaments are medial and lateral, uniting all the three joints constituting the carpus [1]. The lateral collateral ligament attaches proximally to the ulnar styloid process and divides into a superficial long branch, which inserts at the proximal extremity of the lateral metacarpal bone and three deep branches inserting at the ulnar carpal bone, the fourth carpal bone and the lateral metacarpal bone [2]. The medial collateral ligament is stronger and widens distally because the medial aspect of the limb is subjected to greater mechanical stress as a result of the medial deviation of the axis of the limb at the carpus [1]. It originates from the medial styloid process of the radius, attaches to the medial carpal bones, divides into superficial long branch that ends at the proximal extremity of the medial metacarpus and three deep branches. The middle and deep branches unite [1]. In the previous CT studies of the carpal and fetlock joints in horses, discrimination between the superficial and deep parts of the collateral ligaments was impossible [14, 20] and in the tarsal joint, the subdivisions of the deep collateral ligaments were not visible [21]. In horses the bands of the deep collateral carpal ligaments were occasionally visible with the high-field MRI (1.5 Tesla) and with the low-field MRI (0.27 Tesla) and differentiation between the superficial and deep collateral ligaments was difficult [15, 16, 22]. As performed in the present study, CT and high-field 3 Tesla MRI allowed evaluation and differentiation between the long and short subdivisions of the collateral ligaments and provided thorough evaluation of the ligaments throughout the joint.

Lameness originating from the carpus in cattle may adversely affect the dairy production. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are required to preserve function and produce a desirable outcome; however, detection remains a challenge because cows are good at disguising discomfort [23]. Once lameness has been localized to the carpus, further evaluation is required using radiography and/or ultrasonography. The complexity of the carpal region and myriad of potential sources of pain can make clinically isolating and managing the cause of lameness challenging [16]. The introduction of cross-sectional imaging modalities, specifically CT and MRI has greatly expanded the ability of the radiologist to make these diagnoses [24]. The use of CT and MRI in bovine orthopedics is limited by cost, availability, and the need for general anesthesia. However, reports demonstrating the clinical utility of these technologies arise with increasing frequency in the veterinary literature [11, 25–30]. In horse, CT has proven to detect subchondral and occult osteochondral lesions [24] and to evaluate complex comminuted fractures when radiographic interpretation is difficult thanks to the cross-sectional images with spatial separation of the superimposed structures seen on survey radiographs. This allows accurate assessment of the number and direction of the fracture lines within the bone [31]. MRI has high sensitivity and specificity for detecting soft tissue lesions in the absence of positive findings with other imaging modalities [15]. It is possible to acquire MRI images of the carpus in either low or high-field MRI systems. High-field images provide more details and knowledge of high-field anatomy is helpful for interpretation of low-field MRI images [16]. MRI showed great development that led to improved gradient performance and broadened the clinical applications for the 3T MRI imaging systems [12]. The 3T systems are characterized by superior coil design and better gradient performance, compared with the 1.5T MRI systems and provides better contrast, improve spatial resolution and shorten acquisition times as well as decreased echo spacing to lessen blurring and image distortion [32]. These capabilities are particularly advantageous for evaluating of complex joints (such as the carpus) that includes many small but clinically important soft-tissue structures (ligaments, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and regional nerves) that are often difficult to differentiate due to their limited inherent contrast [19].

In the present study, high-field MRI provided highly detailed visualization and differentiation of soft tissue structures particularly tiny structures as the subdivisions of the collateral ligaments. CT allowed qualitative description of the osseous and soft tissues of the bovine carpus. The images provided should augment the clinical use of CT and MRI for the diagnosis of pathological conditions within the carpal joint that result in clinical lameness.

The structures of the bovine carpus are numerous, uniquely orientated relative to each other, and have specific anatomic or structural variations individual to each structure. High-field MRI provided highly detailed assessments of the bovine carpus, particularly soft tissues. CT provided the best bone images and soft tissue structures were also identified on the CT soft tissue window images, but never with the definition provided by the MRI images. Interpretation of the acquired CT and MRI images is a challenging and requires a good knowledge of the normal anatomy and a clear understanding of the CT and MRI physics before diagnoses can be made with confidence. This study provides anatomical information on the bovine carpus, which can be useful in both clinical and research use. This information can serve as a baseline reference for evaluation of the CT and MRI scans of the bovine carpal joint in clinical circumstances.

Animals

Twelve normal forelimbs (n = 12) obtained from 6 adult Holstein Friesian cow cadavers, euthanized for reasons unrelated to the study, were used to acquire the CT and 3 Tesla MRI images. The age of cows ranged from 5 to 12 years and weight ranged from 450–550 kg. Immediately after euthanasia, limbs were disarticulated at the elbow joint to maintain normal anatomic positioning and scanned within 2 hours of euthanasia. The carpal region in each limb was grossly investigated then examined by radiography (0⁰, 90⁰, 45⁰, and 135⁰ views) and ultrasonography to confirm absence of abnormalities.

MRI protocol

Magnetic resonance scanning was acquired in a high-field 3 Tesla MRI (Philips Ingenia; Philips AG) scanner using a human extremity radiofrequency coil. A T1-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) was used to obtain the best anatomical detail of the soft tissues of the joint in sagittal, dorsal, and transverse planes and the signal intensity of each structure was reported. Images were acquired with the following settings: repetition time, 600 milliseconds; echo time, 19 milliseconds; slice thickness, 3 mm; inter-slice gap, 0.3 mm; flip angle, 90^o; field of view, 200 x 98; and reconstructed matrix of 1024 x 1024. Representative images of the clinically relevant anatomic structures of the carpal joint at various levels that were best correlated with the gross anatomic slices were selected.

CT scanning

Following MRI, CT scanning of the carpal joint was acquired using a multi-detector 16-slice helical CT scanner (Philips Mx8000 IDT 16-slice helical CT scanner; Philips, GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). A survey image (120 kV, 80 mA) was performed to check for symmetry and to ensure that the entire region of interest was included. Acquisition variables were: 120 kV, 80 mA, slice thickness of 3 mm, inter-slice space of 1mm, rotation time of 1 second, pitch of 0.63, field of view 20 cm, and matrix size of 512 X 512. The transverse images were reconstructed into sagittal, and dorsal planes and reviewed by the use of a bone setting (window width, 2700 HUs; window level, 350 HUs) and a soft tissue setting (window width, 320 HUs; window level, 30 HUs). Each CT image volume was used to generate a three-dimensional representation of the carpal joints. The opacity of all structures was observed, noted and matched to the corresponding anatomic sections. Features in the CT images that corresponded to the clinically relevant anatomic structures in tissue sections were identified.

Anatomic specimen preparation

At the conclusion of the MRI and CT examinations, the arteries, veins, and synovial structures in the carpal region (same limbs that underwent CT and MRI examinations) were injected with red, blue, and green latex, respectively. The injection needle was inserted between the extensor carpi radialis and common digital extensor tendons. In the antebrachiocarpal joint, the needle was inserted between the distal aspect of radius and the dorsal rim of intermediate carpal bone and between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones in the middle carpal joint. The carpometacarpal joint communicates with the middle carpal joint and, therefore, it did not require a separate entry for injection. Synovial fluid was aspirated and replaced with the green latex. Arterial and venous injections were carried out via the brachial artery and vein. Limbs were cooled at 4^oC for two days until latex became hard, and then frozen at – 18^oC for two weeks. The frozen limbs were transected in 5-mm-thick slices in sagittal, dorsal, or transverse planes from the mid of the radius to the proximal metacarpus using an electric band saw. The cut surfaces of each section were cleaned and the front and back faces of the anatomic slices were photographed.

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CT: computed tomography; TSE: Turbo Spin-echo; T1-weighted.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was a prospective cadaveric study authorized and approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of King Faisal University, KSA (Permit Number: KFU-REC/2021-08-22).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

None of the authors has any personal or financial relationships which could inappropriately influence or bias the content of this paper.

Funding

Not applicable.

Authors’ contributions

UH, AE and KG: designed the study, optimized and acquired MR settings, data analysis and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. WB and ZAA contributed to study design, participated in the anatomical recognition of the structures, data analysis and manuscript editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We highly appreciate the support of the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology at the University of Leipzig, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, for the MRI examinations of the bovine limbs.

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No competing interests reported.

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3T Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the bovine carpus

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Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Background

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Methods

Animals

MRI protocol

CT scanning

Anatomic specimen preparation

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Competing Interests

Status:

Version 1