DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1574443/v1
Objective: Acute mental stress (MS) increases arm blood pressure (BP); however, it remains unclear whether the stress-induced pressor response is also seen in other vessels. The present study aimed to examine the impact of acute MS on ankle BP. Fifty-six young, healthy men (age range, 19–24 years) were divided into the MS (n = 29) and control (CON) (n = 27) groups, and each group performed a 5-min MS (mental arithmetic) or CON tasks. Systolic and diastolic BPs (SBP and DBP, respectively) of both the brachial and posterior tibial arteries were simultaneously measured at baseline and 5 and 30 min after the task.
Results: In the MS group, brachial BP measures significantly increased (P < 0.05) until at 30 min after the task; ankle BP measures were also significantly (P < 0.05) elevated during this time. In the CON group, no significant change was found in brachial BP measures and ankle SBP, whereas a significant increase (P < 0.05) in ankle DBP was observed at 30 min after the task. Our findings suggest that not only brachial BP but also ankle BP exhibit a sustained elevation after acute MS, suggesting a systemic pressor response by stress exposure.
Trial Registration: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000047796 Registered on: 20th May 2022.
An increase in blood pressure (BP) is known to be a typical human cardiovascular response to acute mental stress (MS). Arm BP increases during acute MS; this pressor response reportedly persists for a long time after the cessation of stress exposure [1–4], but not in all cases [5, 6]. Acute MS in the laboratory is considered as a proxy of stressful exposures during daily life [7]. Indeed, an exaggerated increase in arm BP during acute MS and a delayed BP recovery after stress exposure are associated with an increased risk of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) [8]. Therefore, assessing BP responses to acute MS has potential clinical implications.
Importantly, the impact of acute MS on BP in other vessels besides arm BP has not yet been investigated. Recently, the importance of assessing lower limb arterial health has been proposed in detecting general CVD risk [9]. Indeed, a chronic increase in ankle systolic BP (SBP) is an independent predictor of CVD [10, 11]. If ankle BP increases with acute MS, similar to arm BP, chronic repetition of episodic ankle pressor responses due to stressful exposures during daily life may contribute to elevating the basal BP levels of the same site. However, the changes in ankle BP associated with acute MS are currently unclear. Therefore, the present pilot study aimed to investigate the impact of acute MS on ankle BP.
A total of 56 young healthy men (age range, 19–24 years) participated in the study. The participants were divided into the MS (n = 29; age, 20.6 ± 0.2 years; height, 169.1 ± 0.9 cm; body weight, 63.8 ± 1.2 kg; body mass index, 22.3 ± 0.4 kg/m2 [means ± SE]) and CON groups (n = 27; age, 20.4 ± 0.2 years; height, 167.6 ± 0.8 cm; body weight, 64.2 ± 1.6 kg; body mass index, 22.8 ± 0.4 kg/m2). None of the participants were smokers or took any medications during the study period. The purpose, experimental procedure, and risks associated with the study were fully explained to all participants, and they provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Okinawa University (#2018-03) and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
All experiments were conducted in a quiet, air-conditioned room (24ºC–26ºC). All participants were asked to refrain from performing strenuous exercise, consuming alcohol (≥ 24 h) and caffeine (≥ 12 h), and eating (≥ 3 h) before the experiments.
A schematic representation of the experimental protocol is shown in Fig. 1. All participants were positioned supine throughout the experimental session. After resting in the supine position for at least 15 min, baseline measures of hemodynamic variables were obtained. Subsequently, the MS and CON groups performed either a 5-min MS or a CON task (detailed below); a post-task phase was set to 30 min.
We used mental arithmetic as the MS task according to previous studies [6, 12]. To elaborate, each participant was asked to serially subtract 13 from a 3-digit number (close to 1,000) as quickly and accurately as possible within 5 min. During the task, the participants were intentionally frustrated by being asked to perform the calculation faster and by being corrected immediately if wrong answers were provided. A metronome was played loudly for additional distraction. When the number was < 13 (the answer was not allowed to go below 0), the participants restarted the task using the original 3-digit number. On the other hand, in the CON task, the participants were instructed to slowly count upward, starting from 1, for 5 min, as previously described [6, 13], without any annoying instructions or metronome noises.
In addition to the baseline measures, heart rate (HR), SBP, and diastolic BP (BP) of both the brachial and posterior tibial arteries were measured at 5 min and 30 min after the task using a vascular testing system (VaSera VS-1500AN; Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan). For the measurements, BP cuffs were wrapped on both upper arms and ankles, and electrocardiogram electrodes were placed on both wrists.
To assess the stress responses, we measured the brachial SBP and DBP using an automated sphygmomanometer (Tango +; SunTech Medical Instruments, Morrisville, NC, USA) before and during the MS task. During the task, the measurement was conducted twice (approximately 2 and 4 min after starting the task), and the average value was calculated. HR was also continuously measured using a three-lead electrocardiogram (413; Intercross, Tokyo, Japan). HR data were recorded simultaneously with the BP measurements and averaged. Further, immediately after the task, the participants were asked to rate their perceived stress during the task using a standard five-point scale of 0 (not stressful), 1 (somewhat stressful), 2 (stressful), 3 (very stressful), and 4 (very, very stressful) [14]. On the other hand, these assessments were not conducted in the CON task because no marked changes in hemodynamic variables and perceived stress rating in response to this task have been previously confirmed [6, 13].
Data are expressed as means ± SE. Hemodynamic variables before and during the MS task were compared using a paired student’s t-test. Two-way (time × group) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc testing was performed on the post-task changes in hemodynamic variables. The significance was considered at a P-value < 0.05. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 28.0 software (IBM SPSS Japan, Tokyo, Japan).
In the MS group, marked increases in HR and brachial BP in response to the task were observed (Table 1), and the mean perceived stress level was 2.8 ± 0.2 on a five-point scale.
| Before | Task | |
|---|---|---|
| HR (beats/min) | 58 ± 1 | 74 ± 2* |
| Brachial SBP (mmHg) | 112 ± 1 | 128 ± 2* |
| Brachial DBP (mmHg) | 60 ± 1 | 77 ± 2* |
| Data are expressed as means ± SE | ||
| MS, mental stress; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure | ||
| *P < 0.05 vs. before the MS task | ||
The post-task changes in HR as well as the brachial and ankle BP measurements are illustrated in Table 2. As the main results, brachial SBP and DBP significantly increased until at 30 min after the task in the MS group. Similarly, ankle SBP and DBP were significantly elevated during this time in the same group. In the CON group, no significant change was found in brachial BP measures and ankle SBP across the measurement timepoints, whereas a significant increase in ankle DBP was observed at 30 min after the task.
| Group | Baseline | 5 min | 30 min | ANOVA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (beats/min) | CON | 57 ± 2 | 57 ± 1 | 56 ± 1 | Interaction: P = 0.026 |
| MS | 57 ± 1 | 59 ± 1* | 56 ± 1 | ||
| Brachial SBP (mmHg) | CON | 120 ± 2 | 118 ± 2* | 120 ± 2 | Interaction: P < 0.001 |
| MS | 118 ± 1 | 121 ± 1* | 120 ± 1* | ||
| Brachial DBP (mmHg) | CON | 69 ± 1 | 69 ± 1 | 70 ± 1 | Time: P = 0.010; Trial: P = 0.576 |
| MS | 68 ± 1 | 71 ± 1* | 71 ± 1* | Interaction: P = 0.077 | |
| Ankle SBP (mmHg) | CON | 132 ± 2 | 132 ± 2 | 132 ± 2 | Interaction: P < 0.001 |
| MS | 130 ± 2 | 136 ± 2* | 137 ± 2* | ||
| Ankle DBP (mmHg) | CON | 68 ± 1 | 68 ± 1 | 70 ± 1* | Interaction: P = 0.049 |
| MS | 67 ± 1 | 70 ± 1* | 72 ± 1* | ||
| Data are expressed as means ± SE | |||||
| HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CON, control; MS, mental stress; ANOVA, analysis of variance | |||||
| *P < 0.05 vs. baseline | |||||
Our study demonstrates for the first time that not only brachial BP but also ankle BP exhibit a sustained elevation after acute MS.
In this study, the increased brachial BP induced by acute MS persisted for 30 min post-stress, which is congruent with previous reports demonstrating long-lasting arm BP elevations after acute MS [1–4]. On the other hand, other studies have reported the absence of a sustained pressor response post-stress [5, 6]. The reason for the inconsistency among the studies may be due to the differences in the participant characteristics, task types or durations, or BP measurement method.
In addition to the above brachial pressor response, we found an increase in ankle BP after acute MS, which was sustained for 30 min. Acute MS is known to substantially increases the circulating levels of catecholamines [15, 16], which would affect various tissues via blood circulation. In addition, robust elevation in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) has been observed after acute MS [14, 17], which can be observed in both upper and lower limbs [17], suggesting the presence of a systemic effect. Both norepinephrine infusion and elevated MSNA increase vascular resistance of vessels in the limbs [18–20]. Moreover, it has recently been suggested that delayed BP recovery after acute MS occurs, in part, via a neurogenic vascular mechanism mediated by α1-adrenergic receptors [21]. Considered together, we speculate that the observed brachial and ankle pressor response after acute MS is likely to be attributed to the increased sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone at a systemic level. Direct evidence supporting our assertion is not available, and further investigations, therefore, are warranted. On the other hand, we observed an increase in ankle DBP at 30 min after the task in the CON group. Such vascular response seems to be caused by the basal vascular tone to maintain the peripheral blood flow, and the observed increase in ankle DBP in the MS group might also be partially due to the same mechanism.
It has been reported that a marked arm pressor response to acute MS is linked to CVD [8]. In this study, we provide the first evidence demonstrating that acute MS results in a long-lasting elevation in ankle BP. Therefore, repeated exposure to increased ankle BP due to stressful exposures during daily life activities may cause a chronic elevation of ankle BP, which is identified as an independent predictor of CVD [10, 11]. Although this aspect is largely speculative at this time, we consider that the measurement of ankle BP in addition to arm BP can be used as an important assessment of stress response, and this would further expand our understanding of the association between human cardiovascular response to acute MS and CVD.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that acute MS results in a sustained elevation in BP in both upper (i.e., the brachium) and lower (i.e., the ankle) limbs vessels in young, healthy men, suggesting a stress-induced systemic pressor response.
This study has the following limitations. First, only young, healthy men were included. This was due to the difficulty in recruiting other populations, and we sought to examine young male individuals in this pilot study. Further studies in other populations, such as women, older individuals, and hypertensive patients, are needed because inter-population differences in vascular response to acute MS have been reported previously [22–24]. Second, ankle BP measurements were not taken during acute MS; this should be addressed in future studies to formulate the assessment of stress response using ankle BP.
Blood pressure
Control
Cardiovascular disease
Diastolic blood pressure
Heart rate
Mental stress
Systolic blood pressure
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Okinawa University (#2018-03) and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The purpose, experimental procedure, and risks associated with the study were fully explained to all participants, and they provided written informed consent.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Availability of data and material
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Competing interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Funding
This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (#20K11480 to DK).
Authors' contributions
DK and MN conceived and designed the study. DK and MN performed the experiments. DK and MN analyzed the data. DK, MN, NH, and HE interpreted the results of the experiments. DK drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to the study participants.