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Research
Quantifying individual variability in exposure risk to mosquito bites in the Cascades region, Burkina Faso
Federica Guglielmo
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-2194
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background
The Cascades Region, Burkina Faso, has a high malaria burden despite reported high insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) use. Human and vector activities outside the hours when indoor interventions offer direct protection from infectious bites potentially increase exposure risk to bites from malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes. This work investigated the degree of variation in human behaviour both between individuals and through time (season) to quantify how it impacts exposure to malaria vectors.
Methods
Patterns in human overnight activity (18:00-06:00) to quantify time spent using an ITN across 7 successive nights in two rural communities, Niakore (N = 24 participants) and Toma (71 participants), were observed in the dry and rainy seasons, between 2017-2018. Hourly human landing Anopheles mosquito catches were conducted in Niakore specifically, and Cascades Region generally, between 2016-2017. Data were statistically combined to estimate seasonal variation in time spent outdoors and Anopheles bites received per person per night (bpppn).
Results
Substantial variability in exposure to outdoor Anopheles bites was detected within and between communities across seasons. In October, when Anopheles densities are highest, an individual’s risk of Anopheles bites ranged from 2.2 to 52.2 bites per person per night (bpppn) within the same week with variable risk dependent on hours spent indoors. Comparably higher outdoor human activity was observed in April and July but, due to lower Anopheles densities estimated, bpppn were 0.2 – 4.7 and 0.5 – 32.0, respectively. Males and people aged over 21 years were predicted to receive more bites in both sentinel villages.
Conclusion
This work presents one of the first clear descriptions of the degree of heterogeneity in time spent outdoors between people and across the year. Appreciation of sociodemographic, cultural and entomological activities will help refine approaches to vector control.
Keywords
human behaviour, malaria, exposure risk, ethnography, mosquito behaviour, Anopheles gambiae s.l., sociodemography, entomology
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
- SupplementaryInformation1.docx
Supplementary Material 1 S1.1 Interview questions asked of participants S1.2 Guidelines of topics addressed in informal focus group discussions S1.3 Template followed for structured observations S1.4 Summary of methods used to estimate biting risk per person per night • Fig. S1 • Fig. S2 • Fig. S3
- Supplementarydata.xlsx
Supplementary Data file 1 • Raw data for GLM 1: Predicting the time spent indoors per person per night • Raw data for GLM 2: Predicting the bites received per person per night • Raw mosquito data: indoors • Raw mosquito data: outdoors • Output for GLMM 1, model statistics and predictions • Output for GLMM 2, model statistics and predictions
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Editorial decision: Minor Revision
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Received 15 Aug, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 12 Mar, 2020
Reviewers invited
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On 27 Feb, 2020
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This preprint is under consideration at Malaria Journal. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research
Quantifying individual variability in exposure risk to mosquito bites in the Cascades region, Burkina Faso
Federica Guglielmo
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-2194
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 4
Posted 23 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Editor assigned
On 05 Dec, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 05 Dec, 2020
Editor invited
On 05 Dec, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor Revision
On 27 Nov, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 30 Oct, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 30 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 30 Oct, 2020
Editor assigned
On 23 Oct, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 22 Oct, 2020
Editor invited
On 22 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 11 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 11 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 11 Oct, 2020
Editor assigned
On 07 Oct, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 06 Oct, 2020
Editor invited
On 06 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor Revision
On 13 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 15 Aug, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 12 Mar, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 10 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 28 Feb, 2020
First submitted
On 27 Feb, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 27 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 27 Feb, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background
The Cascades Region, Burkina Faso, has a high malaria burden despite reported high insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) use. Human and vector activities outside the hours when indoor interventions offer direct protection from infectious bites potentially increase exposure risk to bites from malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes. This work investigated the degree of variation in human behaviour both between individuals and through time (season) to quantify how it impacts exposure to malaria vectors.
Methods
Patterns in human overnight activity (18:00-06:00) to quantify time spent using an ITN across 7 successive nights in two rural communities, Niakore (N = 24 participants) and Toma (71 participants), were observed in the dry and rainy seasons, between 2017-2018. Hourly human landing Anopheles mosquito catches were conducted in Niakore specifically, and Cascades Region generally, between 2016-2017. Data were statistically combined to estimate seasonal variation in time spent outdoors and Anopheles bites received per person per night (bpppn).
Results
Substantial variability in exposure to outdoor Anopheles bites was detected within and between communities across seasons. In October, when Anopheles densities are highest, an individual’s risk of Anopheles bites ranged from 2.2 to 52.2 bites per person per night (bpppn) within the same week with variable risk dependent on hours spent indoors. Comparably higher outdoor human activity was observed in April and July but, due to lower Anopheles densities estimated, bpppn were 0.2 – 4.7 and 0.5 – 32.0, respectively. Males and people aged over 21 years were predicted to receive more bites in both sentinel villages.
Conclusion
This work presents one of the first clear descriptions of the degree of heterogeneity in time spent outdoors between people and across the year. Appreciation of sociodemographic, cultural and entomological activities will help refine approaches to vector control.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3