Diagnostic performance similar to or worse than that of PCT and/or CRP
|
Biomarker
|
Study Group
|
Reference Group
|
Comment [refs]
|
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)
|
ICU patients with sepsis
|
ICU patients with SIRS
|
No better than PCT [57, 58]
|
Copeptin
|
ED patients with sepsis
|
ED patients with SIRS
|
No better than PCT [59]
|
ICAM-1
|
Patients with necrotic pancreatitis
|
Patients with sterile necrosis
|
No better than PCT [60]
|
Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
|
ED patients with sepsis
|
ED patients with infection
|
No better than PCT [61]
|
Non-critically ill patients with sepsis
|
Non-critically ill patients with infection
|
No better than PCT [62]
|
Children with neutropenia and clinical sepsis and/or bacteremia,
|
Children with febrile neutropenia without infection
|
No better than PCT [63]
|
patients with proved bacterial lower respiratory infection
|
Patients with proven viral lower respiratory infection
|
No better than CRP [64]
|
Patients treated in internal medicine ward,
|
Healthy control
|
No better than PCT [16]
|
Pancreatic stone protein
|
ED patients with sepsis
|
ED patients without infection
|
No better than PCT [65]
|
sCD22
|
Surgical patients with infection after major operation
|
Surgical patients without infection but SIRS
|
Equal value to PCT [66]
|
Interleukin (IL)-2
|
ICU patients with sepsis
|
ICU patients with SIRS without infection
|
No better than CRP [67]
|
IL-1b
|
Neonates with infection and sepsis
|
Neonates with infection without sepsis
|
No better than CRP [68]
|
RANTES
|
Neonates with infection
|
Healthy neonates controls
|
No better than CRP [69]
|
Neopterin
|
ICU patients with sepsis
|
ICU patients without sepsis
|
Less accurate than PCT [70, 71]
|
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
|
Patients with infection in medical ward or ED
|
No bacterial infection
|
No better than PCT [72]
|
Adrenomedullin
|
Neutropenic patients with sepsis
|
Neutropenic patients with fever and clinically documented infection
|
No better than PCT [73]
|
Pro-adrenomedullin
|
Sepsis with organ dysfunction and or shock
|
Patients admitted to coronary unit without infection
|
No better than PCT [74]
|
High-mobility group-box 1 protein (HMGB1)
|
Infected patients admitted in the ward
|
Healthy individuals
|
No better than CRP or PCT [75]
|
IL-8
|
Neutropenic children with blood culture positive, and/or fever periods with a documented clinical sepsis and/or local infection
|
Neutropenic children with fever and no infection
|
No better than CRP in diagnosis of sepsis [76]
|
IL-10
|
Patients with bacteremia and SIRS ,
|
Patients with SIRS without bacteremia
|
Comparable with PCT [77]
|
Endocan
|
Critically ill patients with sepsis and organ dysfunction
|
Critically ill patients with infection and SIRS
|
Comparable with PCT [78]
|
Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
|
Burned patients that received antibiotics and had either microbiological confirmation of infection or antibiotics leaded to an improvement in clinical situation.
|
Burned patients without infection
|
Comparable with PCT [79]
|
Pentraxin 3
|
Mechanically ventilated patients with ventilator associated pneumonia
|
Mechanically ventilated patient >48h without VAP
|
No better than CRP [80]
|
Hematological patients with bacteremia and/or septic shock
|
Hematological patients with fever without infection
|
No better than CRP [81]
|
Better diagnostic value than PCT and/or CRP
|
Thromboelastometry lysis index
|
Patients with severe sepsis
|
Patients after operation without sepsis
|
Better than PCT [82]
|
Decoy receptor 3
|
ICU patients with sepsis
|
ICU patients with SIRS
|
Positive when PCT was negative [83]
|
group II Phospholipase A2 (PLA2-II)
|
ED patients with sepsis and organ dysfunction
|
ED patients with SIRS without infection
|
Better than CRP [84]
|
Hepcidin
|
Infants with sepsis and or bacteremia
|
Infants with SIRS and not sepsis
|
Better than CRP [85]
|
sCD163
|
Patients with sepsis admitted to ICU
|
Patients with SIRS without sepsis
|
Better than PCT [86]
|
CD64
|
ICU patients with sepsis
|
ICU patients without sepsis
|
Better than PCT and CRP [33]
|
Patients with ventilator associated pneumonia and sepsis
|
Patients with ventilator associated pneumonia without sepsis
|
Better than PCT and CRP [34]
|
Serum amyloid A
|
Full term infants with sepsis
|
Full term infants with risk for sepsis but without sepsis
|
Earlier increase in neonates with early onset sepsis than CRP [87]
|
Heparin binding protein
|
Patients with Sepsis for less than 48h
|
Patients with infection without sepsis
|
Better than CRP and PCT [88]
|
Delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1 (DLL1)
|
Patients with abdominal infection or surgical site associated infection
|
Surgical patients, trauma patients without infection and healthy volunteers
|
Better than CRP and PCT [89]
|
Conflicting findings
|
IL-6
|
Critically ill patients with Sepsis
|
Patients with SIRS without infection
|
IL-6 was not found to have lower diagnostic utility compared to PCT (meta-analysis) [90]
|
Cirrhotic patients with infection at admission to ICU
|
Cirrhotic patients without sepsis
|
IL-6 was found to increase earlier than PCT in cirrhotic patients [91]
|
sCD25
|
ED patients with infection
|
ED patients with suspected infection but finally infection excluded
|
Equal diagnostic value to PCT for diagnosis of infection in ED [65]
|
Patients admitted in ICU with infection and SIRS
|
Patients with SIRS without sepsis
|
Better performance than PCT to identify Sepsis I at ICU admission [92]
|
Calprotectin
|
ICU patients with infection
|
ICU patients without sepsis
|
Better than CRP and PCT [93]
|
Patients after major operation who developed sepsis
|
Patients after major operation that did not developed sepsis
|
Similar value to PCT [94]
|
IL-27
|
Critically ill children with sepsis
|
Children with SIRS without infection
|
Better than PCT [95]
|
ICU patients with sepsis
|
ICU patients without sepsis
|
No better than PCT [96]
|
sTREM
|
ICU patients with sepsis
|
ICU patients with SIRS
|
Better than PCT [97]
|
ICU patients with sepsis
|
ICU patients with SIRS
|
No better than PCT and CRP [98]
|
Presepsin (CD14)
|
ED patients with sepsis
|
ED patients with at least two criteria of SIRS without sepsis
|
Better than PCT in diagnosis of sepsis in ED [99]
|
Critically ill patients with sepsis and organ dysfunction
|
Critically ill patients without infection
|
Not better that PCT regardless of the presence or not of AKI [43]
|
Neonates with SIRS and positive blood cultures
|
Neonates with SIRS with negative blood cultures
|
Better than PCT [100]
|
Better performance when combined with PCT and/or CRP
|
IL-6
|
Neonates with infection within the first week of life
|
Neonates with suspicion of infection but finally excluded within the first week of sepsis
|
Combination with CRP in neonates with suspected sepsis [101]
|
CD64
|
Noenatals with sepsis
|
healthy controls
|
Combination with PCT and CRP for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis [102]
|
Leptin
|
Patients with Community acquired pneumonia with sepsis or Complicated intraabdominal infection
|
SIRS without infections healthy controls
|
Combination with CRP [103]
|
Pro-adrenomedullin
|
Septic patients
|
Patients with SIRS without sepsis
|
Combination to PCT [74, 104]
|
suPAR
|
Septic patients admitted to ICU
|
Critically ill patients with SIRS without infection and healthy controls
|
Combination with PCT to diagnosis of sepsis on day 1 of sepsis [105]
|
CD11b
|
Patients with Gram (+) infection
|
Patients with Gram (-) infection
|
Combination with CRP for differentiation from Gram (–) infection [106]
|
Fibrinogen
|
Neutropenic patients with sepsis
|
Neutropenic patients with fever without infection
|
Combination with CRP for diagnosis of sepsis [107]
|
BNP and antithrombin
|
Neutropenic patients with fever and bacteremia
|
Neutropenic patients with fever without infection
|
Combination with PCT for diagnosis of Gram (-) bacteremia [107]
|
IL-27
|
Pediatric patients with sepsis,
|
Pediatric patient with SIRS without infection
|
Improvement of diagnostic accuracy of PCT for diagnosis of sepsis [96, 108]
|
α-2 macroglobulin
|
Surgical patients with sepsis
|
Surgical patients with SIRS without sepsis
|
Combination with PCT for exclude sepsis in surgical patients [109]
|
Decoy receptor 3 and uPAR
|
Patients with sepsis
|
Patients with SIRS without infection , healthy volunteers
|
Combination with PCT for diagnosis of sepsis [110]
|