A New Irrigation System Without Any External Sources

India is the second most populous country in the world and relies heavily on agriculture as its main source of income. The combination of agriculture and technology is needed to accelerate the development of agriculture, especially in rural areas, to increase productivity, efficiency and profitability. The application of technology in agriculture will enhance the farmer’s involvement in their occupation. Agriculture mainly consists of field grounding, transplantation, and harvesting. In each step of agriculture, irrigation is the main requirement. Farmers are spending more to irrigate their farms for agriculture. So, the application of technology to irrigation is the most important requirement to sustain the farmers. In this work, a pendulum-operated irrigation model is presented. The designed model is required to attach to the hand pump. The developed system will work without any external source of power, which will provide maximum profit to farmers.


Introduction
Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for more than 58% of the population in India. Proper irrigation in agriculture results in improved yield. Irrigation is generally done by using electric, petrol, or diesel-operated pumps attached to the hand pump. In some cases, to irrigate small parts of farms, farmers operate the hand pumps manually to lift water. The hand pump consists of a plunger, piston, a valve on the piston, foot valve, and cylinder. The reciprocating motion of the plunger, opening, and closing of the valve on the piston and foot valve help in lifting water. Manual operation of the hand pump to lift water for irrigation is a time-consuming and cumbersome method. However, lifting of water by electric, petrol or diesel operated pumps are an expensive method. There are various irrigation methods that have been described by different researchers. Zhao et al. [1] studied the assessment of irrigation in Southern China and found that the estimation results were in a good pact with the real state of affairs. Brunel et al. [2] studied an easy water stress recognition structure for vineyard irrigation administration and found that the established application makes it conceivable to envisage collective liquid stress monitoring. Bozorg-Haddad et al. [3] studied structure risk administration of irrigation dams and observed that the chances of finishing the aforesaid earth and concrete dams on time are 65% and 50%, respectively. Sadr et al. [4] studied a cluster decision-making device for the application of sheath technologies in different water reclaim scenarios and found that this approach is capable of enabling orderly and rigorous investigation in the comparison and assortment of membrane-supported technologies. Shiri et al. [5] studied the global cross-station valuation of neuro-fuzzy replicas for estimating daily locus evapotranspiration and found that the proposed model is capable of guessing reference evapotranspiration in changed climatic regions. Grillone et al. [6] studied the approximation of daily solar energy from measured air temperature excesses in the mid-Mediterranean zone and found the appropriateness of each anticipated model from the temperature range. Vekariya et al. [7] studied the fluid mechanics of micro tube emitters and found that the goodness of fitting and efficiency coefficient declined with the upsurge in the micro tube diameter. Howell et al. [8] studied deceitful trickle irrigation laterals for homogeneousness and found that for a given regularity the result is a linear log-log line with a slope. Song et al. [9] studied electrochemical bio film regulator by renovating microbial community in agronomic water circulation systems and found that higher absolute abundance and little bio film exclusion was recognized in nonstop electrochemical treatment (ECT) as compared with intermittent ECT. Stępień et al. [10] studied the ecoefficiency of minor-scale agro-business in Poland and presented the importance of agriculture on the economic growth of a country. They also developed a relation between ecoefficiency and formal descriptive variables. Honc and Merta [11] studied smart, precision, or digital agronomy and farming and conducted a current state survey to the determination of its applications and future prospects. Rutebuka et al. [12] studied the efficacy of terracing practices for controlling soil wearing away by water in Rwanda and found that progressive terraces (PT) showed suggestively lesser chemical fertility in comparison with bench terraces and conventional slope farming. Araujo et al. [13] studied a supportable agronomic landscape model for humid dry lands and found that enhancing the percentage of agronomic land in the landscape amplified the creation of all ecosystem services. Soteriades et al. [14] studied preserving production while dropping confined and overall environmental discharges in dairy agro-business and found the connection between data envelopment analyses, eco-efficacy and a sequence of pointers of dairy agro-business intensity. Moulick et al. [15] studied the latent use of nanotechnology in supportable and 'smart' agronomy and found that nano particles and nano sensors have vast latent in agronomic advancements. Jouan et al. [16] studied a provincial bio-economic archetypal analysing farm-to-farm interactions and creation to boost agronomic sustainability and found that legume production enhanced but N losses augmented due to an escalation of pig production. Sharma et al. [17] studied prognostic agronomic demand visions using machine learning and found an endto-end supply chain structure that benefits both farmers and end consumers thus increasing the economy. Volschenk [18] studied water management strategies and irrigation methods of pomegranate trees and found that the pomegranate inclined to have inferior crop coefficient values than peach grapevine, and other fruits. The prediction of the stream of solute along with the irrigation flow and its final longitudinal circulation along the field was done by Bautista and Schlegel [19] by using a solute transport model and they found that the model could generate important estimates under distinctive irrigation conditions. A sap flow sensor was developed by Venturin et al. [20] offering a critical water stress index (CWSI) for coffee plants and found that a critical value of 0.4 provides the superlative time to commence irrigation thus shunning physical damage to the plant. Lyu et al. [21] studied the influence of stable isotopes on the modification elements/ions by biogeochemical processes with their integration into drip water and found that changes in vegetation is an important factor manipulating the inter annual variation of the drip water. Nayak et al. [22,23] developed a simple gear train operated irrigation method to irrigate the farm. Nayak and Roul [24] developed a epicyclic gear train operated irrigation system and they compared their work with simple gear train operated irrigation system. López-Morales et al. [25] put their primary objective to encourage energy audits which make it viable to estimate the effectiveness of installations, as well as facilitate the establishment of energy-saving guidelines employing IoT schemes. In a nutshell, the effort advances and become judgmental on farming water pumping supervision by categorizing wells' effectiveness in addition to incorporating the facts that conclude their competence into a distinct information form. The working domain observes power effectiveness based on various factors like; domain build-up, power utilization, rate of electric energy, gauge column altitude, a variety of setup, and supports in order to augment the decision of execution of pumps. Yakubuet al. [26] genuinely held an upright agitated pendulum having varying extent that has been employed in lieu of the usual pendulum sticking particular span. The presenting idea confirms the system reply as a quasi-periodicity performance without resolve even after 50 s of reproduction instant. Nevertheless, the quasi-periodicity conduct can be managed if a typical outside encouragement is operating upon the coordination. There may be excludes of control algorithm as the plan roll out without electric power includes coordination in rural as well as in urban region. But the unit may incorporate with control algorithm compatible with corresponding mechatronics domain for the suitability in the industrial as well as laboratory applications. Overall it has been found here that there can be an issue in biomechanics if synchronization of the duo that is pendulum pump and the human body goes hand in hand. Prem Chand et al. [27] characterized the free energy of the unit relied on swing pendulum coupled framework. The effort may consider here exhibits a distinction among the following power of the apparatus and the power input from the ground in comparable time acting. The mechanism relies upon the work of the twoarrange oscillators can have skill coefficients essentially superior than individual. This determination is checked by.A sequence of analyses carried out as such far with twoarranged oscillator units of diverse capacity and varied consumer unit. In a nutshell, the absolute hand pump position arrangement is to eliminate human strain. Patil et al. [28] exclusively concentrated upon the reduction of physical labor during hand pumping water withdrawing work. The paper brings out the significance of simple pendulum incorporated with usual hand pump. The endeavor has targeted the rural region to compensate the time factor since lot of people engage in this pumping work. Kanna et al. [29] investigated and highlighted solar water pumping unit, facilitates in the diminishing of diesel utilization in diverse class since long around thirty years. The energy being blue, consumes around one third of the country's useful resource to yield maximum electric power generation. The same mostly adhere to expensiveness on civilization and the surroundings limited to frequency. The author concludes here that solar pumping is feasible, economical with little expensive initial investment. Kakraliya et al. [30] mainly focused on energy interaction of a range of management executed in the rice-wheat construction scheme. The authors also targeted and justify the dependencies of rice-wheat production on the basis of business as usual (BAU) considering conventional energy sources. Consequently, it has been confirmed and undertaking of climate smart agriculture practices (CSAP) to facilitate the existing assets effectively. At an absolute scale power coordination in rice-wheat production unit must given as the pivotal on behalf of effectiveness, budgetary as well as sustainability aspects point of frame. Omvir Singh et al. [31] worked and investigated a range of factors concern to energy along with groundwater irrigation aspects including the prosperous irrigated network of north western India. The very effort relies on major as well as minor supplies of data. The number expresses around 72 percent of the total tube-wells population have been electrified and also confirmed that it consumes approximately 40 percent of the total electricity consumption. Correspondingly, the subsidies accounted around 46 percent of the total grant and basically which influences the underwater progression. The authors also confirmed upon the region expansion in the range from 22 to 58 percent approximately. It has also brought light upon the cultivation of rice and sugarcane being the crucial energy utilizing crops per hectare of cultivation. This work also clarifies the utilization of tube-well around 7.5 times increase during kharif than rabi spell. Miguel Ángel Pardo Picazo et al. [32] estimates mainly resourceful blend of hydrants and subunits to be explored concurrently under the watering scheme. The same coordination reduces the figure of solar photovoltaic boards as well as power utilization essential to compel pumping units straight coupled with solar panels. This variety facades optimization issues must target upon the water delivery over the least threshold service pressure in an irrigation network. This advance be supposed to undertaken subsequent to manipulative crop water requirements (during designing/ operating the network) and following arrangement fragmentation. On behalf of eliminating the ecological influence of the network maneuver, a solar power supply has been chosen as a green substitute. Aziz Haffaf et al. [33] portrays a novel tactic employed to devise a sustainable budget unit for water irrigation action keeping a demand of 40 kWh/day. Here a collective supply side management (SSM) and load shifting (LS) approach, which is a component of the demand side management (DSM) model on behalf of the design and optimization of irrigation systems, has been executed. The author has exclusively selected the suitable coordination on stick with the industrial, financial and ecological aspects. The pivotal of this work holds a relationship between the virtual scenarios (PV/Battery, PV/Battery/Diesel, and Diesel generator) has been implemented considering the cost of energy (CoE), the total net present cost (TNPC), CO 2 emissions and the renewable energy fraction (REF). Out of the consequences the PV/Battery/Diesel set-up comes out as optimal and attractive and further simulated via load shifting strategy. Morillo et al. [34] observed REDAWN project (Reducing Energy Dependency in Atlantic Area Water Networks) for the enhancement power effectiveness of water networks via the setting up of inventive micro-hydropower (MHP) expertise. The author has also showcased the rehabilitation of degrading power in the continuing pipe network arrangement for the implementation in irrigation, public water delivery, process units as well as waste water network arrangements domain. The work basically emphasis upon the elimination of utilization costs of the systems, enhancing the competitiveness of farming production, as well as diminishing the carbon footprint of irrigated crops. Rahul Srivastava et al. [35] meticulously monitored and compared the working mechanism implemented behind conventional hand pumps and one simple pendulum-based pump. The effort has further added a clear and distinct construction detail of a simple pendulum operated pump. The absolute objective behind this work is to promote the effortless water pumping work in order to enhance the effectiveness in the domain of irrigation, construction, etc. which can be conveniently managed by a wide category of people including ladies, physically challenged individuals, etc.
The present work deals with the design and development of a new innovative system to reciprocate the plunger of the hand pump without using external sources like electric, petrol or diesel.

Experimental Setup and Procedure
Generally, there are two types of hand pumps available in India, they are shallow and deep well types hand pumps. Shallow types of hand pumps are suitable to lift water from small depth of water level, and deep well types hand pumps are suitable to lift water from large depth of water level. Both these types of hand pumps are reciprocating types and are hand-operated. Cylinder and piston arrangements are provided above the ground for shallow type hand pumps, whereas piston and cylinder arrangements for deep well type hand pumps are provided below the water level. Figures 1 and 2 show the arrangement of a hand pumps for water entry into the cylinder and water exit from the hand pump. The arrangement consists of a piston, piston valve, piston rod, foot valve, cylinder handle, and lever. The reciprocating motion of the piston rod is possible by force applied to the handle.
Initially, for the upward stroke of the piston, there is a vacuum created between the piston and foot valve. So, air pressure in the suction pipe causes to push the foot valve upward. So, air from the suction pipe enters into the space between the piston and foot valve. This continues up to the piston and reaches to the top of the cylinder and the foot valve closes due to its own weight. For the downward stroke of the piston, the air is compressed between the piston and foot valve. This higher pressure of air causes to open the piston valve and this compressed air moves up through the priming water. For the next upward motion of the piston, more air is sucked from the suction pipe through the foot valve and causes to lift water through the foot valve to the cylinder.
During the next downward stroke of the piston, water pressure causes to open the piston valve and moves up through the piston valve. When the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder, the foot valve closes. For the next upward stroke of the piston, some water above the piston moves out of the cylinder, and at the same time, more water is sucked into the cylinder through the foot valve. In this way, the process continues. Figures 1 and 2 represent the methods of lifting water from the hand pump manually. Farmers in rural areas generally use these methods for irrigating their farms. Irrigation by these methods is free from an external source of power but these are time-consuming. So, farmers are unable to get maximum profit from this traditional way of irrigation. So, we have developed a new way of irrigation system that has to attach to the hand pump. Figures 3 and 4 represent the working principle of a hand pump with our designed attachment. The developed system consists of a pendulum attachment, lever arm, support frame, and stopper. Water is lifted from the developed arrangement by the oscillating pendulum. The effort required at the pendulum is very less to lift water from the hand pump. The lever arm is pinned at the fulcrum. One end of the lever is attached to the pendulum, and the other end is connected to the piston rod. The piston rod carries the piston, piston valve arrangement at its end. The stopper is provided on the support frame to restrict the motion of the piston rod. The weight of the pendulum is 15.5 kg. The distance from the fulcrum to the pendulum attachment is 0.508 m and the distance from the fulcrum to the piston rod attachment is 1.09 m. It is possible to lift water from the well and discharge it from the hand pump by changing the position of the pendulum, Figure 3 shows the water entry condition to the cylinder from the well. In this condition the pendulum position is vertical. For the vertical position of the pendulum, the total weight of the pendulum acts on the lever end, which causes to lift the piston rod in the upward direction. Due to the upward motion of the piston rod, the foot valve opens and water from the well enters the cylinder. This continues up until the piston reaches to top dead center of the cylinder. Whenever the pendulum changes its position from vertical to the right or left, the piston rod moves down as shown in Fig. 4. In this condition the foot valve closes and the piston valve opens. So, water inside the cylinder goes out through the exit tube. To swing the pendulum minimum effort is required. Anybody can perform this task comfortably with less effort. It is found that due to the swing of the pendulum,

Result and Discussion
The present model was attached with the hand pump in a farm having one acre of land area, where vegetable farming was being done. Earlier farmers of that farm were using diesel, petrol or electric operated pumps to lift water from the hand pump for their irrigation purpose. We conducted a survey regarding their expenditure earlier and compared the expenditure after attaching the present model for irrigation. In this work, we have a genuineness that will make it distinct compared with other classical prevailing units. The highlights of the novelty have been furnished underneath. A clear idea among the resources like diesel, petrol, and this unit in terms of economic aspects has been depicted. A brief comparison has been made between the conventional and this advanced water pumping unit on the basis of work execution including construction details and a few significant performances. Apart from that a quantitative interpretation has also been made between the two aforementioned pumping units taking stroke and water discharge as principal criteria. In a nutshell, a vivid quantitative comprehension has been built up over this advanced pumping system through this work.
In this present study, we have presented a comparison statement of our model with the external source operated model. Table 1 shows the expenditure details including purchase cost and running cost of different pumps along  Table 1 it is found that the designed model requires only initial purchase cost, which is very less as compared to other arrangements, and our designed model does not require any other costs like daily expenditure, uploading cost per week as other pumps on the basis of power consumption for comparison between petrol, diesel, and electric operated pump with our designed model. It found that there is no requirement for any external source of energy for the operation of our model. It only requires less manual effort for its operation. Table 2 below shows the comparison between our developed system with the manual-operated hand pump for irrigation of one-acre vegetable farm.
From Table 2 it is found that the developed system provides a better environment to do work. All types of farmers can operate our system to lift water from the hand pump without any external sources. The developed system can lift water from deeper as compared to the manually operated hand pump.
Our model requires very less effort as compared to manually operated pumps. The present model is also used for curing construction parts like brick and concrete parts. Generally, during construction work, water for curing purposes is taken from the hand pump, which is drilled in the construction area. The hand pump is operated manually by workers engaged in construction work. So, to help such farmers, we have conducted a survey in 2000 square feet building during construction and presented the comparison of cost and effort on curing by manually operated tube well with our designed model. Table 3 shows the comparison between the manually operated hand pump and the hand pump attached to our designed model. The factors for comparison are taken as effort required, number of workers required, sound and friction. Considering all the aspects stated above, the designed model provides advantages over manually operated hand pumps for curing as well as agricultural purposes.
The discharge from the hand pump is calculated by using the relation Discharge of water from the hand pump for the values of D = 5 inch (0.127 m), S = 11inch (0.279 m) with respect to the possible pumping stroke per minute for the existing hand pump and hand pump attached with our system is given in Table 4. Table 4 shows the possibility of discharge relating to pumping strokes for the existing hand pump.
From Table 4, it is observed that for an existing hand pump the maximum discharge is 0.105m 3 /min, whereas for an existing hand pump with our designed system, the maximum discharge is 0.175 m 3 /min. The specific speed for the hand pump is calculated by using the relation For the existing hand pump, the maximum specific speed is 8.37 and for hand pump with our designed attachment the maximum specific speed is 13.95.
The load on piston of the hand pump is calculated by using the relation For the values of D = 5 inch (0.127 m), S = 11inch (0.279 m) and ω = 1000N/m 3 . The load on the piston is 3.53 N. Figure 5 shows the lever arrangement for the existing hand pump and Fig. 6 shows the lever arrangement for hand pump with our designed system.
For the existing hand pump, the mechanical advantage is 4.39 and for the hand pump with our designed system is 0.466.
For the existing hand pump effort required at end of the lever is 0.804 N to lift water. The effort required to lift water for the hand pump with our designed system is calculated by using the relation. Ep = Energy available at the pendulum For the value of m = 15.5 kg, r = 50 cm, the energy available at the pendulum is 76.02 Joule.

Conclusion
In this work, an innovative model of irrigation for better crop yield has been presented. The model with a simple   Lever arrangement for hand pump with our designed system arrangement is required to be attached with the hand pump. The designed model is unique due to its simpler design and working principle. The manufacturing cost of this model is very less. Poor farmers can use this unit with their hand pumps. From this study, it was observed that our system can be attached to both types of hand pumps to lift water with less effort.
Material required for manufacturing of the model is easily available and less skilled workers can fabricate this model easily. Due to large demand on agriculture sector this will provide great opportunities for young entrepreneurs.
In this work quantitative data has been furnished after thorough hands on observation i.e., the mechanism is suitable for withdrawing water from a distance ranging from 60 to 80 feet underground. The designed model with specific parameters is able to discharge 0.175 m 3 /min of water. Based on the performance of the mechanism it has been tested in a farm having one acre of land area to lift water for their irrigation purpose.
Though the system is highly productive for budget class farmers, still it can be successfully implemented in a wide range of applications including all the classes of people concerned with the economy. Putting flexibility in its size, it can address a large number of corresponding executions. The micro to small scale industries, every household garden watering work, community centers, construction work, etc. can successfully proceed with this unit. The highest significance of this mechanism lies in its meagre energy involvement with non-traditional patterns. It specifically draws attention to physical interaction with every age of people irrespective of sex.
The designed model has also been tested on a construction site for the curing of bricks and concretes. The curing of the construction area is generally done by lifting water from a hand pump manually. It is cumbersome and uncomfortable for the workers if hand pumps are operated manually by them. This problem has been addressed by our designed model in which less effort is required with an increase in mechanical advantage and efficiency to lift water from a hand pump. The present model provides a better environment for workers as well as maximum profit in construction work.
Funding No funding is available.