Ecological zoning and quality zoning of Chinese sorghum under the background of climate change

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1596414/v1

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Ecological zoning and quality zoning of Chinese sorghum under the background of climate change

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1596414/v1

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The original sorghum division was completed in the 1980s. Since the 21st century, with the climate warming and the planting belt moving to the north, it is urgent to compile new sorghum divisions to adapt to the needs of the new era to prevent the adaptive risks brought by cross-regional planting of varieties.In view of the above problems, 20 representative varieties of various maturity periods cultivated by major national sorghum breeding units in recent years were selected in this experiment, and 59 ecological zones with different ecological characteristics were selected in the country. According to the characteristics of different pilot meteorological factors and variety trait performance characteristics, sorghum ecological zoning and quality zoning were conducted.The results show that 5 primary zones and 14 secondary ecological zones can be divided,Northwest spring sowing area, North China spring sowing area, northeast spring sowing area, southern area and northern spring and summer sowing area are the first-class ecological areas.Liaonian3 and Liaonuo11, Jinnuo3 and Liaoza19,Fengza4 and Liaoza37 are the dominant species to adapt to different ecological zones.North China spring sowing area and northeast spring sowing area for high starch, high capacity and heavy producing area, northeast spring sowing area and southern area for high tannin producing area.

sorghum

Ecological zoning

Quality zoning

Variety evaluation

Sorghum are planted across the country, distribution range east Taiwan province, west to Xinjiang Uighur autonomous region, north to Heilongjiang province fourth product temperate, south to Hainan province, across the tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, temperate and cold temperate, a total of five climate zone, ecological area, regional climate, soil conditions vary very different, main planting varieties and cultivation system are different Qiaokuduo, 1988).In the context of global climate warming and planting industry structure adjustment, variety breeding, sorghum producing areas, cultivation system, and agricultural climate resources are also changing[2], For example, in 2009, the horizontal direction of the crop belt of Liaoning province has been moved 150 kilometers north, In the south and south of Hebei Province on the North China Plain, Sorghum is becoming an important next crop of wheat, peas, or rape, cooked twice a year, These changes put forward new requirements for the selection and adaptability of sorghum varieties under different ecological conditions, It is necessary to further improve and supplement the 4 ecological regions and 10 cultivation areas divided into the traditional Chinese sorghum cultivation areas (Qiaokuduo, 1988), Establish a standardized and reasonable sorghum ecological zoning mode and a variety distribution system in the main producing areas, Solve the unreasonable layout of varieties, Low fit degree of variety and ecological zone.

Through the condition analysis of agricultural natural resources (soil, light and warm water conditions) and cultivation system in the pilot area, combined with the agronomic performance of high quality, high yield and high beam varieties, the scientific and reasonable planting zoning and variety layout of the main producing areas are put forward on the basis of safety and high yield, in order to promote the sustainable, stable and efficient development of the regional high beam industry.

1.1 Test varieties and test sites

The main 20 different types of high-quality sorghum varieties were selected, and 59 representative sites were selected in north, northeast and northwest regions and other non-main producing areas. The sorghum seeds used in the study were in full compliance with local and national regulation, and the collection and use of seeds conform to national policies and regulations.Two-year field tests were carried out to investigate the phenomenological period, important agronomic traits and stress resistance of different types of sorghum varieties（table1,table2）.

1.2 Test site selection

Plot with uniform soil fertility and representative region were selected as test sites, pay attention to the residual harm of upper stubble herbicide, and avoid the application of sorghum sensitive pesticides (enemy, pest, non-sorghum special herbicide, etc.) to prevent and control diseases, insects and insect crops.

1.3 Field arrangement

The field test is designed by random area group, with protection rows, 3 replicates, 5-8 rows, 5 meters long, and a distance of 0.5-0.6 meters. The number of rows and lengths can be set according to the actual situation of the test area, and the community area shall be not less than 15 ㎡.During the harvest, remove the side lines on both sides (1 row on both sides), and the middle lines are calculated, and the harvest area is not less than 10㎡.

1.4 Density of the test varieties

The test density is determined according to the variety characteristics, LZ18,LZ20 mu of 20000 seedlings, about 8000 other varieties, do not tiller.

1.5 Field management

The sowing date and cultivation management method should be determined according to the regional planting habits. When the sowing period is dry, water should be irrigated. Compound fertilizer or one-time long-term slow release fertilizer of 40 kg, pay attention to the separation of planting fertilizer, avoid seedling burning, and record the fertilizer name and composition content.Sorghum special herbicides can be used according to the instructions before the seedlings after sowing to prevent and control grass damage. If rain after sowing, it should be sprayed after rain.Pay attention to the prevention and control of corn borer, aphids, cotton bell worm, and other pests (do not control diseases).After grain grouting, pay attention to observation, to the community with bird damage can be fortified bird net to prevent bird, or use gauze net bag to cover ears to prevent birds.Individual tasks should be completed on the same day, and special cases should be repeated on the same day.

1.6 Agronomic trait survey

Seeding period, emergence, jointing, heading, heading, flowering, maturity, plant height, spike length, single spike weight, single spike grain weight, community yield and resistance were recorded.

1.7 Harvest

During the harvest, the side lines on both sides (1 row on both sides) were removed repeatedly, and the yield was calculated in the middle of the harvest. The harvest area should not be less than 10 ㎡, and the actual number of harvested plants and harvested ears were recorded.After drying and drying, the weight of grain and grain water content are measured, which is equivalent to 14% water content. The output of the community is uniformly converted to kg / mu, with one decimal number retained.

1.8 Measurement of quality indicators

46 test sites in 2020 and 39 in 2021 were selected for quality testing such as crude starch, tannins and volume-weigh.Crude starch and crude tannins were tested by FOSS Infratec1241 fast grain quality analyzer, and the weight tolerance was performed according to the grain test-tolerance weight measurement method.

2.1. Principal component analysis of inter-site difference information

Through principal component analysis, the number of principal components is extracted and the principal components with characteristic value greater than 1 represent the sample information. The results showed that there are four principal components with different site information feature value greater than 1 (Figure 1), which can explain 81.61% of the total variance between sites (Table 3).In The first principal component, the coefficient of medium latitude, sunshine hours, average relative humidity and average rainfall is large, which can be summarized as meteorological factors.In the second main component, the coefficient of sowing period, tolerance weight and product temperature is large, mainly reflecting the variety factors.In the third main component, the effective product temperature weight is higher, and the coefficient of average precipitation and average relative humidity in the fourth principal component is higher (Table 4).It can also be found from the factor component diagram that the three factors of product temperature, latitude and sowing period have a high proportion in the principal component analysis (Figure 2).

2.2 Division of sorghum ecological zone

According to the results of principal component analysis, three factors of product temperature, latitude and sowing period were selected as the main factors of

intersite cluster analysis for cluster analysis, and the test points were divided into 5 regions (Figure 3)

Combined with the existing ecological zoning and planting habits, sorghum ecological zones are divided as follows: the main northern producing areas are divided into northeast, northwest and north China spring sowing zones, four ecological regions in northern spring and summer, and the south into one region, that is, 5 first-level ecological zones and 14 second-level ecological zones (Table 5).

2.3 Analysis of the yield performance of the participating varieties

Analysis of the average yield of 20 test varieties in 2020 and 2021 found significant differences between varieties in the two years.In 2020, the average yield of 20 varieties is 461.33kg/ mu, the coefficient of variation is 16.8%, and the change range is 267.92kg/ mu ~ 535.28kg/ mu, including the average yield of JN2 (535.28kg/ mu), LN3 (532.11kg/ mu) and LN11(521.99kg/ mu) is the highest, while the average yield of LZ18(267.92kg/ mu), LZ20(293.85kg/ mu) and HYZ (317.34kg/ mu) is the lowest(Figure4a).The average yield of 20 participating varieties in 2021 was 471.75kg/ mu, Slightly higher than that seen in 2020, The coefficient of variation was 16.11%, The change range is 260.80kg/ mu ~ 530.23kg/ mu, LN3(530.23kg/ mu), LN11(521.71kg/ mu), JNL5(520.49kg/ mu) three varieties ranked first, second and third respectively, Variars with lower yield in 2021 are consistent with 2020, they are three varieties: LZ (260.80kg/ mu), LZ20 (295.61kg/ mu) and HYZ (358.08kg/ mu).(Figure 4b)

There were also significant differences in yield between sites.The average yield of each test site in 2020 is 460.94kg/ mu, The coefficient of variation was 30.74%, The variation range is 203.96kg/ mu ~ 884.51kg/ mu, Except for Xinjiang Qitai (884.50kg/ mu) and Zhanjiang(830.31kg/ mu), The remaining sites of the three sites with the highest production are Kuerle (670.33kg/ mu), Zhangjiakou (658.83kg/ mu) and Chengde (657.37kg/ mu), The five sites with the lowest yield are Jiande (203.96kg/ mu), Nanning (214.56kg/ mu), Tongyu (261.22kg/ mu), Jinzhou (261.26kg/ mu) and Yancheng (286.3kg/ mu)(Figure5 a).In 2021, the average output of each is 471.76kg/ mu, the coefficient of variation is 25.12%, and the variation is 248.81kg/ mu ~ 695.21kg/ mu. The average sorghum yield of Tongliao (695.21kg/ mu), Kezuozhongqi(694.49kg/ mu) and Baicheng (673.46kg/ mu) is the highest, while the average yield of Yan'an (248.81kg/ mu), Yancheng (256.80kg/ mu) and Shijiazhuang (272.09kg/ mu) is low(Figure 5 b).

2.4 Advantages varieties in each ecological zone

The GGEBiplotGU package of R language was used to analyze the performance of different ecological zone species, and the double icon plot was fit to 86.67%.The "Which wins where" plot in the double icon pilot groups the suitable varieties according to the variety-environment relationship, and reveals the highest yield varieties within each group (Figure 6).

In North China and northeast China are Liaojie 3, Liaonuo11, JinNuoliang 5, Ji Wine No.2, Jinzhai 109, and Stanley 106. In terms of yield performance, the best variety is 3, followed by Liaonuo11; the best performance is Jinzhai 109, followed by Ji No.2. With comprehensive yield and stability, the best variety in North and Northeast China is 3, followed by Liaonuo11 (Figure 6).

Spring and summer sowing area, southern area suitable varieties 127, Jinnuo3, Liao 19. The output is Jinnuo3> 19> 127, and the stability is 127> Jinnuo3> 19. In general, Jinnuo3 is the most suitable variety in this region (Figure 6).

The suitable varieties of Fengza4 and good yield performance are Fengxia 4, Jicai 124, Xingliang No.2, Tongzi 108 and Liao37. The variety with the highest yield in this area is 4, the variety with the best stability is 108, and the best comprehensive performance is Liao37 (Figure 6).

2.5 Quality division of sorghum

2.5.1 Region performance of tannin content in sorghum

From the different test points, The 46 test points in 2020 ranged from 0.98% to 1.41%, The three test sites of AnYang (0.98%), DaTong (0.98%) and JinZhong (1.02%) had low tannin content, Pingliang (1.41%), Luoyang (1.39%) and Nanning (1.35%) have a high tannin content; The range of tannin content in the 38 test points in 2021 ranged from 0.86% to 1.59%, AoHan (0.86%), KuErLE (0.92%) and Datong (1.05%),Luoping (1.59%), Dongping (1.46%) and ZiBo (1.46%) had high tannin, Among them, the tannin in Datong in the past two years were relatively low.ANOVA showed that differences in tannin content reached significant levels both between cultivars and sites(Figure7).

According to the division of ecological zones and combined with the mean of tannin data in two years, the average tannin content of northeast spring sowing, northeast spring sowing, northwest spring sowing, northern spring and summer and southern regions were 1.64%, 1.44%, 1.49%, 1.54% and 1.64%, and the tannin content in North China was low(Figure 8)

2.5.2 Regional performance of the starch content in sorghum

In terms of location, the difference in starch content between regions is also significant. In 2020, starch content was 69.76% to 74.22%, and the variation range and variation coefficient (1.45%) were small, among which Zhejiang (69.76%), Nanning (70.23%) and Chaoyang (70.34%) were the smallest, while Zhangjiakou (74.22%), Chifeng (74.18%) and Xinzhou (73.52%) had the largest.In 2021, starch content in 38 sites was 69.13% to 79.83%, coefficient of variation was 2.18%, in Kuerle (69.13%), Shijiazhuang (70.11%) and Anyang (70.95%), and in Aohan (79.83%), Chengde (75.68%) and Qiqihar (75.66%)(Figure 9)

Starch content has obvious regional distribution, and the starch content gradually increases with the increase of latitude. The starch content in Inner Mongolia, Jilin and Heilongjiang is higher, with 73.38%, 73.16% and 72.89% respectively, while the starch content in Guangxi and Zhejiang is low.According to the division of ecological zones, the average starch content of the five ecological regions of Northeast China, North China, northern spring and summer and southern China is 72.73%, 73.12%, 71.82%, 71.88% and 71.81%, respectively, with North China and northeast spring sowing regions being high starch zones(Figure 8).

1.2.6.2 Performance of grain unit in sorghum

Grain unit indicates grain weight per unit volume, as indicated by g / l.From the point of view of each pilot, there are also significant differences in grain unit between the pilots. In 2020, there are 16 pilots with grain unit over 740g/l, and the top three are TaiAn (792.90g/l), TongLiao (791.83g/l) and JiNan (790.20g/l). the three test sites with the lowest grain unit are XingAnMeng (564.21g/l), ShuangYaShan (564.40g/l), NanNing (565.37g/l).In 2021, a total of 45 sites were calculated, and the range of capacity changes was 528.25g/l~803.05g/l, with KaShi (528.25g/l), GuYuan (619.11g/l) and XingAnMeng (666.69g/l) being lowest, while TongLiao (803.05g/l) , Baicheng (786.9g) and Gongzhuling (784.85g) having the highest capacity.In provinces, Guangdong, Gansu and Inner Mongolia had low capacity, 627.68g/l,693.39g/l and 704.52g/l, respectively, Over the 740g/l has ten provinces,including Hunan, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Guizhou, Hebei, and Ningxia（Figure 10）.

According to the division of ecological zones, the average capacity weight of the five ecological areas of Northeast spring sowing, North China spring sowing, Northwest spring sowing, northern spring and summer and southern region is 742.65g,752.82g,709.15g,720.64g,741.87g respectively, among which the weight of North China spring sowing area and Northeast spring sowing area are the high grain unit area(Figure 8).

3.1 Ecological division of sorghum

Using spss25.0 of the climate, geography, variety performance data, effective temperature, latitude, sowing period three factors can better reflect the pilot ecological conditions and ecological interaction, by using the above factors clustering, combining the existing ecological zoning, production application varieties, the pilot site preliminary divided into northeast, northwest, north China spring sowing area, northern spring and summer sowing area, southern five primary ecological zone, 14 secondary ecological zone.The suitable varieties in the spring sowing areas in north China and northeast China are Liaonian3 and Liaonuo11, the northern spring and summer and southern regions are Jinnuo3 and Liaoza19, and the suitable varieties in the northwest spring sowing areas are Fengza4 and Liaoza37.

3.2 Quality division

Quality is an important industrial consumption index, our sorghum consumption field is brewing, so represents processing quality of starch, tannin content, represent commodity capacity, is major sorghum quality characteristics, although the three indicators are closely related, but two years of test results show that starch, tannin, weight value has obvious regional differences, according to the existing test data based on starch, tannin content and weight quality division.

In high starch sorghum producing area, the average starch content in spring sowing area of North China is 73.12% and that in spring sowing area in Northeast China is 72.73%. The two regions are the traditional advantageous sorghum planting areas in China. Combined with the cultivation and management of suitable varieties and light and simple sorghum, the above areas have the ecological potential of producing high starch sorghum.

In the producing area of high tannin sorghum, tannin is an important indicator of wine sorghum, which is closely related to the genetic characteristics of the varieties themselves, but the difference in tannin content reached a significant level both between the varieties and between the sites.According to the division of ecological zones, the average tannin content in the spring sowing area in northeast China is 1.64% and that in southern China is 1.64% respectively. Both regions are the main producing areas of high-quality sorghum for wine in China, and the high tannin content is conducive to the formation of special sorghum production advantages.

According to the division of ecological areas, the average weight capacity of the spring sowing area in North China is 752.82g, and the average capacity of the spring sowing area in Northeast China is high and the high capacity area. These areas are spring sowing areas. Sorghum grain maturity is good, good commodity, low water, and the capacity is significantly higher than that of other sorghum producing areas.

Crude starch and crude tannins were tested by FOSS Infratec1241 fast grain quality analyzer, and the data may deviate, and the quality of sorghum samples also has a certain impact on the accuracy of tolerance and weight.

Author Contributions Statement

K. F. performed this study, statistical analysis and manuscript writing. Conceived and designed the experiments: K. Z. Analyzed the data: L.Z., L.Z. and Z.K. Wrote the paper: All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Funding:

This research was funded by the following projects: National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFD1001700), China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-06), Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project, China (2019-MS-197), General Project of the Dean's Fund of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China (2021MS0504), Agricultural green and high-quality development, China (2021HQ1902), Agricultural Public Relations and Industrialization Project in Liaoning Province, China (2020JH2/ 10200014).

Qiao Kui-duo..Chinese Sorghum Cultivation Science[M], 1988, Agricultural Press.
Zou Jianqiu, Wang Yanqiu, Ke Fulai.Development status and prospect of sorghum industry [J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2020,40 (3): 2–8.

Table 1 The sorghum varieties for the test

S/N	The variety name	Planting density (plant / mu)	Seed provider
1	Shenza5(SZ5)	8000	Sorghum Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2	Longza18(LZ18)	20000	Crop Breeding Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
3	Longza20(LZ20)	20000	Crop Breeding Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
4	Fengza4(FZ4)	8000	Jilin Province strong hundred million seed industry
5	Liaonuo11(LN11)	8000	Sorghum Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences
6	Jiza124(JZ124)	8000	Institute of Crop Resources, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences
7	Jiza127(JZ127)	8000	Institute of Crop Resources, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences
8	Liaoza37(LZ37)	8000	Sorghum Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences
9	Liaoza19(LZ19)	8000	Sorghum Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences
10	Liaonian3(LN3)	8000	Sorghum Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences
11	Jiniang2(JN2)	8000	Hebei Institute of Agriculture and Forestry
12	Jinza34(JZ37)	8000	Sorghum Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences
13	Jinnuo3(JN3)	8000	Sorghum Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences
14	Liaoza10(LZ10)	8000	Sorghum Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences
15	Tongza108(TZ108)	8000	Tongliao Academy of Agricultural Sciences
16	Jinza109(JZ109)	8000	Jinzhou Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences
17	Chiza106(CZ106)	8000	Chifeng Academy of Agricultural Sciences
18	Jinnuoliang5 (JNL5)	8000	Sichuan Provincial Rice and Sorghum Research Institute
19	Xingxiangliang2 (XXL2)	8000	Hunan Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences
20	Hongyingzi(HYZ)	8000	Local varieties in Guizhou

Note: What appear in parentheses are the abbreviations for the test varieties，and these abbreviations are used in the subsequent charts.

Table 2 Ecological adaptability evaluation and layout test sites of sorghum varieties in 2019 and 2020 years

sequence number	Test site	latitude	longitude	altitude	sequence numberr	Test site	latitude	longitude	altitude
1	Sorghum Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Shenyang)	41.44	123.31	49	32	Millet Research Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Yuncheng)	35.03	111.03	365
2	Liaoning yland Agriculture and Forestry Institute (Chaoyang)	41.33	120.26	174.3	33	Sorghum Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Jinzhong)	37.41	112.46	831.2
3	Jinzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Liaoning Province (Jinzhou)	41.14	121.12	65.9	34	Millet Research Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Changzhi)	36.3333	113.2333	947.6
4	Agricultural Technology Center of Jianping County, Liaoning Province (Jianping)	41.25	119.37	462.2	35	Institute of Economic Crop Research of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fenyang)	37.25	111.7833	747.7
5	Tieling Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tieling)	42.18	123.52	85.4	36	Luoyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Province (Luoyang)	34.5508	112.1261	317.5
6	Crop Breeding Research Institute of Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Gongzhuling)	43.52	124.8	200.4	37	Anyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Province (Anyang)	36.03	114.08	194.8
7	Jilin Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Baicheng)	45.63	122.83	155.3	38	Institute of Food Crops of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Dengzhou) Nanyang Municipal Academy of Agricultural Sciences	33.06	112.29	180.6
8	Agricultural Technology Center, Songyuan City, Songyuan Province (Songyuan)	45.18	124.83	139.8	39	Institute of Food Crop Research of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Zhengzhou)	41.45	86.08	931.5
9	Jilin Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tongyu)	44.8	123.07	150	40	Pingliang Agricultural Academy of Gansu Province (Pingliang)	35.33	106.4	1346.6
10	Institute of Crop Resources of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Haerbin)	45.56	126.34	118.3	41	Qingyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences ( Qingyang)	36.04	103.88	1517.2
11	Qiqihar Institute of Peace Agricultural Sciences (Qiqihaer)	47.23	123.55	147.1	42	Crop Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Ganzhou District, Zhangye City)	39.0792	100.275	1461.1
12	Suihua Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Suihua)	46.6167	126.9667	179.6	43	Crop Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Gangu County, Tianshui City)	34.45	105.2	1271.9
13	Shuangyashan Baoqing County Agricultural Technology Center (Baoqing)	46.19	132.11	83	44	College of Agriculture, Northwest A & Forestry University (Yulin)	38.16	109.47	1157
14	Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Nenjiang County, Heihe City (the fourth cumulative temperate zone)	49.1	125.14	242.2	45	Yan'an Municipal Institute of Agricultural Science, Shaanxi Province	36.58	109.45	1180.5
15	Chifeng Municipal Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences (Chifeng)	42.18	118.5	668.6	46	Grain Crop Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Kashgar, Southern Xinjiang)	39.29	75.45	1385.6
16	Inner Mongolia Kezuo Middle Banner and Xin Planting Professional Cooperative (Kezuo Middle Banner)	44.08	123.17	145.8	47	Biomass Energy Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Qitai, Northern Xinjiang)	44.02	89.57	793.5
17	Research Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science of the Hinggan League (Ulanhot)	46.08	122.05	274.7	48	Guyuan Branch of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (Yuanzhou District, Guyuan County)	36	106.16	1753
18	Tongliao Municipal Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Tongliao)	43.36	122.16	178.7	49	Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Beijing)	39.48	116.28	31.3
19	Aohan Banner Jinfeng Seed Industry Zeen Co., Ltd. (Aohan)	42.18	119.57	579.4	50	Institute of Rice and Sorghum, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Luzhou)	28.7119	105.0603	420.9
20	Inner Mongolia Xianhe Institute of Crop Science and Technology (Linhe)	43.13	114.49	1070	51	Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Yibin)	28.48	104.36	340.8
21	Millet Research Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (Shijiazhuang)	38.02	114.4	89.3	52	Dry Grain Research Institute of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Guiyang)	26.35	106.44	1223.8
22	Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Xuanhua)	40.34	115.02	629.3	53	Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Hangtou Town, Jiande City)	29.29	119.16	88.9
23	Chengde Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (Chengde City)	40.58	117.55	422.3	54	Luoping County Agricultural Technology Center of Yunnan Province (Luoping County)	24.59	104.19	1482.7
24	Analysis and Testing Center of Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology (Changli)	39.44	119.12	17.6	55	Jiangsu Institute of Agricultural Science of Coastal Area (Yancheng)	33.26	120.12	2.5
25	Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (Cangzhou City)	38.21	116.51	8	56	Sugarcane Research Institute of Academy of Agriculture, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Nanning)	22.38	108.13	121.6
26	Institute of Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Dongying)	37.26	118.4	6	57	Institute of South Asian Tropical Crops of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (Zhanjiang)	21.09	110.18	53.3
27	Institute of Crop Research, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Jinan)	37	117.2	20.4	58	Jiangxi Province Red Soil Research Institute (Jinxian County, Nanchang City)	28.23	116.16	34.2
28	Tai'an City Dongping County Agricultural Technology Extension Station (Dongping)	35.56	116.24	44	59	Ramie Institute of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha)	28.13	112.55	68
29	Zibo Agricultural Research Institute of Shandong Province (Zibo)	36.49	117.56	34.4
30	Institute of Alpine Crops of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Datong)	40.05	113.25	1052.6
31	Quality and Assets Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Xinzhou)	38.24	112.42	869.9

Table 3 The ANOVA table for the principal components

	Initial eigenvalue				Extract the sum of square loading
element	amount to	% of the variance	accumulate%	amount to	% of the variance	accumulate%
1	3.334	37.049	37.049	3.334	37.049	37.049
2	1.588	17.649	54.698	1.588	17.649	54.698
3	1.281	14.233	68.931	1.281	14.233	68.931
4	1.147	12.742	81.672	1.147	12.742	81.672
5	0.747	8.295	89.967
6	0.494	5.49	95.458
7	0.194	2.159	97.617
8	0.164	1.828	99.445
9	0.05	0.555	100

Table 4 Principal component component analysis table

	element
	1	2	3	4
Zscore (longitude)	0.604	-0.03	0.715	0.232
Zscore (latitude)	0.884	-0.183	0.24	0.158
Zscore (product temperature)	-0.577	0.614	0.374	-0.263
Zscore (broadcast period)	0.283	0.774	0.049	0.159
Zscore (Weight)	-0.021	0.67	-0.046	0.362
Zscore (average relative humidity)	-0.706	-0.13	0.389	0.42
Zscore (Average precipitation)	-0.699	-0.324	0.207	0.519
Zscore (sunshine hours)	0.734	-0.039	0.321	-0.156
Zscore (effective temperature deposition from seedling emergence to flowering)	-0.499	-0.079	0.52	-0.61

Table 5 Division of ecological zones of sorghum test sites

Level 1 division	secondary partition	place	latitude	Elevation (m)	Effective product temperature (degree)
Northeast spring sowing area	Spring sowing extremely precocious area	Nenjiang	49.1	242.2	1177.9
	Spring sowing precocious area	Xing'gan League Baoqing Suihua Qiqihar Aohan Banner Chifeng	42.18-46.19	83-668.6	1345.4-1478.4
	Spring sowing in the precocious area	Jianping Princess Ridge Section Left Middle Banner Tongyu Songyuan Harbin Baicheng Changling	41.25-45.63	118.3-462.2	1537.9-1619.5
	Spring sowing in the late ripe area	Tongliao, Jinzhou, Chaoyang, Tieling, Shenyang	41.14-43.36	49-178.7	1699.6-1790.1
North China spring sowing area	Early area	Fenyang, Datong	34.24-40.05	747.7-1052.6	1350.7-1357.9
	Mid-precocious area	Zhangjiakou	40.34	629.3	1583.5
	Middle and late ripe area	Xinzhou, Yuci, Chengde	37.41-40.58	422.3-869.9	1614.2-1732.3
Northwest spring sowing area	Extreme precocious area	Guyuan	36	1753	1172.5
	Early area	Pingliang	35.33	1346.6	1385.2
	Mid-precocious area	Yan'an Korla	36.58	1180.5	1542.8
	Middle and late ripe area	Qitai, Lanzhou, Gangu, Yulin	34.45-44.02	793.5-1517.2	1667.4-1767.6
	Late ripe area	Kashgar	39.29	1385.6	2099.3
Northern spring and summer concurrently broadcast area		Nanyang Yancheng Yuncheng Dongping Anyang Zibo Dongying Shijiazhuang Cangzhou Beijing Changli	33.06-39.48	2.5-194.8	1899.8-
austral region	Southern spring sowing area	Luoping, Guiyang, Yibin, Luzhou	24.59-26.35	1223.8-1482.7	1784.4-1903.5
austral region	Southern summer sowing area	Zhanjiang, Nanning, Changsha, Jinxian, Jiande, Wuhan	21.09-30.36	23.6-340.8	2212.2-

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Ecological zoning and quality zoning of Chinese sorghum under the background of climate change

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

1.1 Test varieties and test sites

1.2 Test site selection

1.3 Field arrangement

1.4 Density of the test varieties

1.5 Field management

1.6 Agronomic trait survey

1.7 Harvest

1.8 Measurement of quality indicators

Results And Analysis

2.1. Principal component analysis of inter-site difference information

2.3 Analysis of the yield performance of the participating varieties

2.4 Advantages varieties in each ecological zone

2.5 Quality division of sorghum

Conclusion And Discussion

3.1 Ecological division of sorghum

3.2 Quality division

Declarations

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

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