Hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of Taylor flow in pipelines: An extensive bibliometric analysis

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1614838/v1

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Systematic Review

Hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of Taylor flow in pipelines: An extensive bibliometric analysis

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1614838/v1

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The study is influenced by the significant progress made in the field of hydrodynamics and heat transfer enhancement of Taylor flow in vertical and horizontal pipelines. It maps the hydrodynamics and thermal properties of Taylor flow using 752 scientific articles published in refereed journals, extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), using bibliometric analysis. The study identifies clusters that constitute the intellectual structure of the study domain, and investigates their linkages, by incorporating all citations from the Science Citation Index (SCI) from 2000–2021. The study highlights the most active, impactful, and influential parameters surrounding Taylor flow research. This analysis is critical for expanding our understanding of the intellectual network and identifying new research directions.

Mechanical Engineering

Nuclear Engineering

Petroleum Engineering

Bibliometric analysis

hydrodynamics

VOSviewer

heat transfer

Taylor bubble

slug flow

The concept of bibliographic citations in scientific articles has been used by researchers from various fields to establish relationships among published articles [1]–[4]. The application of direct citation and bibliographic coupling, as well as co-citation, have received considerable attention [5]–[13] over the past decades. The bibliometric analysis contributes significantly to the existing research of a domain [3], [14], [15]. The diverse and complex nature of hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of Taylor flow means that it is essential to review the available literature based on a bibliometric analysis approach.

This study provides a 360-degree view of the literature's influential and impactful authors, journals, countries, affiliations, and relationships, as well as how they influence future research directions. Several bibliometric analyses covering a wide range of disciplines are available in the literature. Egghe and Rousseau [16] introduced a new property through the characterization of lattice citation networks, as well as a generalized bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis. Gomes et al. [3] contributed to the literature on strategic alliances by providing a comprehensive review spanning over 22 years, and Kleminski et al. [17] used bibliometric analysis to investigate how citation network structures impact the ability to identify valuable research directions in Computer Science. Yu et al. [7] conducted a thorough bibliometric review as well as Rough Set (RS) co-citation and co-occurrence analyses. This was done to identify current research focal points as well as future developments. Cancino et al. [18] created a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of Computers & Industrial Engineering published articles between 1976 and 2015. Xu et al. [19] used bibliometric analysis to investigate the stages of research, current issues, research limitations, and future research directions. It was concluded that more research should be conducted to examine the effects of personal traits, and environmental conditions, on the adoption of technology.

A gas-liquid slug is a type of flow in which bullet-shaped gas bubbles are broken up by segmented liquid drops. The hydrodynamics and thermal properties of slug flow in various channels have been extensively studied over the last several decades (see [20]–[27]). The concept of gas and liquid flow is found in several industrial processes, such as steam boilers, condensers, chemical reactors, nuclear industry [28], oil and gas production [29]–[33], process piping [34]–[37] in petrochemical plants [38], [39], processing plants, and heat exchange [40]–[44].

The flow regime in pipelines is determined by parameters such as the geometry of the pipe, properties of the fluid, volume fractions, and velocities of each phase [36]. The most common flow regimes for horizontal and vertical flows are depicted in Fig. 1. Liu et al. [45] studied gas-liquid Taylor flow by taking into account the effects of several parameters on heat transfer enhancement. The authors discovered that while a higher wall heat flux improves heat transfer performance, a higher inlet temperature difference between gas and liquid reduces the Nusselt number (Nu).

Although some reviews on Taylor flow thermal transfer properties have been conducted, the reviews to date have tended to focus on reporting and compilation of literature rather than statistical analysis of the data. Previous reviews and surveys of Taylor flow heat transfer did not cover the entire analysis of this field. For instance, Bandara et al. [46] reviewed the heat transfer and hydrodynamics of two-phase flow with negligible phase change. The study observed a slight difference between measured and predicted pressure drops. It also highlighted that heat transfer rates are investigated using Nu correlations using wide range of flow parameters.

Bordbar et al. [48] also presented cutting-edge techniques for modeling slug flow. The authors presented proposed solutions in the literature to overcome the difficulties of some numerical methods. However, Etminan et al. [49] provided an in-depth examination of the hydrodynamics in two-phase flows without statistically analyzing the flow components or parameters. As a result, this review provides a thorough bibliometric analysis of the available data from the standpoint of bibliometric coupling, as well as co-citation analyses of Taylor flow heat transfer characteristics. This study not only highlights the most important data on the topic, but it also outlines the most influential literature parameters.

Significant research has been conducted on the hydrodynamics and heat transfer performance of Taylor flow using several methods. A recent study highlighted that Taylor flow in pipelines improves heat transfer efficiency by 2–4 times over pure water flow [43]. However, Taylor flow heat transfer efficiency is affected by several factors, such as slug length, size of the channel, void fraction, and flow patterns. Transfer of mass and/or heat is also critical in many of these situations. The movement of gas bubbles in a fluid medium has been extensively studied for many decades and continues to be a source of great interest to the scientific community (see [42], [50]–[57]).

The evolution processes of heat transfer characteristics in Taylor were investigated by Wang et al. [53]. The authors demonstrated that there is an increase in pressure gradient, through a robust predictive flow-pattern-related model. Gawusu and Zhang [24] numerically presented the hydrodynamics and thermal properties of Taylor flow and demonstrated that the Capillary number (Ca) is directly proportional to the transition region between the nose of the bubble and the film thickness.

In Kumari et al. [58], the shape of the bubble, pressure distribution, rise velocity, and flow field in the liquid slug for a range of bubble volume was extensively studied by keeping all other parameters constant. The Nu was observed to be high for non-dimensional equivalent sphere radiuses close to one. The findings were compared favorably to a simple heat transfer model in slug flow in the literature. Zhang and Li [59] examined the heat transfer and flow properties of Taylor flow and observed that the normalized rise velocity of the bubble is related to Ca. The numerical frictional pressure drops were accurately predicted as well. Also, a recirculation zone forms in a low-temperature region of the liquid slug.

According to Abiev [60], the efficiency of a circulating Taylor flow heat transfer in a heat pipe is more than that of a pulsating heat pipe. Using the VOF method, Ahmadpour et al. [61] numerically presented a two-phase Taylor flow convective heat transfer inside uniformly heated wavy tubes. The results showed that wavy micro-tubes improve heat transfer by 27%. Jin et al. [62] demonstrated the heat transfer and flow characteristics of Taylor flow by numerically discussing different hydraulic diameters of models using the VOF method. The superficial velocities of gas and liquid were discovered to affect the behavior of the bubble. The liquid viscosity was observed to be directly proportional to the velocity of the bubble, which in turn enhances heat transfer abilities by lowering the void fraction. It revealed a minor but significant effect of geometric dimensioning on the lengths of bubbles and liquid slugs.

Lei et al. [63] The flow and heat transfer properties of gas-liquid Taylor flows were investigated, and it was discovered that the wall shear stress in the liquid region remains roughly constant, but increases in the bubble's tail and nose regions. The pressure gradient is increased by the presence of air, which divides the pressure distribution into four parts. Internal recirculation within the liquid slug can improve heat transfer coefficients. In Leung et al. [64], the underlying mechanisms that control thermal performance in the gas-liquid Taylor flow regime were explored, and essential parameters for Taylor flow heat transfer were identified. A comprehensive bibliometric analysis is performed in the sections that follow to better understand this complex research domain and to showcase its intellectual structure.

The section describes the data collection process in detail, and the bibliometric analysis methods used to uncover the key factors in the study domain. The data for this study was obtained from the WoSCC after intensively comparing databases for a quality dataset. This was done to avoid duplications. The search criteria are highlighted in the sections that follow.

3.1. Methodological framework

There are numerous techniques for reviewing the literature, including but not limited to a systematic review, content analysis, bibliometric analysis, and so on. Bibliometric analysis as one of these methods involves using statistical tools to analyze published articles to establish a relationship while measuring the impact and influence of various parameters based on the available data [65]. To analyze the heat transfer properties of Taylor flow in pipelines, the current study combines bibliometric coupling analysis, co-citation analysis, and content analysis techniques.

These analyses are critical components of research because they identify and highlight influential authors, journals, affiliations, countries, and other entities, as well as reveal their interrelationships. This provides researchers with a needed foundation for current research while also pointing the way forward for future research. The statistical analysis of scientific literature provides information on how a specific research field is evolving. The bibliometric analysis results evaluate the research impact of the various parameters that comprise the extracted data [66], [67]. The VOSviewer software for bibliometric analysis as the most widely used tool for these types of analyses, which has been used in other studies [68]–[75], is used in this study. It visualizes citations over time and highlights the impact of those citations. The methodology used in the current study is depicted in Fig. 2.

There are two fundamental methods used in analyzing literature based on the bibliometric concept. The first one occurs when a third article is being referenced by two articles in their bibliographies, and it is known as the bibliometric coupling. It works on the premise that there is a good chance that the two articles are about the same thing. Two given articles are said to share more citations to other articles when the "coupling strength" is higher [76], [77]; and (2) however, the second method concerns the two articles independently being cited by one or more other articles, and this is known as co-citation [2].

When it comes to bibliographic coupling, the information used to determine the similarity of articles is laggard and static. Furthermore, there is a chance that two articles will reference a different subject matter in the third article [78]. The concept of co-citation has been recommended for subject similarity analyses [2]. For this reason, the current study employs both methods as they complement each other.

This study aims to identify and organize clusters of articles on Taylor flow heat transfer characteristics and showcase the most impactful authors, the respective authorship networks, and their institutions. The data for this study was derived from the WoSCC database - the most reputable scientific research database. The WoSCC database is made up of over 21,000 peer-reviewed, high-quality scholarly journals published globally in more than 250 disciplines in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, including conference proceedings and books.

There are 975 documents in the initial search results for the current study. This was narrowed down further by language (English) and document type (articles), yielding 752 articles. The data set was further coded and sorted according to the requirements of the software for analysis. The query for this search is as follows: TS= ((("Heat Transfer") OR ("Thermal")) OR (“Hydrodynamics*”) AND (("Taylor bubble*") OR ("Taylor Flow*") OR ("Slug Flow*"))). Some keywords had a wild card (*) added to them to ensure that their plural variants were also returned during an advanced search. The keywords were utilized to further identify and sort the material that was selected for this investigation.

Bibliometric analysis is intended to highlight interrelationships between research articles and topics based on the frequency of an article being cited and co-cited by other articles. It is worth noting that bibliometric co-citation analysis assumes that published papers in scholarly sources are based on already published articles for research ideas [79]. Figure 3 presents yearly publications and cumulative count. The number of articles has steadily increased over the years, with a significant increase in 2014. A staggering 81.1% of all articles were published in the last decade, or 610 out of 752 total articles. This reflects the recent interest in this field, which is expected to grow in the coming years.

The results of bibliometric analyses are presented in this section. The distributions of highly cited documents on authors, journals, affiliations, and countries. The results of emerging issues and research directions are obtained after performing visualization analyses. The research limitations are also listed, and forecasts for future research trends on the hydrodynamics and heat characteristics of Taylor flow are presented based on keyword analysis.

4.1. Bibliographic coupling, and co-citation

As mentioned in section 3.1, bibliometric coupling describes the degree to which two articles are related because they both cite the same source. Whilst the concept of co-citation is when similar articles are co-cited by other articles, allowing for the assumption that they are in a way meaningfully related. This section contains analyses of bibliometric coupling and co-citations for authors, articles, journals, countries, and affiliations.

4.1.1. Articles

The extracted data includes 752 publications, 8282 citing articles, 12911 citations, an average citation of 17.7 per publication, and an H-Index of 52. The network of articles referenced by the 752 articles analyses highlights that the major set of connected items that meet the threshold applied contains 578 documents. The overall strength of the bibliographic coupling links to other documents was calculated for each of the 578 documents. The documents with the strongest links were chosen. The top bibliographic coupling of the various authors is shown in Table 1. It displays the total number of citations as well as the total link strength. The articles with the highest indices of bibliographic coupling are highlighted.

Figure 5 depicts the overall visualizations of article bibliographic coupling. They show a significant cluster of coupling strength, which is primarily made up of articles published a decade ago. This is due, in part, to the relatively low number of articles published prior to 2010 (see Fig. 3), which caused previously published articles to be referenced in the majority of current articles.

Table 1

Bibliographic coupling analysis of articles
Document	Citations	Total Link Strength
Vivekanand (2020a)	1	1140
Gupta (2010)	96	1127
Zhang (2016b)	35	1106
Gawusu (2021)	1	1083
Talimi (2012a)	92	1066
Vivekanand (2020b)	1	1066
Magnini (2016a)	30	1064
Ganapathy (2013a)	17	1053
Kishor (2017)	2	1018
Zhang (2018)	1	993
Zhang (2016c)	22	993
Vivekanand (2019)	5	986
Etminan	0	971
Asadolahi (2011)	64	951
Pan (2015)	14	936
Kumari (2019)	11	925
Majumder (2013)	22	923
Khodaparast (2015)	27	915
Sur (2012)	33	895
Magnini (2016b)	24	874
Talimi (2012b)	29	859
Rattner (2016)	3	852
Magnini (2013)	45	842
Abdollahi (2020b)	4	827
Ganapathy (2013c)	38	811
Howard (2013)	30	799
Mehta (2014b)	23	798
Ganapathy (2013d)	101	795
Younes (2017)	4	756
Gupta (2013)	63	737
Ferrari (2017)	26	733
Silva (2019)	3	726
Leung (2012a)	34	725
Krishnan (2010)	13	723
Talimi (2013)	25	717
Asadolahi (2012)	52	711
Leung (2012b)	28	686
Zhang (2020c)	2	686
Li (2017a)	35	683
Ferrari (2018)	33	681

4.1.2. Journals

The majority of the high-impact sources are related to engineering disciplines. Table 2 shows a list of the most influential and productive journals on heat transfer properties of Taylor flow. It reflects the progress and impact of research as reported in high-impact sources/journals. Of the 150 sources, 150 meet the threshold required for a source. The overall strength of the bibliographic coupling links to other sources was determined. The sources with the most total link strength were chosen. The International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (108 articles), Chemical Engineering Science (46), Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science (108), and others are at the top of the list, as shown in Table 2. These journals are ranked not only by the number of articles published but also by the number of citations and coupling strength.

Table 2

Bibliographic coupling analysis of the journals
Source	Documents	Citations	Total Link Strength
International Journal of Heat And Mass Transfer	108	2157	22347
Chemical Engineering Science	46	1223	14571
Experimental Thermal And Fluid Science	108	2066	13416
International Journal of Multiphase Flow	42	1004	12058
International Journal of Thermal Sciences	22	520	7760
Applied Thermal Engineering	41	584	6988
Journal of Heat Transfer-Transactions of The ASME	23	356	5304
International Journal of Heat And Fluid Flow	14	459	4478
International Communications in Heat And Mass Transfer	15	158	4044
Heat Transfer Engineering	14	282	3702
Heat and Mass Transfer	12	48	2806
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research	11	402	2364
Physics of Fluids	7	25	2233
Microfluidics and Nanofluidics	3	41	2151
Chemical Engineering Journal	12	230	2143
Nuclear Engineering and Design	22	456	1902
Numerical Heat Transfer Part A-Applications	4	27	1796
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering	3	0	1765
International Journal Of Refrigeration-Revue Internationale Du Froid	10	155	1658
Chemical Engineering Research & Design	7	60	1623
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering	3	19	1601
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly	1	2	1018
Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer	5	30	1007
Chemical Papers	1	5	986
AICHE Journal	6	177	975
Applied Energy	3	74	855
Journal of Petroleum Science And Engineering	5	108	823
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering	2	1	801
Energies	5	12	771
Chemical Engineering Communications	3	19	761
Progress in Nuclear Energy	3	13	721
Journal of Flow Chemistry	2	20	592
Annals of Nuclear Energy	5	33	572
Physical Review Fluids	1	17	553
Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification	5	33	532
Chemical Engineering & Technology	4	171	517
Proceedings of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C-Journal of	3	20	509
Experimental Heat Transfer	4	14	508
Journal of Electronic Packaging	3	130	481
Meccanica	1	0	481
Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer	4	12	431
Experiments in Fluids	3	35	429
Journal of Fluids Engineering-Transactions of The ASME	2	28	428
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications	2	11	414
Journal Of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry	3	6	412
International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow	3	50	382
Cryogenics	2	49	369
Microelectronics Journal	2	7	338
Science and Technology for The Built Environment	1	10	326
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering	4	15	323
Flow Measurement and Instrumentation	2	13	308
Micromachines	2	12	304
RSC Advances	1	13	303
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	6	396	301
As a form of verification, Fig. 8 shows the network visualizations of the journals. This network is made up of 15 Clusters, 3001 links, and a total of 71812 link strength. The sources with the highest bibliographic coupling indices are organized into clusters such as the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (IJHM), Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Chemical Engineering Science (CES), and Applied Thermal Engineering (ATE). It is worth noting that IJHM, Experimental Heat Transfer (EHT), Energies, Journal of Thermal Science (JTS), Chemical Engineering Research (CER), and other journals are part of the major cluster of coupling strength.

4.1.3. Authors, affiliations, funding agencies, and collaboration networks

The threshold required for an author was 2 articles, which resulted in 392 authors out of the total of 2004 authors. The total strength of the bibliographic coupling links with other authors was computed for each of these 392 authors. The authors with the strongest links were chosen, as shown in Table 3 below. The network visualization of the bibliographic coupling of the author is shown in Fig. 9. This network has 381 authors, 10 clusters, and 29367 links, and a total link strength of 37506. This paints a picture of a very strong collaborative network among the authors. There is a major cluster of authors with high indices of bibliographic coupling. A thorough examination of the author sample reveals a concentration of authors within this major cluster.

Table 2

Bibliographic coupling analysis of the authors
Author	Documents	Citations	Total Link Strength
Fletcher, David F.	9	423	13403
Zhang, Jingzhi	11	81	12938
Gupta, Raghvendra	8	348	12067
Haynes, Brian S.	8	388	11358
Thome, J. R.	7	275	8636
Wang, Shuangfeng	14	196	8194
Magnini, M.	6	154	8136
Morales, Rigoberto E. M.	11	73	7926
Leung, Sharon S. Y.	5	225	7177
Li, Wei	5	69	7008
Thome, John R.	10	444	6961
Muzychka, Y. S.	6	202	6561
Raju, V. R. K.	3	7	5787
Vivekanand, S. V. B.	3	7	5787
Ganapathy, Harish	4	92	5588
Kocabiyik, S.	3	146	5373
Talimi, V.	3	146	5373
Khandekar, Sameer	7	92	5121
Al-Hajri, Ebrahim	3	78	4887
Garimella, Suresh V.	6	143	4874
Shikazono, Naoki	7	237	4800
Bassani, Carlos L.	7	50	4711
Mehta, Balkrishna	4	81	4529
Garimella, Srinivas	6	48	4406
Magnini, Mirco	3	83	4367
Wang, Xinyu	4	9	4114
Ohadi, Michael M.	3	54	4068
Han, Youngbae	6	236	4054
Chen, Jinfang	5	81	3736
Marcelino Neto, Moises A.	4	12	3695
Weibel, Justin A.	4	30	3650
Xu, Jinliang	7	66	3602
Wu, Zan	5	24	3594
Wongwises, Somchai	9	303	3544
Asadolahi, Azadeh N.	2	116	3417
Shemer, L	6	339	3403
Hampel, Uwe	7	150	3295
He, Kui	5	65	3266
Kesana, Netaji R.	5	128	3208
Mclaury, Brenton S.	5	128	3208

Similarly, Fig. 10 emphasizes the affiliations' bibliographic coupling. A minimum of 5 articles per affiliation was set as the criterion, and 54 of the 566 affiliations meet this criterion. Table 3 shows the affiliations with the highest bibliographic coupling indices. However, see Fig. 11 for affiliations with the highest research output. Figure 12 also depicts the network diagram for the affiliation's bibliographic coupling. The 54 institutions are made up of 12 clusters that form 1237 links with a total link strength of 41170. It highlights the affiliations' collaborative network.

Except for the Warsaw University of Technology, these institutions have a very strong collaborative network, as illustrated in Fig. 10. This may be due to the nature of the research conducted at that institution. Purdue University, Purdue University System, and Purdue University West Lafayette Campus are at the top of the list in terms of research output, with 28 publications each. The Indian Institute of Technology comes in with 26 publications (see Fig. 11). The People's Republic of China (PRC) has the highest combined research output, with the South China University of Technology producing 23 publications, followed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the China University of Petroleum, with 22 and 21 publications, respectively.

Table 3

Bibliographic coupling analysis of affiliations
Organization	Documents	Citations	Total Link Strength
Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne	18	746	5543
Univ Sydney	9	423	4443
Purdue Univ	26	607	4144
Indian Inst Technol	17	335	3994
Univ Maryland	8	295	3600
Shandong Univ	11	34	3388
Petr Inst	6	243	3086
Zhejiang Univ	6	80	2859
Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ	22	280	2719
Mem Univ Newfoundland	9	285	2630
Natl Inst Technol	5	41	2164
Univ Tokyo	11	305	2132
Univ Nottingham	14	214	2094
South China Univ Technol	14	98	2071
Georgia Inst Technol	9	132	1960
Tsinghua Univ	15	167	1702
Tel Aviv Univ	14	410	1679
Chinese Acad Sci	15	245	1587
Xi An Jiao Tong Univ	15	201	1570
Univ Limerick	6	226	1528
Univ Ljubljana	5	190	1472
North China Elect Power Univ	7	38	1471
S China Univ Technol	9	146	1400
Univ Tulsa	9	162	1346
Fed Univ Technol Parana Utfpr	7	41	1288
Harbin Engn Univ	7	48	1265
Univ Chinese Acad Sci	7	78	1260
Lund Univ	5	24	1239
Tianjin Univ	12	93	1167
Univ Los Andes	7	159	1160
China Univ Petr	15	100	1100
Nucl Power Inst China	6	46	1098
King Mongkuts Univ Technol Thonburi	8	274	1041
Univ Illinois	6	35	1019
Beijing Jiaotong Univ	7	52	997
Beijing Key Lab Flow & Heat Transfer Phase Changi	6	52	977
Eindhoven Univ Technol	9	236	969
Univ Bologna	9	169	838
Univ Fed Santa Catarina	6	67	678
Kobe Univ	6	23	655
China Univ Petr East China	6	32	654
Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf	6	67	588
Univ Estadual Campinas	6	73	531
Kyoto Univ	6	459	479
Katholieke Univ Leuven	5	59	440
Russian Acad Sci	5	17	426
Tu Dortmund Univ	5	118	410
Southeast Univ	5	35	324
Natl Tsing Hua Univ	5	136	262
Beijing Univ Technol	6	155	253
Korea Atom Energy Res Inst	5	57	242
Islamic Azad Univ	5	33	175
Warsaw Univ Technol	7	111	161
Mahasarakham Univ	5	71	62

Co-citation, as previously stated, is the frequency with which two articles are cited together. This frequency was calculated by comparing and counting identical entries in the lists of citing published articles in the SCI database. For the current study, networks of co-cited papers were created. The patterns for co-citation are found to differ significantly from bibliographic coupling patterns but are generally in agreement with direct citation patterns [2]. Clusters of co-cited papers offer a novel approach to studying science's specialty structure. The top co-cited authors are highlighted in Table 4, with a minimum of 2 citations per author. As a result, there are 9342 authors, but only 3481 authors meet the threshold for this calculation. The total strength of co-citation links with other authors was calculated for each of the 3481 authors, and the authors with the greatest link strength were chosen. As shown in Fig. 12, the network of co-citation of cited authors consists of 3475 items, 17 clusters, 164008 links, and a total link strength of 349527. The figure shows that there is a very strong collaborative network among authors.

Table 4

Co-citation analysis of the cited authors.
Author	Citations	Total Link Strength
Gupta, R	152	6056
Taitel, Y	185	5376
Kandlikar, Sg	165	5296
Kreutzer, Mt	117	4631
Thome, Jr	137	4517
Kashid, Mn	101	3788
Brackbill, Ju	93	3429
Triplett, Ka	95	3313
Taha, T	78	3289
Magnini, M	80	3124
Barnea, D	101	3018
Bretherton, Fp	77	3006
Qu, Wl	86	2943
Talimi, V	65	2859
Mishima, K	91	2787
Asadolahi, An	65	2726
Hetsroni, G	90	2683
Aussillous, P	64	2631
Han, Y	78	2621
Yue, J	59	2592
Abiev, Rs	62	2551
Ganapathy, H	42	2331
Hirt, Cw	56	2269
Revellin, R	73	2264
Leung, Ssy	55	2254
Chisholm, D	63	2205
Shao, N	52	2172
Dukler, Ae	63	2131
Ishii, M	83	2129

The network of cited source co-citations also includes 444 items, 10 clusters, 23222 links, and a total link strength of 355607. The International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (IJHM) ranks first with 2919 citations and a total link strength of 68901. As a result, the IJHM is the most productive and influential journal. The International Journal of Multiphase Flows is the second most influential journal, followed by Chemical Engineering Science, and Experimental Thermal Fluid Science (see Table 5). In the form of network analysis, Fig. 13 expands on the most influential sources/journals. It displays the connections between all of the journals that meet the calculation's threshold.

Table 5

Co-citation of the cited sources
Source	Citations	Total Link Strength
Int J Heat Mass Tran	2919	77702
Int J Multiphas Flow	2334	64288
Chem Eng Sci	1872	62582
Exp Therm Fluid Sci	835	26292
AICHE J	573	20339
J Heat Trans-T ASME	545	17273
Appl Therm Eng	571	16053
J Fluid Mech	425	14735
Ind Eng Chem Res	355	14722
Int J Heat Fluid Fl	424	14592
Chem Eng J	326	13285
J Comput Phys	337	13142
Int J Therm Sci	346	12472
Phys Fluids	291	10694
Heat Transfer Eng	298	10218
Nucl Eng Des	373	9775
Int J Refrig	279	8639
Lab Chip	203	8304
Microfluid Nanofluid	186	7956
Int Commun Heat Mass	208	7357
Chem Eng Res Des	181	7128
Thesis	185	5853
Chem Eng Process	136	5703
Flow Meas Instrum	174	5240
Chem Eng Technol	120	5169
Can J Chem Eng	129	4528
J Fluid Eng-T Asme	126	4287
Exp Fluids	128	4170
J Power Sources	146	3743
Powder Technol	125	3577
Ind Eng Chem Fund	103	3405
Heat Mass Transfer	90	3390
J Micromech Microeng	103	3325
Appl Energ	82	3263

The threshold for citations of a cited reference for the computations of the cited references was 5. The overall strength of co-citation links with other cited references was computed for each of the 444 cited references that meet the computational requirement. The highest total link strengths for the references were chosen. The topmost co-citations of cited references have been chosen as [80]–[83] (see Table 6). The network of cited reference co-citations consists of 759 items, 8 clusters, 41472 links, and a total link strength of 76247. (see Fig. 14).

Table 6

Co-citation analysis of the cited references.
Author (s)	Journal	Year	Citations	Total Link Strength
Brackbill et al. [80]	Journal of Computational Physics	1992	93	1918
Bretherton [81]	Journal of Fluid Mechanics	1961	77	1851
Aussillous and Quere [82]	Physics of Fluids	2000	64	1679
Triplett et al. [84]	International Journal of Multiphase Flow	1999	76	1471
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The distribution of countries researching heat transfer characteristics of Taylor flow is depicted in Fig. 15. It focuses on the most influential and productive countries in this field of study. The People's Republic of China (PRC) ranked first with a total research output of 231, followed by the United States, which ranked second with 128 publications. India and Germany came in second and third, with 49 and 43 publications, respectively. England is ranked fifth on the list, with 40 publications. Although the list includes both developed and developing countries, developed countries account for the majority of the top productive and impactful countries. This demonstrates that this field is still not widely conducted on a global scale.

Authors of publications are asked to include some terms or phrases that best define the document's content. In academic papers, these terms or phrases are known as keywords, and they are always considered vital and condensed material and important transmitters of scientific concepts, ideas, and knowledge in all fields of knowledge [123]. For this reason, we don't focus on the extraction of keywords, but rather on how keywords are used to track the development of a field's topics through time. Since the beginning of bibliometrics, keyword analysis has been a classic research topic in history [123] and has been carried out in many ways.

An in-depth examination of published papers' keywords is critical to better comprehend the current state of research in a certain field of study since they provide important information about the current state of the subject matter [124]. The vast majority of the keywords collected from the WoS database are linked to the current research topic. Table 8 lists the author's keywords and the frequency with which they appear. Co-occurrence analysis was performed using the author keyword, which was selected from a wide variety of terms. The keyword search carried out by the author can assist in the selection of important areas of study.

VoSviewer was used to perform a visual analysis of the author's keyword and co-occurrence data. Different study subjects are classified so that keywords that are related to each other can be linked. A significant shift can be observed in the most commonly used terms in recent years. A network representation of the author's keywords relevant to the current study is seen in Fig. 16, which is shown below. Analysis of the author's keywords found that several clusters were generated, with each cluster showing a specific study focus. There are 257 nodes in the network, 8 clusters, 7583 linkages, and a total link strength of 17096. Cluster 1 has 63 keywords, Cluster 2 has 59 keywords, and so on. Table 8 summarizes the various keywords and the occurrences of those terms.

This section highlights how keyword analysis might offer light on the main concentrations of this study domain. It further explores the occurrences on average for each one of those areas we identified. Keywords that appeared often in the articles we examined were also uncovered by our system of analysis. It is our aim that periodic bibliometric assessments of articles published in this study domain will continue to generate more data on the field's past and future for a clearer representation.

Table 8

Author keywords in heat transfer characteristics of Taylor bubbles
Keyword	Occurrences	Total Link Strength
Slug Flow	247	1678
Pressure-Drop	159	1238
2-Phase Flow	180	1207
Heat-Transfer	166	1094
Taylor Flow	94	760
Microchannels	94	735
Two-Phase Flow	111	699
Heat Transfer	84	609
Microchannel	69	578
Hydrodynamics	59	518
Model	82	513
Void Fraction	68	494
Flow Boiling	59	455
Flow Pattern	64	430
Patterns	57	423
Mass-Transfer	54	391
Water	52	378
Prediction	45	359
Pressure Drop	44	358
Bubbles	42	354
Pattern	47	351
Performance	57	344
Gas-Liquid Flow	50	343
Fluid	39	340
Evaporation	41	321
Tubes	44	318
Simulation	41	301
Velocity	41	298
Liquid 2-Phase Flow	33	287
Diameter	37	282
Multiphase Flow	38	282
Motion	35	281
Gas	34	276
Visualization	41	264
Transfer Model	28	259
Condensation	38	256
Part I	26	238
Numerical-Simulation	31	236
Bubble	30	222
Regimes	29	222
Numerical Simulation	26	201
Long Bubbles	22	200
Capillaries	20	198
Tube	27	182
Liquid	24	173
Volume	20	171
Part Ii	19	170
T-Junction	21	169
Deposition	17	166
Flux	20	160
Pipe	23	159
Channels	20	157
Segmented Flow	19	156
CFD	20	153
Taylor Bubble	22	153
Channel	22	147
Transport	23	142
General Correlation	17	135
Dynamics	20	134
Mini-Channel	14	130
Flow Patterns	23	128

The study complements the body of knowledge on the heat transfer characteristics of Taylor flow. These findings have implications for both industry and academia. The findings of this study, from the perspective of an industrial person, aid in making decisions. For the current bibliometric analysis, the WoSCC is the only source of data. Although the WoSCC is a valid and extensive database, it would be beneficial to expand it to include other databases, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and dimensions. This study only includes articles written in English; future research should include articles written in other languages.

An overview of research on heat transfer characteristics of Taylor flow was highlighted, including data on the number of papers published, publication count, most impactful authors, journals, affiliations, and countries. According to the descriptive findings, the annual growth rate in this field is 12.5-38.67%, indicating that there has been tremendous growth in research output since 2014. Furthermore, the majority of research in this field has been conducted in the fields of engineering, thermodynamics, mechanics, and physics. China and the United States lead in both quantitative and qualitative terms, with India trailing behind. As a result, the visualizations of keywords generated by VoSviewer using WoSCC demonstrates that this field has a great future in directions such as hydrodynamics, CFD, and machine learning. According to the journal quality analysis, the IJHMT, and CES have the best quality of published articles. Wang, Shuangfeng is clearly in the first place, with 14 publications. Despite China's dominance in this area around the world, Purdue University has the highest research outputs of any university in the world. In terms of country collaborations, China-USA is the world leader, with the highest overall research output. The National Natural Science Foundation is the largest funder of this research. It could be one of the reasons why China is the world leader in this field.

Supporting information

Supplementary information is available from the corresponding author.

Credit authorship contribution statement

Sidique Gawusu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Xiaobing Zhang: Conceptualization, Writing- review & editing: Rhoda Afriyie Mensah: Writing- review & editing. Oisik Das: Writing - review & editing. Ahmed Abubakari: Writing - review & editing, Investigation.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported here.

ATE Applied Thermal Engineering

CES Chemical Engineering Science

CER Chemical Engineering Research

CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

ETFS Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

EHT Experimental Heat Transfer

IJMF International Journal of Multiphase Flows

IJHMT International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

JTS Journal of Thermal Science

Nu Nusselt number

NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

NSFC National Natural Foundation of China

RS Rough Set

SCI Science Citation Index

PRC the Peoples' Republic of China

USA United States of America

VOF Volume of Fluid

WoSCC Web of Science Core Collection

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Hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of Taylor flow in pipelines: An extensive bibliometric analysis

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Abstract

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1. Introduction

2. Brief Overview Of Related Literature

3. Bibliometric Analysis

3.1. Methodological framework

4. Results

4.1. Bibliographic coupling, and co-citation

4.1.1. Articles

4.1.2. Journals

4.1.3. Authors, affiliations, funding agencies, and collaboration networks

5. Frequent Keywords Extraction

6. Research Implications And Limitations

7. Conclusions

Declarations

Nomenclature

References

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