Efficacy of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for cancer prognosis in elderly patients with colon cancer: A single center propensity score-matched analysis

Abstract

Background

The prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been studied for several cancers, including colon cancer. Elderly patients in general tend to have comorbidities, poor performance status, and decreased organ function that potentially influence the NLR score. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between NLR and cancer prognosis in elderly patients with colon cancer, using a propensity score-matched analysis.

Methods

A total of 203 patients aged over 75 years who underwent curative resection for colon cancer and were diagnosed pathologically with stage II/III disease were eligible for entry to the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to NLR score: NLR-High (NLR ≥ 4.5) group (NLR-H, n = 60) and NLR-Low (NLR < 4.5) group (NLR-L, n = 143). After propensity score matching, 57 patients in each group were matched.

Results

Before matching, ASA-PS (p = 0.002) and the presence of comorbidities (80.0% vs. 58.1%, p = 0.003) were significantly poor in the NLR-H group. After matching, all factors were similar between the groups. The median follow-up period was 43 months (range, 1–160 months). The 5-year RFS was significantly lower in the NLR-H group (65.6% vs. 85.8%, p = 0.001) after matching. The 5-year relapse-free-survival (69.8% vs. 87.3%, p = 0.030) and cancer-specific-survival (83.0% vs. 96.0%, p = 0.042) were significantly lower in the NLR-H group.

Conclusions

NLR appears to be a prognostic marker in elderly patients with colon cancer.

Introduction

The incidence of colon cancer (CC) continues to increase, and is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide [1]. The prognosis in CC has recently improved due to advances in surgical techniques and chemotherapy [2, 3]. Therefore, it is crucial to obtain appropriate staging and prognostic scores to decide the optimal treatment strategy and thus improve cancer prognosis [4, 5].

Inflammation-based score (IBS) has recently been reported as a prognostic marker for various cancers [6–8]. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an IBS calculated as the serum neutrophil count divided by the lymphocyte count [9]. A correlation of NLR with survival outcomes has been reported in various types of cancer, including lung, renal, and gastrointestinal cancers [9]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no large-scale prospective studies or randomized controlled trials. In addition, the uni- and multi-variate analysis used in previous studies led to potential confounding factors and selection bias [10].

With aging of the population, the number of elderly patients with cancer has increased [11]. In general, elderly patients tend to have more comorbidities, worse performance status, and decreased organ function compared with younger patients [12, 13]. These conditions can potentially influence systemic inflammation and malnutrition and also affect the IBS, including NLR [13]. Furthermore, the incidence of non-cancer deaths increases as patients age [14, 15]. Few studies have examined the efficacy of IBS for prognosis of colon cancer in elderly patients.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between NLR and cancer prognosis in elderly patients with colon cancer.

Material And Methods

We retrospectively investigated patients with colon cancer aged > 75 years who underwent curative surgery and were pathologically diagnosed with stage II or stage III disease at Nagasaki University Hospital between April 2008 and December 2018. In this study, colon cancer was defined for tumors located between the cecum and the sigmoid. The exclusion criteria were incomplete laboratory data, neoadjuvant treatment, elective stoma construction, and emergency surgery. A final total of 203 patients were eligible for analysis. This study was reviewed and approved by the Clinical Research Review Board of Nagasaki University Hospital.

NLR is calculated as the serum neutrophil count (/mm³) divided by the serum lymphocyte count (/mm³). A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the optimal cut-off value of NLR. Patients were divided into two groups according to NLR score: NLR-High group (NLR-H, n = 60) and NLR-Low group (NLR-L, n = 143).

Propensity score matching was applied to minimize selection bias and balance covariates that could affect long-term outcomes. The following covariates were included in the score matching: age, sex, BMI, comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA-PS), and clinical T/N status. Nearest-neighbor matching was performed in a 1:1 ratio, with the caliper set at 0.25. Finally, 57 patients in each group were matched.

To compare the clinical features between two groups, the following data were collected: sex, age at operation, body mass index (BMI), ASA-PS, comorbidities, past history of abdominal surgery, tumor location, surgical approach, multivisceral resection, clinical T/N status, and laboratory data (neutrophils, lymphocytes). Perioperative data including operation time, estimated blood loss, pathological T/N status, histological type, tumor size, lympho-vascular invasion, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, and the presence or absence of adjuvant chemotherapy were also collected. Pathological classification and staging were determined according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria. Complications experienced within 30 days of surgery were defined as postoperative complications.

Patients diagnosed with pathological stage III disease received 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy within 2 months of the initial surgery. The indication for adjuvant chemotherapy and the type of adjuvant chemotherapy regimen depended on the patient’s performance status, patient’s choice, and the out-patient doctor’s decision. Patients were followed up every 3 months during the five years after surgery. Blood tests including tumor markers were performed every three months. Chest and abdominal CT were performed every 6 months.

Statistical analysis was performed using Bell Curve for Excel software, version 2.02 (Social Survey Research Information Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The data are presented as median values with ranges. Differences in categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. Differences in continuous variables were analyzed with the Mann–Whitney U-test. Relapse-free survival (RFS) was defined as the time from surgery to the appearance of new recurrent metastases or death. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from surgery to death or to the last follow-up visit. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was defined as the time from surgery to cancer-related death or last follow-up visit. RFS, OS, and CSS were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Differences between groups were tested for significance using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis using a Cox hazards model was performed to identify independent prognostic markers in patients with pathological stage II/III colon cancer. Clinical variables with a p value < 0.20 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. All p values < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Figure 1 shows the ROC curve of NLR for RFS. The area under the curve was 0.588, and NLR of 3.0 had the highest sensitivity (64.2) and specificity (54.8).

Figure 2 shows survival curves for the NLR-H and NLR-L groups. The median follow-up period was 43 months (1–160 months). Five-year RFS was significantly lower in the NLR-H group (NLR-H; 65.6% vs. NLR-L; 85.8%, p = 0.001) (Fig. 2a). Five-year OS (NLR-H; 75.6% vs. NLR-L; 89.3%, p = 0.103) and CSS (NLR-H; 84.6% vs. NLR-L; 95.3%, p = 0.065) were similar between the groups (Fig. 2b, c).

Clinical differences between the NLR-H and NLR-L groups are presented in Table 1. Before matching, ASA-PS (p = 0.002) and the presence of comorbidities (NLR-H; 80.0% vs. NLR-L; 58.1%, p = 0.003) were significantly poor in the NLR-H group. Other factors such as sex, age, BMI, past history of abdominal surgery, tumor location, surgical approach, multivisceral resection, and clinical T/N status were similar between the groups. After matching, all factors were similar between the groups. Regarding laboratory data, serum neutrophil count was higher and serum lymphocyte count was lower in the NLR-H group, both before and after propensity score matching. 

Table 2 shows a comparison of perioperative characteristics between the NLR-H and NLR-L groups. Operation time, blood loss, pathological T/N status, histological type, tumor size, lympho-vascular invasion, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, and adjuvant chemotherapy were similar between the groups, before and after matching.

Figure 3 shows survival curves for the NLR-H and NLR-L groups after propensity score matching. Five-year RFS (NLR-H; 69.8% vs. NLR-L; 87.3%, p = 0.030) and CSS (NLR-H; 83.0% vs. NLR-L; 96.0%, p = 0.042) were significantly lower in the NLR-H group (Fig. 3a, c). Five-year OS was similar between the groups (NLR-H; 73.6% vs. NLR-L; 92.1%, p = 0.124) (Fig. 3b).

Table 3 lists the sites of recurrence in the matched groups. Recurrence occurred in 16 patients in the NLR-H group (28.1%) and in 9 patients in the NLR-L group (15.8%). The sites of recurrence were the liver (n = 8), lung (n = 2), local (n = 3), paraaortic lymph nodes (n = 2), and peritoneal carcinomatosa (n = 1) in the NLR-H group; and the liver (n = 5), lung (n = 2), local (n = 1), and peritoneal carcinomatosa (n = 1) in the NLR-L group. There was no significant difference in recurrence site between the groups (p = 0.723).

Discussion

We examined the correlation between NLR and cancer-related prognosis after colectomy for elderly stage II/III CC patients using propensity score matching. Before matching, ASA-PS was worse and the presence of comorbidities was higher in the NLR-H group than the NLR-L group. After matching, the background was similar between the groups. Five-year RFS and CSS were significantly lower in the NLR-H group.

Systemic inflammation and malnutrition are important patient-related factors that affect cancer prognosis [16, 17]. Neutrophil count is usually elevated in systemic inflammation, and lymphocyte count is often low when immunity is depressed [18]. Low lymphocyte levels reportedly correlate with poor prognosis; in addition, neutrophilia suppresses lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis and is also associated with poor prognosis [19, 20]. NLR utilizes two factors (neutrophil/lymphocyte count) and high NLR score is reported to correlate with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer [21–23].

In general, the various comorbidities and the performance status of elderly patients are considered to be heterogeneous [12]. In addition, elderly patients have a greater tendency than younger patients to die from non-cancer causes [14, 15]. A correlation has also been reported between NLR and non-cancer death from such as cardiovascular disease and pulmonary disease [18, 24].

Few reports have examined the correlation between NLR and prognosis in elderly patients with colorectal cancer [25]. Cruz-Ramos and colleagues assessed the impact of NLR on prognosis in patients aged over 65 years with colorectal cancer, and found that NLR-H was correlated with worse outcome in terms of RFS (10 months vs. 16 months, p = 0.002) and OS (20 months vs. 26 months, p = 0.002), which was in agreement with previous results [25]. However, that study examined only patients with metastatic CRC, who vary in their general condition because of the influence of systemic chemotherapy and the degree of disease progression. Furthermore, their study examined RFS and OS, but not CSS. In the present study, we examined elderly CC patients who underwent curative resection and were diagnosed with stage II/III disease pathologically. In addition, we used propensity score matching analysis to minimize background selection bias. Our results showed poor RFS and CSS in the NLR-H group after matching. This finding suggests that NLR is a potential prognostic factor even in elderly patients with CC.

A previous study of colorectal cancer patients identified an NLR cut-off value ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 using ROC curve analysis [26]. The heterogeneity of the cut-off value might be due to tumor stage, tumor location (colon or rectum), and patient background. An optimal cut-off value has not yet been established. In the present study, we used a cut-off value of 4.5, which is higher than those used in previous reports [26]. One possible explanation for the discrepancy is the gradual change in blood cells with aging [27]. The number and percentage of lymphocytes decrease along with the reduction in lymphoid tissue that occurs with age [27]. Furthermore, the elderly have high rates of comorbidities that increase production of inflammatory cytokines, leading to neutrophilia. Large-scale studies that examine age-stratified cut-off values for NLR are necessary.

A previous study that reported NLR as a predictor of the recurrence pattern of colorectal cancer [28]. Verter and colleagues examined the correlation between NLR and the survival/recurrence pattern in patients with R0 resection after colorectal cancer liver metastasis [28]. Median OS (3.8 years vs. 5.2 years, p = 0.01) and RFS (0.8 years vs. 1.2 years, p = 0.049) were significantly shorter in the NLR-H group compared with the NLR-L group. In terms of recurrence pattern, recurrence with an extrahepatic pattern (but not intrahepatic pattern) was higher in the NLR-H group (p = 0.03). They hypothesized that high NLR was a surrogate marker for aggressive systemic disease, which in turn is correlated with high risk of extrahepatic recurrence. In the present study, there was no significant difference in recurrence pattern between the NLR-H and NLR-L groups (p = 0.723). These conflicting results might be due to the small number of patients with recurrence. However, recurrence was significantly higher in the NLR-H group, and NLR-H was clearly correlated with aggressive tumor progression.

Several guidelines recommend adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection to improve prognosis in pathological stage III patients, even in elderly patients [29–31]. In our study, no significant difference was found in RFS, OS, or CSS in terms of the presence or absence of adjuvant chemotherapy (Supple Fig. 1a–c). Indeed, due to the age of the patients, there were few pathological stage III patients in the present study and only a small number of stage III patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, which would have influenced the results. However, adjuvant chemotherapy tended to improve CSS in the NLR-H group (Supple Fig. 1d–f). NLR could be a surrogate marker for selecting candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy among elderly patients with pathological stage III CC.

There were several limitations in this study. First, the study was a retrospective, single center study, and we enrolled only a small number of patients. Second, the choice of whether or not to perform adjuvant chemotherapy and selection of the chemo-regimen was at the discretion of the surgeon. Third, there was no significant correlation between IBS using C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or albumin including prognostic nutritional index (PNI), CRP to Albumin ratio (CAR), modified Glasgow prognostic index (mGPS) and cancer prognosis (Supple Fig. 2a–i). Close correlations of CRP and albumin to production of inflammatory cytokines and malnutrition have been reported [32]. It has also been shown that CRP/albumin-based IBSs such as PNI, CAR, and mGPS were closely correlated with prognosis in colorectal cancer patients [8, 32]. However, these scores were not correlated with prognosis in the present study, possibly because our study only included patients who underwent surgery. Before surgery, we could improve their general condition and nutritional status to enable them to better tolerate invasive surgery. Indeed, serum CRP/albumin levels were normal in most patients, and the median status of CRP was 0.12 (range, 0.01–11) and of albumin was 4.0 (2.0–5.0), which might have influenced the results.

Conclusion

In conclusion, NLR shows potential as a prognostic marker in elderly patients with CC. This score might also be suitable as a surrogate marker for selecting candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank FORTE (www.forte-science.co.jp) for assistance with English language editing.

Funding

No funds, grants, or other support was received

Conflict of interest

All authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethics approval

This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes, and was reviewed and approved by the Clinical Research Review Board of Nagasaki University Hospital. The approve number is 16062715-5.

Consent

Informed consent was obtained as part of routine care from all individual participants included in the study.

Author Contributions

Tetsuro Tominaga designed the study and analyzed the data. Takashi Nonaka, Shosaburo Oyama, Yuma Takamura, Shintaro Hashimoto, and Toshio Shiraishi performed surgery. Terumitsu Sawai and Takeshi Nagayasu supervised this study.

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