Study on Fish Species Diversity and Water Quality Analysis in Zhalong Wetland

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1638828/v1

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Study on Fish Species Diversity and Water Quality Analysis in Zhalong Wetland

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1638828/v1

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Zhalong wetland is one of the most important wetland reserves in the world. Endangered wild animals and plants such as red crowned cranes and wild soybeans live here. In order to understand the structural characteristics of fish community in Zhalong wetland and its relationship with water environmental factors, 24 sampling points were set up in Zhalong wetland for three times in May, August and October 2021. A total of 22 species, 20 genera, 8 families and 4 orders were caught, which were divided into 7 functional groups, of which PI functional group was significantly dominant. In addition, the fish species diversity Shannon-Wiener index of Zhalong wetland is the highest in autumn, which is 1.95. The second highest in summer is 1.86. The lowest level is 1.65 in spring. Pielou evenness index reached its peak in autumn, 0.64, reached its lowest level in summer, 0.59 and 0.61 in spring. Through RDA analysis, five-day biochemical oxygen demand and nitrate nitrogen are the main positive correlation environmental factors, Cl⁻, conductivity, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and total nitrogen are the main negative correlation environmental factors, and other factors are also correlated, but relatively insignificant.

Zhalong wetland

fish

functional groups

water quality evaluation

environmental factor

Due to global climate change, economic and social development and human disturbance, the global ecological environment is seriously damaged. Global biodiversity is being seriously threatened and gradually lost. The loss rate of aquatic biodiversity is much higher than that of terrestrial biodiversity, which is the most disturbed(Dudgeon et al.2006).Within the 10-year action plan of the United Nations "water for life" (2005–2015), the protection of aquatic biodiversity is particularly important. As an important means of aquatic biodiversity protection, water ecosystem health and water resources management, aquatic organism water quality evaluation has been adopted by many European countries(Núria Bonada et al.2006;Dudgeon et al.2006).

Wetland is the most biodiversity ecosystem in nature and one of the important living environments for human beings. It has many ecological functions, such as water purification, climate regulation, nitrogen fixation and oxygen release(Xiao et al.2022).In addition, wetlands can provide habitat for a large number of organisms and have high biodiversity. Wetlands, which occupy only 6% of the earth's surface area, provide habitat for 20% of the world's organisms(Xu 2008).

Zhalong wetland is one of the most important wetland reserves in the world, where endangered wild animals and plants such as red crowned cranes and wild soybeans live(Gong et al.2021;Wu et al.2021).At the same time, it plays an important role in regulating the climate and maintaining ecological balance.

Zhalong wetland is located in the lower reaches of Wuyuer River in Songnen Plain in the west of Heilongjiang Province, covering an area of 210000 hectares. It is a wetland type protection area for the protection of rare waterfowls such as red crowned cranes and their ecosystems. Zhalong wetland is an alluvial landform of river lake facies, with many swamps, low-lying and flat terrain and rich fish resources. However, due to the construction of reservoirs in the upper reaches of the river, the wetland area in the reserve is greatly reduced, aquatic animals and plants are seriously threatened, and fish resources are greatly reduced. Moreover, recreational fishing and ecotourism activities carried out in the reserve, as well as unreasonable fishing behaviors of community residents, will lead to the reduction of fish resources and biodiversity. Therefore, studying the composition, biomass and dynamic changes of fish resources in Zhalong wetland is the basic premise for formulating fish management and protection policies in Zhalong wetland.

Fish and other aquatic organisms are the main food sources of wetland birds. Changes in the population and community structure of fish and other aquatic organisms will directly affect the changes of wetland birds and biodiversity. Any change of wetland ecosystem will affect the physiological function, species abundance, population density and community structure of aquatic organisms. Aquatic organisms are very sensitive to the changes of wetland environment. The biological monitoring method with fish, plankton and macrobenthic invertebrates as the main objects is still the main research method of wetland ecosystem monitoring and evaluation(Zhou and Wan 2018).At present, the research on Zhalong wetland mainly focuses on wetland birds, wetland water volume and wetland water environment protection. The monitoring of fish and other aquatic biological resources is still basically blank. Therefore, this paper samples and investigates Zhalong Wetland in order to provide reference and help for the natural environmental protection of Zhalong wetland.

Study area and sampling sites

The study was conducted in Zhalong wetland which lies on E123°51′30″ ~ E124°37′30″,N46°48′00″~N47°31′30″ in China.The total area is 210000 hectares(Wan 2021).

Zhalong Wetland belongs to the continental monsoon climate in the middle temperate zone. The main climate characteristics are: long winter, dry and windy spring, hot and rainy summer, cool autumn and early frost. But it has obvious continental climate characteristics. The annual average temperature is 3.5℃, and the annual heat resources are not abundant. The average accumulated temperature with daily average temperature ≥ 5.0℃ is 3040℃, and the number of days is 178; 222 days in winter; The annual average total solar radiation is 519 kJ/cm², the annual average total sunshine hours are 2864, the maximum monthly radiation is in June, the minimum is in December, and the annual amplitude is more than 46 kJ/cm²; The seasonal radiation amount is the most in summer, followed by spring, and then autumn and winter. The average annual precipitation is 416.5mm, and the annual evaporation is 1336 mm, which is 3.2 times of the precipitation. The evaporation from April to June is 691.2 mm, accounting for 51.7% of the whole year. The annual drying index (k value) is 1.1 ~ 1.3(Lv 2021).Zhalong Wetland inhabits many rare waterfowls dominated by cranes. Its unique geographical location and typical wetland ecosystem make it an important breeding ground and habitat for birds in Northeast China, and plays an important role in crane protection and wetland protection in the world. In this sampling process, a total of 24 sampling points were set for sample collection(Fig. 1, Table 1).

Table 1

Information of sampling sites in Zhalong Wetland
Sampling sites	Coordinate	Sampling sites	Coordinate
1#	47°12'24"N,124°13'29"E	13#	47°16'47"N,124°18'55"E
2#	47°10'44"N,124°13'5"E	14#	47°18'9"N,124°17'7"E
3#	47°12'22"N,124°13'5"E	15#	47°20'47"N,124°19'27"E
4#	47°10'50"N,124°7'16"E	16#	47°18'15"N,124°28'12"E
5#	47°10'17"N,124°12'9"E	17#	47°18'17"N,124°27'58"E
6#	47°10'32"N,124°13'39"E	18#	47°19'44"N,124°27'7"E
7#	47°10'48"N,124°13'17"E	19#	47°18'8"N,124°27'37"E
8#	47°10'29"N,124°12'51"E	20#	47°18'3"N,124°29'46"E
9#	47°17'48"N,124°9'59"E	21#	47°18'41"N,124°31'21"E
10#	47°16'47"N,124°11'18"E	22#	47°17'52"N,124°30'20"E
11#	47°15'17"N,124°13'49"E	23#	47°16'41"N,124°31'57"E
12#	47°17'0"N,124°17'2"E	24#	47°21'45"N,124°22'47"E

List and functional group division of Zhalong fish

As shown in Table 2, according to the research of Ding B.Q., they are divided into herbivores(HE),insectivores(IN),phytoplanktivores(PH),zooplanktivores(ZO),benthivores(BE),omnivores(OM) and piscivores(PI) based on their feeding habits.

Table 2

Classification of fish functional groups in Zhalong Wetland
Functional group	Feeding habbits	Catch
Herbivores(HE)	Aquatic plant	Ctenopharyngodon idellus,Rhodeus sericeus
Insectivores(IN)	Aquatic insect	Phoxinus percnurus,Misgurnus bipartitus
Phytoplanktivores(PH)	Phytoplankton	Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Zooplanktivores(ZO)	Zooplankton	Aristichthys nobilis
Benthivores(BE)	Benthos	Hemiculter leucisculus,Saurogobio dabryi,Pseudorasbora parva,Cobitis lutheri,Misgurnus mohoity,Nemacheilus toni,Cobitis granoci
Omnivores(OM)	Omnivorous food	Cyprinus carpio,Carassius auratus gibelio,Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
Piscivores(PI)	Carnivorous	Lampetra reissneri,Culter alburnus,Silurus asotus,Perccottus glehni,Channa argus,Siniperca chuatsi

Sample collection and analysis

The sampling points of Zhalong wetland were sampled three times in May, August and October 2021. Based on the principle of Manual For Investigation of Fishery Natural Resources In Inland Waters(Zhang et al.1993),identification and retrieval of fish species were carried out with Fish Records of Heilongjiang Province and Retrieval of Freshwater Fish In China(Zhu 1995).The gill net with a length of 40m is used when sampling fish samples. It is set at about 18:00 on the first day. Statistics and relevant indicators are measured after 24 hours. Determine various environmental factors such as Total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand((COD_Cr)) according to the Monitoring and Analysis Methods For Water and Wastewater of China environmental monitoring station.The multi parameter water quality analyzer (YSI 6600,YSI Inc.,USA) is used to measure the water temperature(WT), conductivity(Con), turbidity (NTU), pH, chloride ion concentration(Cl⁻) and other environmental factors(Pan 2019).

This paper uses Shannon-Weaver diversity index to calculate biodiversity, and uses diversity index and Pielou index to analyze water ecological health.Shannon-Weaver diversity index can be used to calculate biodiversity(Shannon 1949).

\(H{\prime }=\sum _{i=1}^{s}{P}_{i}{log}_{2}{\text{P}}_{\text{i}}\) (Eq. 1)

Where S represents the total number of species, i represents the i-th species, and P represents the ratio of individual number to total number.

Pielou evenness can be used to analyze water ecological health(Ludwing 1988).

\(\text{J}=\frac{{H}^{\text{'}}}{lnN}\) (Eq. 2)

Where N represents the sum of the numbers of all species, and H 'represents the Shannon Weaver diversity index.Table 3 below shows the water quality evaluating criteria based on the diversity indices.

Dominant species are determined according to the occurrence frequency and individual number of species, expressed by dominance.

IRI _i =( \(\frac{{n}_{i}}{N}\) + \(\frac{{w}_{i}}{W}\) )*f _i (Eq. 3)

N_i is the relative abundance of species i, n_i is the mantissa of the i-th species, N is the total mantissa of all fish collected,w_i is the relative weight of the i-th species,W is the total weight of all fish collected, IRI_i is the dominance of the i-th species, and the formula is the frequency of this species at each sampling time. The species with IRI_i>1000 are the dominant species;100 ~ 1000 were identified as important species;10 ~ 100 were identified as common species < 10 is classified as rare species.(Pinkas 1971)

Table 3

Diversity Index Water Quality Evaluation Standard
Index	Pollution index
Shanno-Weaver diversity index(\({H}^{\text{'}}\))	0–1 Severe pollution	1–3 Moderate pollution	>3 Light pollution
Pielou evenness index(J)	0-0.3 Severe pollution	0.3–0.5 Moderate pollution	0.5–0.8 Light pollution

Data analyses

In order to facilitate statistical calculation and make the data more consistent with and tend to normal distribution, the physical and chemical data are processed with formula log₁₀(x + 1), and then Pearson correlation analysis is used to study the interaction between different fish functional groups. Canoco for windows 4.5 software (Microcomputer Power, New York, USA)can perform redundancy analysis on fish population data and relevant physical and chemical factor data.Monte Carlo simulations with 499 permutations were used to test the significance of the physical–chemical variables in explaining the biomass of phytoplankton functional groups data in the RDA. Figures were drawn using Word Processing System(Kingsoft Office,Beijing,CN).

Species composition and dominant species of main fish

A total of 22 species of catches were identified in this survey, belonging to 4 orders,8 families,20 genera and 22 species,which were divided into 7 functional groups (Table 4),of which the number of fish species of Cyprinidae was the largest, accounting for 50%;Cobitidae took the second place, accounting for 22.7%;There are six families with one species, accounting for the least,accounting for 4.5%.They are Petromyzonidae,Siluridae,Bagridae,Odontobutidae,Channidae and Percichthyidae respectively.According to the frequency and abundance of fish, the dominance of each fish species can be calculated.In spring,the dominant species are Carassius auratus gibelio and Phoxinus percnurus.In summer,the dominant species are Carassius auratus gibelio,Phoxinus percnurus and Perccottus glehni.In winter, the dominant species are Carassius auratus gibelio,Phoxinus percnurus,Perccottus glehni and Channa argus(Table 5).

Table 4

List of fish in Zhalong Wetland
Serial number	Latin name	Functional group
One	FETROMYZONIFQRMES
(One)	Petromyzonidae
1	Lampetra reissneri	PI
Two	CYPRINIFORMES
(Two)	Cyprinidae
2	Hypophthalmichthys molitrix	PH
3	Aristichthys nobilis	ZO
4	Carassius auratus gibelio	OM
5	Cyprinus carpio	OM
6	Ctenopharyngodon idellus	HE
7	Hemiculter leucisculus	BE
8	Culter alburnus	PI
9	Rhodeus sericeus	HE
10	Saurogobio dabryi	BE
11	Pseudorasbora parva	BE
12	Phoxinus percnurus	IN
(Three)	Cobitidae
13	Cobitis lutheri	BE
14	Misgurnus mohoity	BE
15	Misgurnus bipartitus	IN
16	Nemacheilus toni	BE
17	Cobitis granoci	BE
Three	SILURIFORMES
(Four)	Siluridae
18	Silurus asotus	PI
(Five)	Bagridae
19	Pelteobagrus fulvidraco	OM
Four	PERCIFORMES
(Six)	Odontobutidae
20	Perccottus glehni	PI
(Seven)	Channidae
21	Channa argus	PI
(Eight)	Percichthyidae
22	Siniperca chuatsi	PI
total	22 species,20 genera,8 families,4 orders

Table 5

dominant fish species in Zhalong Wetland in each season
Dominant species of fish	Spring	Summer	Autumn
Carassius auratus gibelio	3536	2568	3856
Phoxinus percnurus	2954	1453	1822
Channa argus	-	-	3752
Perccottus glehni	-	1712	2423

Biomass and abundance

The fish abundance and biomass of Zhalong Wetland fluctuate greatly according to different sampling points(Fig. 2).Among the average values of 24 sampling points in Zhalong Wetland in three seasons, the highest abundance is 1# sampling point, which is 83.3 ind/L,and the second highest abundance is 3# sampling point,which is 36.27 ind/L.The 8# abundance at the sampling point is the lowest,which is 3.75 ind/L.The seasonal average value of biomass of 22# reached the highest level,130.75 mg/L, followed by 12# sampling point,97.45mg/l, and the lowest is 21# sampling point, 20.1mg/L.

Classification of fish functional groups

A total of 22 species of fish were identified in 24 sampling points of Zhalong wetland. It is divided into 7 functional groups. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that PI functional group is significantly dominant in the fish functional group of Zhalong wetland.

Water quality evaluation results

The fish diversity index of Zhalong wetland is as follows (Fig. 4).According to the figure, the Shannon-Weaver index in autumn is the highest,which is 1.95.The second highest Shannon-Weaver index is 1.86, which is taken from the index in summer.The lowest level is 1.65 in spring. Pielou evenness index reached its peak in autumn,0.64, and reached its lowest level in summer,0.59.

According to the evaluation results of fish diversity index,Shannon-Weaver index shows that the water quality of Zhalong wetland has reached the level of medium pollution in the three seasons. The evaluation results of Pielou evenness index show that in the three seasons, the water quality is at the level of mild pollution, but close to moderate pollution.

RDA analysis results

Indirect gradient DCA analysis of species data shows that the experimental data is suitable for linear model (RDA) analysis. After analyzing the relationship between fish functional groups and water environmental factors using canoco 4.5 software, the results are shown in Fig. 5.

It can be seen from Table 6 that the first axis and the second axis explain 32.8% of the cumulative change rate of species. As shown in Fig. 5, in axis 1, BOD5 (0.286) is the main positive correlation factor, Cl⁻ (-0.540) and conductivity (CON) (− 0.522) have strong negative correlation. In axis 2, NH₄⁺-N (0.297) has a positive correlation, and the main negative correlation factors are TP (0.563), DO (0.495) and TN (0.421). The correlation of other physical and chemical factors is not significant.

NO₃-N and pH are the main positive correlation factors of functional group OM and PI,NH₄⁺-N is the main positive correlation factor of functional group IN, TN, TP and DO are the main positive correlation factors of functional group ZO, and conductivity and NTU are the main positive correlation factors of functional group HE and PH. Environmental factors Cl⁻ and WT were negatively correlated with functional groups IN, BE, OM, PI and ZO.

Table 6

RDA analysis results of fish functional groups
Axis	Eigenvalue	Species-environment correlations	Cumulative percentage variance of species data	Cumulative percentage variance of species-environment relation
1	0.175	0.788	17.5	34.1
2	0.153	0.845	32.8	64
3	0.089	0.717	41.7	81.2
4	0.054	0.536	47.1	91.8

Relationship between fish diversity and water environment and ecological health system

As an important ecological group in freshwater ecosystem, fish is an important link of material circulation and energy transfer, which has extremely important ecological research significance. Some studies have shown that the distribution law of fishery biological communities is closely related to the changes of ecological environment, and there is also a strong correlation between the living environment and periodic movement habits of dominant species of different populations(Gao et al.2019;Li et al.2011).Therefore,the changes of fish diversity and community distribution affect the biological community structure in the whole water ecological environment to a certain extent,so as to regulate the ecological health of water environment.

Compared with other areas, there are fewer fish species in Zhalong wetland, which may be due to the fact that the fish species in the water body are not fully caught during sampling, with a little deviation(Hu et al.2021).Even in the same water body, the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other physical and chemical factors of different water environments will be different. The food source and habitat that can be provided to fish are also different.Among the three landforms of Zhalong wetland, wet meadow,lake water and reed swamp, the functional group OM is mostly distributed in the wet meadow, the functional groups HE and IN are mostly located in the lake water, the functional area ZO is mostly located in the reed swamp, the functional groups PH and PI are distributed, and the functional group BE is mostly located in the lake water and reed swamp.Carassius auratus gibelio,Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and other OM functional groups are species with strong vitality and high tolerance to harsh environment. The large number of these species with high tolerance is also a sign of environmental deterioration.(Li 2010;Chen 2011)

According to the standard methods for China (MEP (Ministry of Environmental Protection 2002),among the physical and chemical factors sampled in this time,the contents of ammonia nitrogen,nitrate,total phosphorus and total nitrogen significantly exceed the standard value, belonging to the category of severe pollution, which is also consistent with the previous results of diversity analysis, that is, moderate to severe pollution.

Division method of fish functional groups

In most of the relevant studies in China, the functional groups are divided according to the feeding habits of fish(Zhang et al.2012;Hu et al.2016).At the same time, each fish species with similar functions has a certain degree of redundancy. When a certain fish species decreases, its impact on the function of water ecosystem may be replaced by other fish species with similar functions in the fish community. Therefore, it is particularly important to successfully divide the fish in the fish community into functional groups(Ma 2020).In this paper, the functional groups of fish populations are divided according to the relevant characteristics and feeding habits of fish, which is convenient to study the relationship between fish and the environment and its physical and chemical factors, and ensure the scientificity and preciseness of the analysis results.

Compared with traditional taxonomy, the method of dividing fish functional groups by feeding habits in this paper can not only reflect the correlation between fish niches, but also more intuitively reflect the energy flow and material cycle of effluent ecosystem. In essence, it reveals the mechanism of interaction between fish and the adaptability of the community, which is conducive to our deep understanding of the role of fish in the community and the structure of the community.

Relationship between RDA analysis results and actual situation

It is known from RDA results that the first and second axes together explain 32.8% of the species cumulative rate of change, illustrating that fish diversity and functional group distribution are influenced by interspecific competition as well as phytoplankton, benthic and aquatic biomass, in addition to environmental factors(Li et al.2022).

Because of the uneven internal topographical distribution of Zhalong wetlands and the impact of East rising reservoirs blocking floodtraps and engineering such as 301 National roads(The people's Government of Heilongjiang Province,Heilongjiang,China), the circulation of water bodies within reserves is compromised and poor, resulting in significant fish abundance and biomass gaps at some sampling sites(Wang et al.2021).

In the current ecological research, global nitrogen deposition has attracted extensive attention. A large number of modern human activities, such as fossil fuel combustion and animal husbandry, have significantly increased the input of nitrogen from atmospheric deposition to soil and water(Holland E.A. 1999).However, excessive nitrogen deposition has a significant negative effect on the ecosystem(Schindler D.W. 1993).

A total of 20000 hectares of arable land are planted under Zhalong wetland. In spring, the intensive use of nitrogen fertilizers and animal husbandry etc. cause the atmospheric deposition to increase greatly the nitrogen output into the water column. According to Ti C.P. et al., excessive nitrogen deposition can cause a great negative ecological impact, which is also the reason for the high level of nitrate in water bodies of Zhalong wetland(Ti et al.2011;Guo 2020). Besides that, the intensive use of chemical fertilizers and the discharge of domestic sewage raise the phosphorus content in large amounts(Zhong 2019).Eutrophication of water bodies allows plankton to grow in large numbers, thus making Carassius auratus gibelio, Phoxinus percnurus, and Perccottus glehni the dominant species, which provide an adequate source of nutrients for Channa argus(Yang et al.2021).

Relationship between fish community structure and environmental factors

The spatial difference of fish community structure is not only due to different species and living habits, but also affected by the spatial heterogeneity of environmental factors(Li et al.2012).The main environmental factors affecting the structure of fish community are dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature, water depth and so on. The main difference of environmental factors comes from the different water environment. Li J et al. believe that the five environmental factors of river width, water temperature, altitude, pH and the distance between dams have a strong correlation with the community structure.Liu Y et al. believe that total phosphorus is a significant factor affecting fish community structure(Liu et al. 2021).Brown et al. believe that conductivity, slope and average width are the key factors affecting the composition of fish(Brown et al. 2000).

After analysis based on the available data, several factors, such as chloride, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen, were significantly associated with fish community structure in the Zhalong wetland. It is known from the studies of Guo C.X. and Liu T.L. et al., that physicochemical factors such as electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen are the main influencing factors for phytoplankton growth, thus being able to influence PH functional groups with phytoplankton edible properties and ZO functional groups with zooplankton edible properties through the ascending effect(Guo et al.2016;Liu et al 2021).Thereby further affecting the functional groups PI and OM, which are carnivorous and omnivorous.And Cl⁻ has a negative effect on fish functional groups because chloride can affect fish respiration and cause lesions to tissues such as gills and blood in fish(Jiang et al 2009).Fu Y. et al. found that ammonia nitrogen was toxic to fish when its content exceeded a certain range in water bodies.The toxic effect of ammonia nitrogen on fish increased gradually with the increase of influencing factors such as pH and temperature.According to the physicochemical data of Zhalong wetland,higher pH was one of the main factors affecting ammonia nitrogen toxicity, but ammonia nitrogen did not achieve the expected effect on fish impacts in Zhalong wetland due to water temperature and other physicochemical factors(Fu et al,2018).

Biological evaluation of water quality

According to the water quality of Zhalong wetland, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index are used to evaluate the water quality grade in this study.From the biological evaluation results of water quality of fish communities, the water body of Zhalong wetland is generally in a moderately polluted state. It can not well meet the living environment needs of fish in the water and the further value needs of human viewing and playing. According to the water ecological evaluation status of different sampling points, the real-time water quality detection system should be added and improved, so as to reduce or avoid the direct discharge of domestic sewage in the upstream and control it. Further improve the protection and restoration of wetlands and maintain the ecological stability of Zhalong wetland.

The evaluation results of biodiversity index showed that Shannon-Weaver index reached the level of medium pollution in three seasons. Pielou evenness index shows that the water quality is between mild and moderate pollution in the three seasons. Considering the trend, Shannon-Weaver index shows an upward trend from spring to summer, while Pielou evenness index shows a relatively stable trend with little fluctuation. Because Pielou evenness index eliminates the sudden increase and decrease of species, the result will be better(Lu et al.2021).

Considering the results, the difference of the calculation methods of the two indexes will lead to some differences in the trend, but the analysis results tend to be consistent, that is, the water quality is roughly moderately polluted, which also shows that the analysis in this paper is more accurate. However, in order to avoid errors to the greatest extent, when constructing the evaluation system of wetland water ecosystem represented by fish, we should integrate the quantitative analysis of different water body structures and different terrains through zoning and sub regional methods, so as to weaken the subjective differences between diversity index evaluation and obtain more comprehensive and accurate water ecological evaluation results(Zhao et al.2021).

Suggestions and Prospects

First of all, we should strengthen the supervision of Zhalong wetland, publicize environmental protection and wetland protection for tourists, deal with the discharge of garbage and domestic sewage, and reduce the impact of catering, leisure and entertainment on Zhalong wetland. Secondly, we should strengthen residents' awareness of environmental protection and wetland protection, and avoid and reduce residents' fishing and destruction of fish resources in Zhalong wetland.

It is suggested to strengthen the water ecological monitoring of Zhalong wetland, which can comprehensively reflect the water environment quality. Even if the physical and chemical monitoring technology is advanced, the designed precision instrument can only measure the concentration of poison, but can not measure its toxicity intensity. The intensity of toxicity can only be obtained by biological monitoring. Through the above measures, we hope to effectively reduce the environmental pollution of Zhalong Wetland and improve its ecological environment, which can be used as a reference for the better construction of Zhalong wetland.

Acknowledgements

This study is completed with the help of Professor Yu Hongxian of Northeast Forestry University.Special thanks to Dr.Sun Xu for his remarkable work in data processing. The authors are grateful to the people that helped with all aspects of the fieldwork.

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Competing Interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Zhao Cao. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Yihan Chai and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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No competing interests reported.

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Study on Fish Species Diversity and Water Quality Analysis in Zhalong Wetland

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Study area and sampling sites

List and functional group division of Zhalong fish

Sample collection and analysis

Data analyses

Results

Species composition and dominant species of main fish

Biomass and abundance

Classification of fish functional groups

Water quality evaluation results

RDA analysis results

Discussion

Relationship between fish diversity and water environment and ecological health system

Division method of fish functional groups

Relationship between RDA analysis results and actual situation

Relationship between fish community structure and environmental factors

Biological evaluation of water quality

Suggestions and Prospects

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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