Biochemical and Morphological screening of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids for Jassid resistance (Amrasca devastans (Dist.))

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1648935/v1

The cotton hybrids of seven lines (BSH 18, MCU 5, CO 14, TCH 1828, CO 17, TCH 11199 and Suraj) and five testers (KC2, KC3, GISV 323, GTHV 15–34 and RHC 1409) were raised in RBD for obtaining 35 hybrids. The hybrids along with their parents were studied for the traits viz., mean number of jassids per plant, injury grade, total phenol content, total reducing sugars, total soluble proteins, trichome length, trichome density and chlorophyll index along with the seed cotton yield per plant. Higher phenolic content, lower reducing sugar, lower soluble proteins, greater chlorophyll index and higher trichome density would result in fewer jassids per plant. MCU 5 X KC3 hybrid had the lowest injury grade (0.13), highest total phenol content (3.84 mg/g), lowest total reducing sugars (1.14 mg/g), highest chlorophyll index (58.33), lowest trichome length (0.43), highest trichome density (271.42 numbers per centimetre square) and highest yield of 150.74 g/plant. Hence this F₁ hybrid confers resistance against jassids. Hence, higher phenolic content along with higher trichome density offers resistance to jassids in cotton plants. This cross could be further forwarded to F₂ to identify the jassid segregants for further screening. Thus, knowledge into these biochemical analyses and trichome density of the cultivar might be used to breed for jassid resistance, which would assist minimise the usage of pesticides and pest loads from the fields, thereby increasing the population's productivity.

Jassid

cotton

biochemical analysis

phenol

reducing sugar

soluble proteins

trichome length

trichome density

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a cash crop, is a globally important industrial commodity. It is the second and most significant commercial crop after food grains. India is one of the largest producer of cotton (Gossypium spp.) around the world and the production was 26%. The yield per kilogram of a hectare (459 kgs/ha) is still decreasing against the world average yield of about 757 kg/ha (AICCIP Annual Report, 2019–2020). Cotton is being infested by a number of insect pests from the time of planting till harvest. Sucking pests like aphids, thrips, leaf hopper, and white flies create major problems in the early stages, leading in a drop in cotton output and quality. From the seedling stage, sucking pests have become a severe problem. According to Chavan et al., (2010), significant sucking pests in cotton caused 28.13 percent preventable production loss.

As a result, using morphological and biochemical HPR features as a cotton plant defence mechanism offers a different management technique for controlling these insect pests. Cotton cultivars with high pest resistance would require fewer pesticide treatments, lowering costs and damage. A significantly larger number of hybrids were evaluated for the study of morphobiochemical HPR characteristics. The current study was done to identify sucking pest resistant hybrid lines based on morphobiochemical findings and correlation studies of morphobiochemical studies were also performed.

The BSH 18, MCU 5, CO 14, TCH 1828, CO 17, TCH 11199 and Suraj parents of Gossypium hirsutum L. were used as lines while KC2, KC3, GISV 323, GTHV 15–34 and RHC 1409 were used as testers during the summer of 2021 (testers parent for jassid resistance and lines selected had good quality for lint). Dock's approach involved crossing each of the four lines with four tests independently using manual emasculation and pollination (Doak, 1934). In 2021, 35 F₁ hybrid, along with their 12 parents and a standard check, were raised (SVPR 2). The genotypes were then grown using Randomized Block Design in two replications (RBD) at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in Coimbatore.

The populations to be screened for resistance was raised in the field under natural infestation conditions. Standard inspections should be kept for comparing resistant and susceptible individuals. Jassid injury was examined using the techniques of the Indian Central Cotton Committee (ICCC, 1960) and based on infestation symptoms. On the 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, and 75th days after sowing, a visual evaluation of hopper injury and number of jassid per plant on each entry was recorded, and a mean injury index (grade index) was determined. The following were the injury grades for jassid as given in Table 1..

Table 1

Symptoms of Jassid infestation
Grades	Symptoms
1.	Leaves free from crinkling or with no yellowing, bronzing and drying
2.	Few leaves on lower portions of the plant curling, crinkling and slight yellowing
3.	Crinkling and curling all over, yellowing, bronzing and browning in the middle and lower portion, plant growth hampered
4.	Extreme curling, yellowing, bronzing and browning, drying of leaves and defoliation, stunted growth

A leafhopper resistance index was calculated as proposed by Nageswara Rao (1973).

Where G represented the number of the grade of ICCC and P the number of plants under the each entry. Grouping of injury index to categories of resistance was given in Table 2.

Table 2

Symptoms of Jassid infestation
Grade index	Category
0.0 – 1.0	Resistant
1.1 – 2.0	Moderately resistant
2.1–3.0	Susceptible
3.1–4.0	Highly susceptible

The total phenols (µg/gm) were determined using Malick and Singh's method (1980). A typical curve with 10–100 g of catechol were created. The standard curve was used to quantify the quantities of phenols in the unknown samples. The standard is prepared using catechol. The total reducing sugars were calculated using the Miller et al., (1972) method, with a few modifications. Using a standard graph of glucose formed by known glucose concentrations (100–500 g), the total reducing sugars of the hybrid and parent samples were determined. A standard calibrated curve with known bovine protein concentrations was used to estimate protein content in both types of samples and the standard procedures of Lowrey et al., 1951. The MI-DC1300, MI-DC3000, and MI-DC5000 are digital cameras that provide crisp images with excellent contrast and colour when used with compound microscopes. The photographs were exhibited on the slides for the leaf samples were freshly collected at 50 DAS and cut to the size of one centimetre square, then visualized on the computer screen through ScopePhoto software. The images were then saved for analysis as shown in Fig. 1. Chlorophyll index was determined using a KONICA MINOLTA SPAD – 502 machine. The SPAD metre is a handy instrument for quickly and non-destructively determining chlorophyll index. The measurement was automatically recorded to memory. The results of the SPAD metre are proportional to the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf and were estimated by measuring the leaf absorbance in red and near-infrared regions (Uddling et al., 2007). Five plants were randomly selected from each hybrids in two replications raised in RBD design along with their parents were used for the study. Hence from the mean of five random plants taken, the yield of the cotton is calculated in grams per plant.

Mean Of Parents And Hybrids

From the mean Table 3. of lines and testers, BSH 18 showed high mean number of Jassids per plant (9.32 numbers per leaf) with minimum chlorophyll index (39.13). CO 17 had maximum chlorophyll index of 54.17. Highest yield was contributed by the parent CO 14 (150.35 g/plant). The line TCH 1199 had minimum injury grade with 0.21 and KC 2 had maximum injury grade (1.38). The tester parent KC 2 had minimum phenol content with 2.40 mg/g, high reducing sugar of 2.63 mg/g, highest total soluble proteins of 33.63 mg/g, highest trichome length of 1.93 mm and lowest trichome density of 82.77 numbers per centimetre square. Contrastly the parent KC3 had minimum mean number of Jassid per plant, highest total phenols among all parents (3.31 mg/g), lowest soluble proteins (27.49 mg/g). lowest trichome length (1.50 mm) and highest trichome density (183.38 numbers per centimetre square). The parent RC 1409 had lowest total reducing sugars (1.36 mg/g).

Table 3

Mean performance of parents for Jassid population biochemical and trichome studies along with the yield parameter
Parents	Mean Jassid nymph/plant(Nos.)	Jassid injury grade	Total phenol (mg/g)	Total sugar (mg/g)	Total soluble protein (mg/g)	Chlorophyll index	Mean Trichome length (mm/cm^− 2)	Mean Trichome Density (number/ cm^− 2)		Seed cotton yield per plant (g/plant)
LINES
BSH 18	9.32	0.82	2.87	2.34	32.41	39.13	1.80	95.52		95.61
MCU 5	9.24	0.8	2.78	2.42	33.16	40.33	1.81	94.85		142.47
CO14	8.75	0.77	2.7	2.45	33.19	40.57	1.82	94.78		150.35
TCH1828	7.85	0.72	2.68	2.53	33.26	46.49	1.85	93.28		119.23
CO17	7.62	0.51	2.66	2.55	33.3	54.17	1.86	90.98		138.84
TCH1199	7.35	0.21	2.58	2.58	27.83	52.57	1.88	83.57		87.62
Suraj	7.20	0.3	2.49	2.58	33.34	52.44	1.92	83.10		122.66
TESTERS
KC2	7.15	1.38	2.4	2.63	33.63	52.14	1.93	82.77	140.77
KC3	4.64	1.16	3.31	1.5	27.49	51.71	1.50	183.38	115.50
GTHV 15–34	4.66	0.88	3.22	1.48	27.55	51.16	1.72	169.02	103.96
GISV 323	5.23	0.87	3.21	1.38	28.49	49.89	1.74	168.93	130.84
RHC 1409	5.42	0.84	3.11	1.36	29.31	49.35	1.75	163.16	96.72
SVPR 2	5.5	0.83	2.89	1.34	29.56	48.81	1.76	153.17	94.19
MIN	4.64	0.21	2.40	1.36	27.49	39.13	1.50	82.77	87.62
MAX	9.32	1.38	3.31	2.63	33.63	54.17	1.93	183.38	150.35

The hybrid BSH 18 X KC 2 shown in Table 2.had highest injury grade of 3.85. BSH 18 X GISV 323 had maximum total soluble proteins of 39.56 mg/g shown in the mean Table 4. MCU 5 X KC3 had lowest injury grade (0.13), highest total phenol content (3.84 mg/g), lowest total reducing sugars (1.14 mg/g), highest chlorophyll index (58.33), lowest trichome length (0.43), highest trichome density (271.42 numbers per centimetre square) and highest yield of 150.74 g/plant. The hybrids of MCU 5 X RHC 1409 and CO 17 X KC 3 had lowest chlorophyll index (21.86) and total soluble proteins (27.49 mg/g) respectively. The hybrid TCH 1199 X GISV 323 had minimum mean number of jassids per plant (4.16)The hybrid Suraj X RHC 1409 had maximum jassids mean population per leaf (9.84 numbers), lowest total phenol content (1.12 mg/g), highest total reducing sugars (3.85 mg/g), lowest chlorophyll index (28.76) and lowest yield of 90.26 g/plant.

Table 4

Mean performance of 35 hybrids for Jassid population, biochemical and trichome studies along with the yield parameter
Crosses	Mean Jassid nymph/plant(Nos.)	Jassid injury grade	Total phenol (mg/g)	Total sugar (mg/g)	Total soluble protein (mg/g)	Chlorophyll index	Mean Trichome length (mm/cm^− 2)	Mean Trichome Density (number/ cm^− 2)	Seed cotton yield per plant (g/plant)
BSH 18 X KC 2	6.88	3.85	1.38	2.3	31.19	37.85	2.08	82.50	123.8
BSH 18 X KC 3	6.78	3.52	2.46	2.31	36.89	48.7	2.09	81.30	105.62
BSH 18 X GTHV 15–34	6.71	3.37	2.32	3.32	35.47	48.67	2.10	81.03	134.51
BSH 18 X GISV 323	6.55	3.34	2.35	2.9	39.56	48.35	2.14	80.94	146.17
BSH 18 X RHC 1409	5.87	3.17	2.21	2.82	36.62	46.76	2.14	78.81	153.72
MCU 5 X KC 2	5.81	3.12	3.38	2.71	37.51	34.36	2.16	78.31	139.44
MCU 5 X KC 3	4.21	0.13	3.84	1.14	30.61	58.33	0.43	271.42	150.74
MCU 5 X GTHV 15–34	5.77	1.77	1.52	2.66	38.63	22.35	2.19	129.30	115.6
MCU 5 X GISV 323	5.7	1.4	1.77	2.65	37.43	22.12	1.93	118.42	124.49
MCU 5 X RHC 1409	5.52	1.35	1.59	2.64	28.66	21.86	1.94	117.32	104.74
CO 14 X KC 2	4.27	0.16	3.79	1.33	30.39	55.72	0.54	239.96	151.99
CO 14 X KC 3	4.38	0.18	3.33	2.25	32.38	54.73	0.56	227.06	137.18
CO 14 X GISV 323	4.44	0.3	3.4	2.18	31.89	54.62	1.01	219.31	122.97
CO 14 X GTHV 15–34	5.17	0.27	2.68	1.77	32.8	44.48	1.96	108.92	113.88
CO 14 X RHC 1409	4.46	1.32	3.43	1.7	31.6	40.79	1.13	208.36	147.12
TCH 1828 X KC 2	4.51	1.27	3.5	1.65	31.6	41.52	1.17	204.55	140.81
TCH 1828 X KC 3	8.12	0.61	2.69	2.49	31.48	29.88	1.97	108.52	156.72
TCH 1828 X GISV 323	8.56	0.4	1.73	2.32	32.3	30.1	1.98	108.43	98.93
TCH 1828 X GTHV 15–34	4.63	1.23	3.61	1.64	30.7	42.88	1.23	200.94	110.88
TCH 1828 X RHC 1409	8.90	0.37	2.56	3.49	34.74	32.72	1.99	106.93	100.28
CO 17 X KC 2	9.69	1.63	2.27	3.23	37.67	33.22	2.01	106.52	121.94
Crosses	Mean Jassid nymph/plant(Nos.)	Jassid injury grade	Total phenol (mg/g)	Total sugar (mg/g)	Total soluble protein (mg/g)	Chlorophyll index	Mean Trichome length (mm/cm^− 2)	Mean Trichome Density (number/ cm^− 2)	Seed cotton yield per plant (g/plant)
CO 17 X KC 3	4.64	1.19	3.7	1.54	27.49	39.79	1.28	184.88	158.92
CO 17 X GTHV 15–34	7.52	1.64	2.22	3.21	37.51	38.59	2.02	105.36	139.71
CO 17 X GISV 323	6.86	1.68	2.1	3.18	37.21	37.6	2.03	103.74	108.04
CO 17 X RHC 1409	8.58	1.71	1.89	3.17	36.74	37.6	2.19	103.70	97.57
TCH 1199 X KC 2	7.68	1.76	1.82	3.15	36.3	37.52	2.22	98.02	137.82
TCH 1199 X KC 3	7.61	1.82	1.82	3.14	36.18	37.37	2.24	74.84	107.58
TCH 1199 X GTHV 15–34	6.28	1.82	1.75	2.84	35.43	36.79	2.26	68.85	118.76
TCH 1199 X GISV 323	4.16	1.84	1.74	2.79	35.15	36.76	2.28	68.52	90.84
TCH 1199 X RHC 1409	7.86	2.12	1.71	2.78	34.69	36.56	2.03	66.77	126.16
Suraj X KC 2	8.48	2.15	1.64	3.25	37.79	36.5	2.04	58.90	109.51
Suraj X KC 3	6.62	2.21	1.6	3.26	37.87	45.86	2.04	56.49	124.07
Suraj X GTHV 15–34	9.66	1.63	1.18	3.79	34.69	45.35	2.04	29.20	142.86
Suraj X GISV 323	9.78	1.56	1.18	3.81	34.3	44.62	2.07	28.92	132.46
Suraj X RHC 1409	9.84	1.44	1.12	3.85	33.72	43.86	2.07	28.76	90.26
Mean	6.64	1.64	2.32	2.66	34.43	40.14	1.82	115.31	125.32
Max	9.84	3.85	3.84	3.85	39.56	58.33	2.28	271.42	158.92
Min	4.16	0.13	1.12	1.14	27.49	21.86	0.43	28.76	90.26

Correlation

From the correlation Table 5. The number of jassids per plants showed positive significant correlation with amount of reducing sugars (0.720), total soluble protein (0.392) and trichome length (0.563) but negatively correlated with the amount of phenol (-0.593) and trichome density (-0.728). Negative correlation of number of jassids with trichome density was also reported by Ahmad et al. (2005), Ashfaq et al., (2010), Rustamani et al., (2014), Gonde et al., (2015), Kanher et al., (2016), Sankeshwar et al., (2016) and Amin et al., (2017). Number of jassids per plants exhibited non significant negative correlation with injury grade (0.089). Injury grade showed highly negative correlation with amount of phenol (-0.431) and trichome density (-0.477) of the plant. The phenol content present in the plant was highly negatively correlated with amount of reducing sugars (-0.793), amount of soluble proteins (-0.361) present but positively significant with seed cotton yield per plant (0.301) thereby indirectly effecting the jassid resistance to the plant. Amount of reducing sugar is positively correlated with the total soluble proteins (0.713) as reported by Bonde et al., (2016) but negatively correlated with the chlorophyll index (-0.361). Seed cotton yield of the plant (-0.129) had negative non-significant correlation with number of jassids per plant.

Table 5

Simple correlation of Jassid population, biochemical and trichome analysis along with the yield parameter
	NJP	IG	P	S	SP	CI	TL	TD	SCY
NJP	1
IG	0.089	1
P	− .593^**	− .431^**	1
S	.720^**	.395^**	− .793^**	1
SP	.392^**	.554^**	− .547^**	.713^**	1
CI	-0.269	-0.226	.488^**	− .361^*	− .360^*	1
TL	.563^**	.528^**	− .760^**	.663^**	.540^**	− .490^**	1
TD	− .728^**	− .477^**	.814^**	− .806^**	− .554^**	.318^*	− .889^**	1
SCY	-0.129	0.082	.301^*	-0.106	0.066	0.165	− .334^*	0.22	1
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

NJP - Mean number of Jassids per leaf S - Amount of reducing sugars (mg/g) TL - Trichome length (mm)

IG - Pest Injury Grade SP - Total soluble proteins (mg/g) TD - Trichome Density (nos. / cm^-2)

P - Total amount of phenol (mg/g) CI - Chlorophyll index SCY - Seed cotton yield per plant (g)

As a result of the aforesaid findings, high phenolic content, low reducing sugar, lower soluble proteins, greater chlorophyll index, and higher trichome density would result in fewer jassids per plant. Similar findings for high phenolic content with lower jassid incidence were reported by Shinde et al. (2014). Rohini et al., (2011) reported higher phenolic content along with higher trichome density offers resistance to jassid in cotton plants which was in accordance with the result obtained. Manivannan et al., (2021) also reported that phenol content in cotton plants acts as the feeding deterrant hence the population of jassid feeding that respective plant would be lower. He also reported that higher the protein more would be the infestation by jassids, which was also in agreement with the results obtained. This result was in accordance with the present study. Singh et al., (1988) also reported higher the amount of reducing sugar more susceptible the cultivar would be. Among other hybrids, MCU 5 X KC3 hybrid had the lowest injury grade, highest total phenol content, lowest total reducing sugars, highest chlorophyll index, lowest trichome length, highest trichome density and highest yield of 150.74 g/plant. Hence this F₁ hybrid confers resistance against jassids. Hence, higher phenolic content along with higher trichome density offers resistance to jassids in cotton plants. This hybrid could be further forwarded to F₂ to identify the jassid segregants for further screening. Thus, knowledge into these biochemical analyses and trichome density of the cultivar might be used to breed for jassid resistance, which would assist minimise the usage of pesticides and pest loads from the fields, thereby increasing the population's productivity.

Authors contribution

SS the corresponding author worked for the research. RS made review for the article, MMS and JK authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Consent of publication

To understand the biochemical way of identifying the resistant genotypes.

Competing interests

No financial or non financial interests are there among the authors hencenot applicable.

Ethical approval

There are no ethical issues for the research taken under study.

Availabiliy of materials

The materials for the study were provided by the Department of Cotton, TNAU, Coimbatore. The research was carried out in Department of Biochemistry and CPMB, Coimbatore.

Funding was provided by the Department of Cotton, TNAU, Coimbatore.

Acknowledgements

I sincerely thank my friends and professors in my department who helped and guided me through the research.

Ahmad, G., Arif, M. J., & Sanpal, M. R. Z. (2005). Population fluctuation of jassid, Amrasca devastans (Dist.) in cotton through morphophysical plant traits.
All India coordinated research project on cotton - ICAR. AICCIP Annual Report, 2019–2020.
Amin, M. R., Afrin, R., Alam, M. Z., Hossain, M. M., & Kwon, Y. J. (2017). Effect of leaf trichomes and meteorological parameters on population dynamics of aphid and jassid in cotton. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 42(1), 13–25.
Ashfaq, M., ul Ane, M. N., Zia, K., & Nasreen, A. (2010). The correlation of abiotic factors and physico-morphic charateristics of (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt transgenic cotton with whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and jassid, Amrasca devastans (Homoptera: Jassidae) populations. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(22), 3102–3107.
Bonde, S., Chandrasekhar, C., & Pusadkar, P. Study of biochemical changes in cotton genotypes at squaring stage under water stress conditions. The Ecoscan. J, 10(1&2), 117–120.
Chavan, D. R., Zanwar, P. R., Ramesh, K. B., Babu, H. S., & Manjunatha, M. K. (2016). Population dynamics of sucking pests and their natural enemies of Bt cotton. Advances in Life Sciences, 5(3), 954–958.
Doak, C. C. (1934). A new technique in cotton hybridizing: Suggested changes in existing methods of emasculating and bagging cotton flowers. Journal of Heredity, 25(5), 201–204.
Ecol. Rural Environ. 24(1): 32–38.
FeiBo, W., Lianghuan, W., & Fuhua, X. (1998). Chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen sidedress requirements for short-season cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field crops research, 56(3), 309–314.
Gonde, A., Chandele, A. G., Gurve, S. S., & Wargantiwar, R. K. (2015). Study of Bio-physical characters of Bt hybrids for correlation with Cotton jassid. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 23(2), 241–245.
Indian Central Cotton Committee (ICCC) 1960.Cotton in India – a monograph Vol. II. ICCC, Bombay.217-300pp.
Malick, C.P. and Singh, M.B. 1980. Plant enzymology and histo enzymology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India, 286 pp.
Kanher, F. M., Syed, T. S., Abro, G. H., Jahangir, T. M., & Tunio, S. A. (2016). Some physio morphological leaf characters of gamma irradiated cotton lines to resistance against jassid (Amrasca Devastans Dist.). J. Ent. Zool. Stud, 4, 80–85.
Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Fair & R. J. Randall, 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent.J. biol. Chem. 193: 265–275.
M. Lever, “A new reaction for colorimetric determination of carbohydrates,” Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 273–279, 1972.
Nishanth, G. K., Harijan, Y., & Katageri, I. S. (2016). Screening for sucking pests (Thrips and Jassids) resistance/tolerance in cotton germplasm lines ance/tolerance in cotton germplasm lines (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Screening, 11(1), 85–91.
Rohini, A., Prasad, N. V. V. S. D., Chalam, M. S. V., & Veeraiah, K. (2011). Identification of suitable resistant cotton genotypes against sucking pests. Journal of Entomological Research, 35(3), 197–202.
Rustamani, M. A., Khatri, I., Leghari, M. H., Sultana, R., & Mandokhail, A. S. (2014). Trichomes of cotton leaf as an aspect of resistance to sucking insect pests. Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series), 46(3).
Sankeshwar, M., & Patil, R. S. (2016). Effect of trichome density on the resistance to the jassids in inter-specific G. hirsutum x G. barbadense cotton recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population. Parameters, 2015, 16.
Saptute, U. S., Patil, V. N., Katole, S. R., Men, V. B., Bhagwat, V. R and Thakare, A. V. 1990. Avoidable field losses due to sucking pests bollworm in cotton. Cotton. J. Appl. Zool. Res.1: 67–78.
Shinde, B. A., Gurve, S. S., Gonde, A. D., & Hole, U. B. (2014). Studies on resistance of cotton genotypes against jassids (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida). BIOINFOLET-A Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences, 11(3a), 758–762.
Singh, R., & Agarwal, R. A. (1988). Role of chemical components of resistant and susceptible genotypes of cotton and okra in ovipositional preference of cotton leafhopper. Proceedings: Animal Sciences, 97(6), 545–550.
Uddling, J., Gelang-Alfredsson, J., Piikki, K., & Pleijel, H. (2007). Evaluating the relationship between leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings. Photosynthesis research, 91(1), 37–46.

No competing interests reported.

Biochemical and Morphological screening of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids for Jassid resistance (Amrasca devastans (Dist.))

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Result And Discussion

Mean Of Parents And Hybrids

Correlation

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1