4.1. STUDY SUBJECTS
This study was based on two hundred stool samples collected from school children aged 6-16 years. The study was conducted on four primary public schools; fifty students were participated from each school. A mean age of 11 years, 67% (134 Females) and 33% (66) Males were tested for the study. The Female-to-Male ratio of the study was about 2:1.
The Socio-demographic Characteristics of the study subjects were shown according to Table 1 below.
Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the study subjects of Badessa Woreda, West Haraghe in February, 2018
Variable
|
Group
|
Investigated Students
|
Percentage (%)
|
Gender
|
Female
|
134
|
67
|
Male
|
66
|
33
|
Total
|
|
200
|
100
|
Age Group
|
6-9 Years
10-13 Years
≥14 Years
|
76
74
50
|
38
37
25
|
School Name
|
School 1
|
50
|
25
|
|
School 2
|
50
|
25
|
|
School 3
|
50
|
25
|
|
School 4
|
50
|
25
|
Total
|
|
200
|
100
|
Family Education level
|
Grade 1-4
|
199
|
99.5
|
Grade 5-8
|
1
|
0.5
|
Total
|
|
200
|
100
|
Finger nail Status
|
Trimmed
|
129
|
64.5
|
Not trimmed
|
71
|
35.5
|
Total
|
|
200
|
100
|
Drinking water Source
|
River
|
139
|
69.5
|
Well
|
61
|
30.5
|
Total
|
|
200
|
100
|
Shoes Wearing Habits
|
Occasional
|
90
|
45
|
Not at all
|
110
|
55
|
Total
|
|
200
|
100
|
The study showed that 76 (38%) of the study subjects were from age group of 6-9 years, 74 (37%) from age group of 10-13 years, and 50 of the study subjects (25%) were from ≥14 years of age group. About 99.5% (199) of the study subjects were from family educational level of grade 1-4. All study subjects had no the habits of toilet use (100%) and none of them treated with an anthelminthic drugs (100%) before the study was conducted (Table 1).
Other variables such as; drinking water source, finger trimming status, bare footing habits were with directly related to the prevalence of intestinal Helminths in the study subjects.
The following table, (Table 2) showed the result concordance with different variables and p- value of the significant variations.
Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Personal hygienic habits with Relation to the intestinal Helminths infection in the study population
Variables
|
Group
|
Positive (%)
|
Negative (%)
|
Total (%)
|
P value
|
Gender
|
Female
|
90 (67.2)
|
44 (32.8)
|
134 (67.0)
|
P=0.015(0.021) OR 2.04[1.12-3.73]
F=0.781 (0.626-0.9)
M=1.19[1.08-2.35]
P=0.000
P=0.000 OR=0.048Neg.= .753[.679-.851]Pos.=15.79[2.21-2.616]
P=0.000
OR=0.110(.019-.249)
P=0.000 OR=6.9[2.588-18.79] Neg.=1.33[1.17-1.516] Pos.=.191[0.078-0.47]
P=0.385 OR=1.4=0.987[.962-1]
|
Male
|
33 (50.0)
|
33 (50.0)
|
66 (33.0)
|
Total
|
|
123 (61.8)
|
77 (38.5)
|
200 (100)
|
Age Group
|
6-9 Years
|
72 (94.7)
|
4 (5.3)
|
76 (38.0)
|
10-13 Years
|
40 (54.1)
|
34 (45.9)
|
74 (37.0)
|
≥14 Years
|
11 (22.0)
|
39 (78.0
|
50 (25.0)
|
Total
|
|
123 (61.5)
|
77 (38.5)
|
200(100)
|
Drinking Water Source
|
River Water
|
36 (25.9)
|
103 (74.1)
|
139 (69.5)
|
Well Water
|
1 (1.6)
|
60 (98.4)
|
61 (30.5)
|
Total
|
|
37 (18.5)
|
163 (81.5)
|
200 (100)
|
Finger nail Status
|
Trimmed
|
60 (46.5)
|
69 (53.5)
|
129 (64.5)
|
Not Trimmed
|
63 (88.7)
|
8 (11.5)
|
71 (35.5)
|
Total
|
|
123 (61.5)
|
77 (38.5)
|
200 (100)
|
Shoes Wearing habits
|
Occasional
|
5 (5.6)
|
85 (94.0)
|
90 (45.0)
|
Not at all
|
32 (29.1)
|
78 (70.9)
|
110 (55.0)
|
Total
|
|
37 (18.5)
|
163 (81.5)
|
200 (100)
|
Family Education
|
Grade 1-4
|
123 (61.8)
|
76 (38.2)
|
199 (99.5)
|
Grade 5-8
|
0 (0.0)
|
1 (0.5)
|
1 (0.5)
|
School Names
|
School 1
|
31(62.0)
|
19 (38.0)
|
50 (25.0)
|
School 2
|
9 (18.0)
|
41(82.0)
|
50 (25.0)
|
School 3**
|
62 (124)
|
5 (10.0)
|
67 (33.5)
|
School 4*
|
45 (90.0)
|
5 (10.0)
|
50 (25.0)
|
Total
|
|
147 (73.5)
|
70 (35.0)
|
217 (108.5)
|
*Multiple Infections of: Hook Worm + Enterobius vermicularis 7 (3.5%)
**Hook Worm + Schistosoma mansoni 17 (8.5%)
Total 24 (16.3%)
High parasitic prevalence was observed among the age group of 6-9 years (P=0.000). So, among all ages, this age group was the highest (accounted for about 38% followed by age group of 10-13 Years, 37% and ≥14 Years was 25%) (Refer Table 2).
There were significant Variations of the parasites between the above variables (Table 2): gender (P=0.15 (0.021) OR= 2.04 [1.12-3.73], Female (0.781[0.626-0.9)) and Male (1.19 [1.1.08-2.35]); Drinking Water source (P=0.000) OR=0.048 (.006-.8); Finger nail status (P=0.000) or= 0.110 [.049-.249]; Shoe wearing Habits (P=0.000) OR= 6.9 ([2.588-18.791] (Refer Table 2).
Toilet use, Treatment status with anthelminthic drugs before the study and Residence with domestic animal(s) excluded from the relations due to the following data: All study subjects had no the habits of toilet using (Open-air defecations were practicing (100%); None of them treated with anthelminthic drugs before the study was conducted (100%); All study subjects were not live with domestic animal (s).
Prevalence of intestinal Helminths detected in faecal samples of all the study subjects was summarized with the four schools participated into the study on Table 3.
Table 3 Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths detected from 200 faecal samples from four Public Primary Schools in Badessa Woreda, West Hararghe Zone.
Helminthic Parasites (Ova / Eggs)
Schools
|
No of Students Examined
|
Ascaris lumbricoides
|
Enterobius vermicularis
|
Hook Worm
|
Schistosoma
mansoni
|
Total
|
School 1
|
50
|
10 (20%)
|
7 (14%)
|
12 (24%)
|
2 (4%)
|
31(62%)
|
School 2
|
50
|
4 (8%)
|
2 (4%)
|
3 (6%)
|
0 (0.0)
|
9 (18%)
|
School 3
|
50
|
0 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
|
17 (34%)
|
45 (90%)
|
62 (124%)*
|
School 4
|
50
|
10 (20%)
|
7 (14%) **
|
28 (56%)
|
0 (0.0)
|
45 (90%)
|
Total
|
200
|
24 (19.5%)
|
16 (13%)
|
60 (48.8%)
|
47 (38.2%)
|
147 (73.5%)
|
* Multiple Infections of: Hook Worm and Schistosoma mansoni
** Multiple Infections of Hook Worm and Enterobius vermicularis
Table 4 represents a further analysis of the detected cases by the two techniques applied for the study.
COMPARISON OF FAECAL SAMPLES DETECTED BY WET MOUNT AND KATO-KATZ TECHNIQUES
A Total of 147 intestinal Helminths Parasitic cases were detected by wet mount and Kato-Katz techniques. From these cases, the Kato-Katz technique detected 147 cases of intestinal Helminths from 123 positive students [100%] whereas; the Wet mount technique detected only 45 [30.6%] which were positive cases by the Kato-Katz technique. There was significant difference between Wet mount and the Kato-Katz techniques [P=0.000]. There was a far apart between the two methods [Kappa value=0.241] (Refer Table 4).
Table 4 Comparison of the numbers and percentages of cases detected by Wet mount, Kato-Katz and Both Techniques
Number of detected cases (Detection Rates, %)
Helminths [Ova /Egg]
|
Number of Positive Cases [n=147]
|
Positive by Wet mount Only
|
Positive by Kato-Katz Only
|
Positive detection by Both Methods
|
Total
|
Ascaris lumbricoides
|
24
|
0 [0.0]
|
19 [79.2%]
|
5 [20.8%]
|
24
|
Enterobius vermicularis
|
16
|
0[0.0]
|
16 [100%]
|
0 [0]
|
16
|
Hook Worm
|
60
|
0[0.0]
|
34 [56.7%]
|
26 [43.3%]
|
60
|
Schistosoma mansoni
|
47
|
0[0.0]
|
33 [70.2%]
|
14 [29.78%]
|
45
|
Total
|
147
|
0 [0.0]
|
102 [69.4%]
|
45 [30.6%]
|
147 [100%]
|