Table 1 provides the socio-demographic characteristics of males and females. About 32.1% of the participants were between the age of 18-25 years while 25.2% were between the age of 26-35 years. Majority (58.7%) of participants had secondary education while 16.9% had tertiary education and only 14.6% had primary education. Most (60.3%) of participants were single while 22.2% were married. Majority (76.2%) of the participants were unemployed while 23.8% were employed. Of all participants who were working, 10.6% were self-employed while 8.2% worked at the government and 4.9% worked in the private sector.
About 12.4% of the participants were suffering from health condition in the current study. Of all participants who suffered from health condition, only 9.7% suffered hypertension while 2.4% diabetes and only 0.3% suffered cancer (Table 2).
About (24.4%) of participants consumed alcohol in the current study. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was higher in male (22.8%) as compared to (1.6%) female counterparts. Only 16.7% of participants consumed alcohol at the age of less than 19 years. Of all the participants who consumed alcohol only 22.7% consumed beer. In addition, only 18% of the participants engaged in binge drinking. However, 13.9% of the participants consumed alcohol because of peer pressure. Only 12% of the participants consumed alcohol on weekend (Table 3).
The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity was 7.7%, 29.8%, and 11.3%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight was higher in female (21.1%) as compared to 8.7% of male counterparts. In addition, females (2%) were more obese as compared to male (9.3%) (Table 4).
About 46% of female had sedentary lifestyle as compared to their male counterparts (15.1%). Furthermore, male (13.2%) had not good enough as compared to 9.1% of females. However, only 3.6% of males had very active as compared to (1.0%) of females (Table 5).
About 13.9% of the participants smoked cigarette in the current study. Of all participants who smoked cigarette 10.1% initiated smoking at the age of less than 19 years. Only 9% of the participants smoked cigarette 1-5 times per day. However, 20.4% of the participants were exposed to tobacco (Table 6).
About 12.5 % of males and 16.0 % of females met the recommended daily allowance of carbohydrates while the majority 53.9% of males and 57.7% of females consumed over required amount of carbohydrates. Furthermore, most males (66.4%) and 73.2% of females consumed over required amount of protein. Only 17.1% of males and 16.9% of females met the recommended daily allowance of fats while the majority 60.5% of males and 53.1% of females consumed excessive amounts of fats (Table 7).
About 40.8% of males and 39.4% of females consumed excessive amount of energy while 34.9% of males and 28.6% of females consumed over required amount of energy. About 45.5% of males and 50.7% of females consumed over required amount of sugar. Only 17.1% of males and 16.0% met the recommended daily allowance for dietary fibre while 53.9% of males and 47.9% of females consumed over required amount of dietary fibre. Furthermore 36.2 % of males and 26.3% of females met the recommended daily allowance for sodium while 34.2% of males and 32.4% of females over consumed the recommended amount of sodium (Table 8).
Males
BMI negatively correlated with protein (r = -0.007; p =0.932). Protein strongly correlated with energy (r = 0.823; p = 0.000), total fats (r = 0.830; p = 0.000), carbohydrates (r =0.587; p =0.000) and total sodium (r =0.666; p = 0.000). Energy strongly correlated with total fat (r =0.817; p = 0.000), carbohydrates (r = 0.877; p= 0.000), total dietary fibre (r = 0.663; p =0.000) and sodium (r =0.724; p=0.000).
Females
BMI negatively correlated with total protein (r= -0.007;p=0.914) and total fat (r=-0.089;p=0.197).Total protein strongly correlated with energy (r =0.827;p=0.000),total fat (r =0.741;p=0.000),carbohydrates ( r =0.582;p=0.000) ,total dietary fibre (r =0.503;p=0.000) and sodium (r=0.620;p=0.000).Energy strongly correlated with total fat( r=0.795;p=0.000),carbohydrates (r =0.875;p=0.000),total dietary fibre ( r=0.720;p=0.000) and sodium ( r=0.766 :p=0.000) (Table 9).
Significance difference between males and females
There was a significant difference between males and females in terms of BMI as the p- value is less than 0.005 (Table 10).
Significant relationship between gender and alcohol consumption
There is a significant relationship between gender and alcohol consumption.
, (1, N=365) =126.299, p =0. 000.Gender is dependent upon alcohol consumption. Males are more likely to consume alcohol as compared to female counterpart (54.6% vs. 3.3 %). Gender has a large effect on alcohol consumption. Cramer’s V = 0.587
4.11.2 Significant relationship between gender and physical activity
Gender is significantly associated with physical activity.
, (4, N =365) = 29.849, P =0.000.
Gender is dependent upon physical activity. Males are more likely to be physical active than the female counterpart (10.5% vs. 1.9%), the results also reveal that females are more likely to leave sedentary lifestyle than males. Gender has a small effect on physical activity. Cramer’s V= 0.286