Experimental Investigation on the Performance of a Solar Still Using SiO2 Nanoparticles /Jatropha curcas L

Now, enticing systematic civic since everywhere the world is used in green synthesis and benefit of the simple is eco-friendly with an emergent method of producing nanoparticles (NPs). The aim of a single slope single basin solar still (SBSS) has been synthesized using Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs)/leaf extract of Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) and the productivity enhancements to an evaluation for the photocatalytic treatment of the system. The synthesized SiO2 NPs/JCL has been characterized by XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) prepared through EDS (X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), studied FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, UV-Vis (UV-Visible spectrophotometer) verified. The SiO2 NPs/JGL was established anatase, and phase phytochemicals involved stabilizing the potential SBSS process. An effect of SBSS is 82.26% during the treatment with synthesizing SiO2 NPs/JCL successfully active for the solar still process. The SBSS has been produced the total summer distillate yield of 8.79 L/day (SiO2 NPs /JCL), winter is 6.49, L/day (SiO2 NPs) to over all of the system at 24 h cycle in the local climatic condition at Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. The yield of the SBSS using SiO2 NPs/JCL is enhanced due to an energy absorption increased with the nighttime performance process is risen by distillation. Then, the results are absorbed in the basin area and established to the thermal energy with use in a clean-green treatment solution.


Introduction
The thermal energy source is employed to harvest solar energy absorption materials and newly established hopeful submissions energy storage associated paraded. A solar radiation use of photothermal apostles was a practical path for collecting by solar selective absorber coatings. An optimized to exploit the light absorption range of the samples by [1]. Peyman et al. [2] were studied in single slope solar still and is nano-coated in condensation surface plays an essential role in the water production rate of the systems. The condensation process improved solar productivity still at cover tilt angles of 35°and 45°. Swellam et al. [3] have shown a theoretical analysis of modified solar stills (MSSs) using micro/nanoparticles to improve thermal performance. They are estimated the energy and exergy productivities for improvement to the conventional solar still. It is enhanced by 41.18% and 32.35% for graphite, CuO and compared with classical solar (CSS). The energy and exergy efficiency of MSSs is 4.32%, and 3.78% for graphite, CuO, and CSS is 2.63%. It is valued the costs of solar still with and without micro/nanoparticles. Peyman et al. [4] were developed as condensing cover of solar still and were coated in condensation surface by a nano-silicon solution. It is used in nano-coating to condensate solar manufacture to grow significantly and verified in AFM tests of condensing cover effects dripping with 23%. The nanoparticle used in single basin solar still was studied by Suresh et al. [5]. They are used in fuzzy logic technique and measured in summer and winter intension of the system. It resulted in a 24 h cycle used in the drip production rate of 7.624 kg/ m 2 day, and without drip, it is 5.254 kg/m 2 day. The overall efficiency of the system is 45%.
Sayed et al. [6] was synthesized in ZnO nanoparticles using the Hydrothermal technique. This sample is used a solar still performance has studied. The nanomaterials performance of a solar still productivity is 30% and 38% and compared against the nano-sphere shape. El-Gazar et al. [7] have developed a fractional classical for the solar still performance using hybrid nanofluid and analyzed the fractional model's error of 3.243% associated with 20.08% for the classical one. The effect of hybrid nanofluid in summer and winter performance is daily productivity of 27.2% and 21.7%. They are conculcated that hybrid nano increases the summer and winter for average energy efficiency of 12.6% and 13.4% and exergy efficiency is 22.5% and 13.4%. Weiwang et al. [8] designed and coated for double metal-dielectric solar selective absorbers using cosputtering techniques. The samples developed nanomultilayered MoOx-based solar selective absorber coatings. It is showed that good solar absorptance of 0.93 and low thermal emittance is 0.06. It presentations an ideal spectral selectivity of 0.92/0.07. Douyang et al. [9] have fabricated by nano-multilayered AlCrSiO film using cathodic arc ion plating. The solar absorber in the selectivity range is (0.923-0.927)/(0.160-0.193) and improved the absorber's thermal stability at 650°C. The bio-based composites of PLA and hybrid have been invented by 30 wt% of dried kenaf fiber, then 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt% is montmorillonite clay filler. The consequences of water absorption and biodegradability properties show that the water-resistance of hybrid bio-composites is improved by Ramesh et al. [10]. Pufleau [11] was proposed the parabolic oxidation kinetics of polycrystalline silicon nanoparticle aggregates at 1000°C and surface area with the range is 3-19 m 2 /g. It is crystallite size up to 50-70 nm. Zulhelmi et al. [12] have prepared hydrophobic silica aerogels and rice husk ash-derived sodium silicate method of sol-gel method. The optimal quality of silica aerogels is 668.82 m 2 /g. Nine days attained that heat treatment on silica aerogels was 200, 300, and 400°C for 2 h results and decreased of aerogel's density range of 0.048-0.039 g/cm 3 .
The determination to donate the JCL direction synthesis of SiO 2 nanoparticles the present-day study reports is the biosynthesis of SiO 2 nanoparticles using LCL leaf extract by Khade [18] and Shanmugan et al. [23]. Outcomes of the documented work by various researchers have been considered, and efforts have been made to overcome the inconveniences in the on-hand solar stills to devise and fabricate new singlebasin solar stills. We organized a SiO 2 nanoparticles/JCL biocomposite material with good photocatalysis activity for the solar absorption materials. It is improved to the thermal performance, then yields are increased of the system. The temperature's stability on different days (summer and winter) was also considered on a solar still. The preparation development of the system has shown a necessary commercial and ecofriendly standard.

Investigates of Chemicals and Leaf's Material
The SiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were purchased from Suvarna Scientific, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. KL University nearest includes at Mellempudi village is collected the (Barbados nut) Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) fresh leaves as shown in Fig. 1. The green synthesis of SiO 2 NP S has been utilized with a mixture of all the chemicals. To developed SBSS was a physicochemical characterization of analytical grade (purity ≥99%). We are used in Whatman Qualitative Filter Papers with a grade of 42: 11 cm (white color) of pore size by 1.2 μm and the filtration is used in leaf extracts. All experiments were used in distilled water (DW).

Synthesis of SiO 2 /Jatropha curcas L.
The Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) has been collected and washed systematically by DW to confiscate the associated dust particles and censored to actual acceptable pieces than dehydrated in sunshine incidence. One hundred leaves of Jatropha curcas L. are absorbed in the 150 ml of DW water and simmered at 100°C for 60 min and investigate leaf extracts. Gained the leaf extract was to possess for cooling at ambient temperature, it is used in filter Whatman Qualitative Filter Papers and utilized with a green synthesis of SiO 2 NPs. The sample with 110 ml of 0.75 M SiCl 4 is mixed through 110 ml of filters of leaf extracts ratio of 1:1 (volume per volume) with a constant for the magnetic stirring at ambient temperature. The solutions to change the color with transparent whitish-brown have been observed within 35 min after socializing organized precursor than the leaf extract is owed by reducing Si 4+ . It is designated a green synthesis of SiO 2 NPs, as shown in Fig. 2. The novel NPs are obtained to 30 ml of ammonia with a mixture solution of NPs drop-wise under constant magnetic stirring at ambient temperature. Finally, the novel NPs have been got to complete filtration after the tracked through ethyl alcohol washing to eradicate the ionic impurities. Then, the cleaned NP S of airdried 600°C was calcined for 4 h in a muffle furnace. The grind has concluded the arrangement of ash by SiO 2 NPs with a crystal mortar pestle. Figure 3 shows a potential response mechanism of green synthesis of SiO 2 NPs.

Characterization of SiO 2 NPs/Jatropha curcas L.
The sample has been characterized through the XRD (Powder X-ray Diffraction) and investigates that crystal structure and phase by green synthesized SiO 2 NPs. The XRD pattern was recorded on an X-ray diffractometer (Philips X' Pert Pro MPD, The Netherlands) equipped with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm) within a 2θ range of 10−70°at 40 kV/ 40 mA. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy-JSM-7610F, JEOL, Japan) characteristics of the morphological with the size of the green synthesized SiO 2 NPs have been determined. The samples are analyzed by the FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infrared) spectrometer with Model Nicolet 6700, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, which is utilized to illustrate the functional groups. The samples are also studied an optical properties analysis of the UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Evolution TM −201, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Table 3 is shown the properties of Jatropha curcas L leaf / SiO 2 material using in an SBSS.

Analysis of SBSS
A photograph of the experimental analysis of a single slope single basin solar still (SBSS) is depicted in Fig. 4 as by Feilizadeh et al. [13]. The basin area of 100 cm uses them, and the width*breadth of the magnitude's basin area is 100 cm *100 cm. The SSBS of the front wall height is 20 cm, and the back-wall height is 30 cm. The absorber basin area is made of copper sheet, and the saline water is filled level of maintained 1 cm depth of water in the basin area. The organization has used a glass cover thickness of 4 mm, an inclination of 11°for the horizontal and insulated sidewalls. The bottom of the basin was with glass wool with a thickness of 5 cm. The SSBS progresses from 09.00 am to 5.00 pm, and measured variations of the parameters like the stepped basin, saline water, moist internal air, and glass cover were at 30 min time intervals. The experiment was conducted under the weather condition of KLEF at Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. The solar radiation data was measured using a solar radiation monitor. A thermometer measures the ambient temperature. The RTD measures the SBSS -PT-100 types with sensor absorption of the thermocouple wire in range 0−800°C with ±0.1°C correctness of the data separately on the systems.

SBSS Used in Scientific Conventional
The SBSS parameter prototypical was established towards designate a process. The regular energy balance equations were developed with a different point of the SBSS, as shown in Fig. 5b.
The resulting attention assumption is implemented as The saline water following a thermo-physical property is equal an individual of pure water. The inclusive SBSS mechanism process is shown in Fig. 5b The SBSS glass cover is again an energy balance equation as The SBSS with basin area coated nanolayer again an energy balance equation as From Eq. (4) resembles with an arrangement as The solar distillation way of the solution of Eq. (5) can be written as From Eq. (6) is substituted with value of C i as The investigative results of an SBSS are coated with nanolayer basin area, and glass cover temperature evaluated an instant concentration thermal efficiency.
The SBSS is collected with purification water as The SiO 2 NPs /JCL effective in a regular harvest of the SBSS has been approved instantaneous current productivity by way of

The SBSS Reactor Design Effective Environments
Designed and fabricated single slope single basin solar still (SBSS) has been working for the solar absorption of the system with a performance of photocatalytic treatment. The SBSS has been made using a highly copper sheet with basin area width and breath trough of 100 cm length. A UV transparent glass thickness of 4 mm has used a length of 100 cm. The water inlet rubber tubes are further joined with a completely closed plastic tank (capacity 15 L) and maintained that water depth is 1 cm of the basin area by the saline water in the solar photocatalytic treatment method. The presence of SBSS has been worked on a sunny day of winter (November, December) and summer (April, May) with the period from 09:00 to 18:00 for the photocatalytic treatment of SBSS. The system's working is performed with a photocatalytic treatment process by the average solar irradiation in the winter of 645 W/m 2 and summer is 876 W/m 2 . They are followed and calculated by Kusam Meco KM-SPM-530 Digital Solar Power Meter (KUSAM-MECO, India), as shown in Tables 1 and 2. As a photocatalyst, the green synthesized SiO 2 NPs are performed that average temperature achieved by the SBSS during the experimental thermal performance is 75°C. The experimental work is followed in a schematic diagram, and the original picture of the SBSS made for the photocatalytic degradation in Figs. 3 and Fig. 5a, Fig. 5b and.

Assignment an Environment of the SBSS
The Jatropha curcas L. is used in various medicinal applications as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and anti-HIV actions by the standard. The broad-spectrum activities are considered aqueous in methanol leaf extracts for cytotoxicity, which is influenza virus inhibits hemagglutinin protein. The natural leaf's Jatropha curcas L. with NPs compositions have been based on using treatment to combat the environmental threats by the SBSS [14]. The SiO 2 nanoparticles /Jatropha curcas L. was not previously reported using a new eco-friendly method of an SBSS. It is verified the context of energy security, rural advance, weather conditions suitable system at KLEF, Andhra Pradesh, India. The SiO 2 nanoparticles/Jatropha curcas L. are used in more solar radiation absorption, global warming, and nonrenewable energy sources. The environmental impacts of acidification, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, and wastewater reduction is presented increases using the life cycle assessment approach by [15], and resulted the ISO 14040/44 by [16,17]. The energy stability of the SBSS has been measured giving to the cumulated energy demand methodology [18] and Indian environmental conditions by [19,20].

Result and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of SiO 2 NPs/Jatropha curcas L.
The SiO 2 NPs/JCL analysis of an XRD pattern is successfully synthesized and calculated by Debye Scherrer's equation as by Hargreaves [21]. It is crystalline nature and anatase phase, as shown in Fig. 6(a).
where NPs diameter is d for an average value, the X-ray radiation source for the wavelength (λ) is 0.89 of a constant crystalline structure is used the Bragg's diffraction angle (θ). The total angular width is β at half maximum XRD peaks values are verified at a diffraction angle of 2θ. The JCL synthesized SiO 2 NPs average crystalline size of 50 μm is a good performance. The amorphous SiO 2 microspheres are increased to the anatase phase's diffraction peaks. They also seemed on XRD patterns on the samples of SiO 2 NPs/JCL, and the intensity of diffraction peaks of the anatase phase has been increased with the increase SiO 2 ratio. The SiO 2 NPs of an XRD pattern were synthesized by a pack value range of 2θ angle peak values and formed in miller indices of hkl values as shown in Fig. 6(a). SiO 2 NPs/JCL's XRD pattern seemed to all the anatase diffraction peak (JCPDS 21-1272). The above said significances designated that SiO 2 nanoparticles occurred anatase phase. The sample is conformed to the crystalline structure's anatase phase, and the obtained that results suitable to join the committee on power diffraction X-rays by Chen and Zhang [22]. The lattice parameters are a = b = 3.792 Å, c = 9.554 Å by the crystalline tetragonal anatase phase for the samples. The space groups are I41/amd in between all the SiO 2 crystal phases, and the anatase showed the maximum photocatalytic movement. It results in reliable photocatalytic activity of the samples to the high crystallinity on the nano-sized-SiO 2 . It is measured in favor of photocatalytic activity directly connected to the controller recombination rate and the sufficiently long-lifetime thermal performance reactions.
The SEM analysis of SiO 2 NPs/JCL has been performed and evaluated with the shape and effect of the samples' size. The SEM images are successfully done of the samples, as shown in Fig. 6(b), and the diameter range is 20-100 μm. SiO 2 NPs/JCL was given to many small and observed lengthwise with less rather great sized agglomerate NPs; it is easily got with SEM images. The SiO 2 NPs/JCL group has formed the low pH by a solution, and the phytochemicals are presented as the leaves of Jatropha curcas L. possibly rolled as capping agents. It is improved the synthesis of the variability of NPs, and the dispersion between SiO 2 NPs has reduced their groups by Asuk et al. [23]-Bar et al. [24].
The SiO 2 NPs/JCL elemental composition has been synthesized on the X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) as Khade [25] Fig. 6(c) and Fig. 6(d) is the EDX spectrum. An exposed the purity of the sample as both silicon (Si), carbon (C), and oxygen (O) is present by the material of the weight percentages of 40.53% (Si. K), 28.22% (C. K), 31.26% (O. K). The sample of the atomic percentage is 42.25% (Si. K), 39.19% (C. K), 18.66% (O. K), respectively. The JCL synthesis of SiO 2 NPs was established to the C, and Cl also existed for the sample. The chloride (Cl) group present in the precursor has been increased and used for the JCL synthesis of SiO 2 NPs.    The Cl atoms' incidence might have caused this as anionic dopants increased the band gap values and permitted abundant light absorption in the shorter wavelength spectrum. Thus, these UV-vis spectra results are established that the nanoparticle size and dopant state influenced the bandgap. The sample space was contaminated and contained Cl. Then, the adsorption mechanism is during the chloride ion group present in the precursor has been increased. Cl does not exist, or the percentage is too low as a result of Fig. 6(c). The C peak of the phytochemicals was outstanding to the incidence existing in the leaf extracts of JCL. An essential role with playing in the synthesis of NPs is studied on FT-IR spectroscopy. The categorize of the biomolecules based on chemical groups existing in the leaf extracts of JCL role for the capping/reduction of metallic ions (Si +4 ) of the precursor. Figure 6(e) is an FT-IR spectrum on the SiO 2 NPs/JCL, and the hydroxyl group in JCL was broadband on 3437 cm −1 by the phenols. The life of JCL with a phenolic group is possibly owned rate of polyphenolic tannins and was covered the surface of green synthesized SiO 2 NPs and primary amine groups were band range of 2917-3863 cm −1 . The strong band of 1631 cm −1 is presented C-H stretching through the intense peak of 2233 cm −1 , and the carbonyl group has qualified to stretch the vibrational frequency of C=O of anhydrides. The JCL is a strong peak of 1059 cm −1 . It is given to C-Cl. The weak band is 1440 cm −1 , and the alkene group was showed the incidence of C=C by Kumar et al. [26]. The green synthesis of SiO 2 NPs is confirmed that improve studies of the optical properties and absorption spectra are also achieved on the samples, as shown in Fig. 6(f). The green synthesis of metallic SiO 2 NPs has been exposed by the strong absorption peaks of 331 nm with a range from 200 to 800 nm. The bulk SiO 2 NPs of 342 nm showed the increases in the bandgap and have been compared within absorption spectra of blue modification experimental functions. It is confirmed that the sharp and forceful peak individual circulation pattern is verified in the samples' absorption spectra. Karakitsou et al. [27], as refereed by impurities that NPs have connected in the peak value an interference caused by absorption. The bandgap energy is analyzed conferring to Tauc equation by Tauc [28].
The photon energy (hv) is used in the linear portion of the curve. A novel sample got the direct bandgap of 3.72 eV, and indirect bandgap energy is 3.32 eV, the bandgap energy (Eg) is 0.57 eV transition in both semiconductors. The bulk SiO 2 NPs are bandgap energy higher than that of 3.3 eV and changed the strong quantum confinement higher to the samples' valence and conduction bands.

Synthesized SiO 2 NPs/JCL with Performance Evaluation of a Solar Still
The experimental of a solar still was carried out from January 2020 to January 2021 at Vijayawada (latitude 16.5062°N, longitude 80.6480°E) Andhra Pradesh, India. The solar still with parameters have been measured with the effect of internal thermal performance improved temperature. It is coated in basin area with operation at 1 cm water's depth of the basin more absorption on the solar radiation intensity. Among the experimental days, observations for one of the typical days in winter (January 2021) and summer days (May 2020 by El-Gazar et al., [29]. The intensity of solar radiation and ambient temperature are plotted concerning the typical day's working hours, as shown in Fig. 7. The hourly variations of different parameters (temperature, production) of the SBSS during experiment day were qualitatively similar. Consequently, the solar still is presented the hourly of these parameters during shine hours was characterized by average an ambient temperature and solar radiation on winter days of 33°C and 774 W/m 2 then summer days in both of a maximum solar radiation and ambient temperature is 985 W/m 2 and 37°C. Incident solar radiation and ambient temperature increases from the sunrise until maximum value equal to 985 W/m 2 and 37°C observed at 13:00 local time, then decrease to minimum value observed at sunset as shown in Fig. 7 by Shanmugan et al., [30].
The Fig. 8 as active nanofluids is used by the SBSS achieved the temperature with during days like glass cover is 36.5°C (winter), and 45.8°C (summer), the basin temperature was 70.2°C (winter), and 74.4°C (summer), the water temperature is 70.2°C (winter), and 72.2°C (summer), by Abdullah et al., [31]; respectively. The SiO 2 NPs/JCL coated in the basin area with latent heat stable is about 66.43°C. The internal heat transfer modes have layered the SiO 2 NPs/JCL to contact the glass, basin, and water temperature, improving the heat energy process.
The weather condition is occupied or the typical days in January 2020 to January 2021anaysis of the amount of distillate yield the system as shown in Fig. 9. The progress of the SBSS is achieved over the sunshine at 60 min from 8.00 to 18:00. 12 kg saline water was used by the SSBC and improved that temperature effectively at 30 min. From 11.30 to 15.00, the system's maximum distillate production is 0.459 (summer), 0.342 (winter) mL, respectively. SiO 2 NPs/JCL on the SBSS basin area has enhanced freshwater yield during the days (summer and winter). The 24-h cycle of the total daily distillate yield by the proposed system has been considered in both weather conditions (winter and summer) to be 6.49, 8.79 L/day, respectively. The SiO 2 NPs/JCL used in SBSS has enhanced the typical heat energy for the everyday concert by 20.15% (winter), 25.8% (summer). It is concluded that basin area temperature in the highest period a sunshine hour by Shanmugan et al. [32].
The system achieves ambient, solar radiation, glass cover, basin, saline water, and distillate water invention during the year. The distillate of an SBSS was attained with a mockup of the development to all the parameters are glass cover, basin, saline water, and distillate invention throughout the year. The SBSS, as presented in Fig. 10, was attained that SiO 2 NPs/JCL nanolayer coated in basin area enhancement of harvest invention. The overall efficiency of SiO 2 NPs/JCL nanolayer used in SBSS has been achieved that of the system is 55.14% (summer) and 39.69% (winter) is performed by Essa et al. [33] and Mohandass Gandhiai et al. [34]

SBSS an Incorporate Stability Result
The single-most of the factor dictating in SBSS with productivity has been increased an energy source more solar radiation absorption internal mechanics' process. The SiO 2 /JCL have used in the system with performance increases, and yield is higher net solar radiation as utilization of an SBSS by Swellam [35]. They are stimulating in that values of the different hourly by an SBSS with thermal performance higher with yield conditions for KLEF (shown in Figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10 for with coating SiO 2 /JCL performed) with active from an occurrence solar radiation. SiO 2 /JCL coated of the SBSS with determined yield have been attained in the peak during solar radiation 11.00 am to 2.00 pm hour due to the higher internal mechanic with pressure also. The new materials of average crystalline size are 50 μm and the system sound performance is 55.14% (summer) and 39.69% (winter).

Conclusion
The novel work is to synthesize the SiO 2 NPs/JCL and evaluated them to using for the first time in solar still. The synthesis of SiO 2 NPs/JCL has been characterized by various techniques and improved solar's internal heat energy process. The average crystalline size of 50 μm and the bulk SiO 2 NPs are bandgap energy higher than that of 3.3 eV. The green synthesis of SiO 2 NPs is stabilized the responsible for reducing metallic ions, and the analysis of leaf extracts revealed as phenols and tannins. The green synthesis of SiO 2 NPs has been Hourly variation of basin production water by using SiO2 NPs/JCL with a performance of an SBSS established by UV-Vis., SEM, EDS, and FT-IR results. The green synthesized SiO 2 NPs used by the system have been performed to activity internal heat transfer, which is qualified pure crystalline anatase phase, great total surface hydroxyl groups. The higher surface area non-toxic JCL is an actual talented method then suitable for an environment-friendly.
Nomenclature A nb , Nanolayer coated an effective basin surface (m 2 ).; A gc , The SBSS is used in glass cover on length and breadth (m 2 ).; A gc , The SBSS actives in glass cover area (m 2 ).; A bn , The SBSS actives in basin nanolayer area protected in saline water (m 2 ).; H sr , Solar Radiation (W/m 2 ).; h s1 , The SBSS have internal process the total heat transfer coefficient from basin nanolayer to the glass cover (W/m 2 K).; h s2 , The SBSS have total heat transfer coefficient from glass cover to ambient (W/m 2 K).; h s3 , Total heat transfer coefficient from bottom and side walls to ambient (W/m 2 K).; h eiwgc , Evaporative heat transfer coefficient from nanolayer-basin to glass cover (W/m 2 K).; h sg , The SBSS actives in enthalpy of water at saturation temperature (W/m 2 ).; M dw , The SBSS actives in mass rate of distilled water (kg/m 2 s).; L v , Latent heat of vaporization (J kg −1 ).; q r. gsk , The SBSS actives in radiative heat transfer from glass cover to sky (W/m 2 ).; q c. gsk , The SBSS actives in convective heat transfer from glass cover to sky (W/m 2 ).; q im. sk , The SBSS actives in heat transfer from inside moist air to sky (W/m 2 ).; q lb , The SBSS actives in heat transfer from liquid to bottom area (W/m 2 ).; q ba , The SBSS actives in heat transfer from bottom to ambient (W/m 2 ).; q rga , The SBSS actives in radiative heat transfer from glass cover to ambient (W/m 2 ).; q cga , The SBSS actives in Convective heat transfer from glass cover to ambient (W/m 2 ).; r g , The solar rays reflected of the glass by SBSS (W/m 2 ).; T bn , The basin area coated in SiO 2 NPs/JCL power supply to the system (K).; T ag , The SBSS process in solar radiation absorptive by the glass cover (W/m 2 ).; T iw , The SBSS inner water temperature (K).; T wo , Initial temperature of the nanolayer-basin water surface (K).; T sg , The SBSS glass cover temperature (K).; T nb , The SBSS coated in nanolayer-basin temperature (K).; T sa , The SBSS surrounding ambient temperature (K).; η ync , NPs/JCL coated in basin area for the daily yield of a SBSS.; τ gc , Transmissivity of glass cover.; α gc , The SBSS process in absorptivity of the glass cover.
Availability of Data and Material The synthesized SiO 2 NPs with herbal extracts and data of results of characterization are available.
Author Contributions T. Rajesh kumar. Synthesis and characterization of SiO 2 NPs with herbal extracts. Dr S. Shanmugan.
Analysis of results, writing the manuscript, reviewing and editing the paper.
G. Sunita Sundari. Declarations The research work is ethically complied.
Consent to Participate All the authors give their consent to having participated in the current work.

Consent for Publication
All the authors give their consent for publication of this work.

Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest among the authors.