Targeted Exome Sequencing Identified a Novel USH2A Mutation in a Chinese Usher Syndrome Family

Abstract

Background To identify the gene mutation in a Chinese family with Usher syndrome type 2 and describe the clinical features.

Methods A 23-year-old man complain of 10-year nyctalopia and a 3-year decline in visual acuity in both eyes accompanied by congenital dysaudia. To clarify the diagnosis, the clinical symptoms of the patient were observed and analysed in combination with comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations as well as genetic analysis(Targeted exome sequencing, TES).

Results Typical clinical presentation of Usher syndrome on fundus features was found, which included a wax yellow-like disc, bone-spicule formations, and retinal vessel stenosis. Optical coherence tomography(OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) showed loss of the ellipsoid zone and a reduction in paracaval vessel density in both eyes. Genetic analysis identified the presence of novel homozygote of c.8483_8486del (p.S2828fs) in USH2A, a gene responsible for Usher syndrome type 2 (OMIM:276901). This novel mutation in USH2A led to premature translation termination, resulting in the deletion of 19 fibronectin type 3 domains(FN3), which plays an important role in protein binding. Based on the clinical manifestations and genetic result, the patient was diagnosed with Usher syndrome type 2.

Conclusions We found a novel mutation of c.8483_8486del in USH2A gene through TES techniques for 381 inherited retinal disease (IRD) related genes. The results of this study broaden the spectrum of mutations in Usher syndrome type 2 and suggest that the combination of TES molecular diagnosis and clinical information can help USH patients obtain a better diagnoses.

1 Background

Usher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by retinal pigmentosa (RP), sensorineural hearing impairment and vestibule dysfunction. The prevalence is approximately 3.2 to 6.2 cases per 100,000 people^[1-4]. It is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Currently, 19 genes and loci are related to USH and atypical USH (RetNet [https://sph.uth.edu/retnet]; October 2019). Among them, 16 genes were identified as causative genes. USH could be divided into three types according to the age of onset, the severity of visual and hearing impairment and whether it is accompanied by vestibule dysfunction. However, due to the point that genetic manifestation is currently not well understood, the rate of missed diagnosis (4%) for this condition is high in Asia, especially in China^[5].

In patients with USH1, deafness occurs early, and their abnormal visual function is easily ignored. In patients with USH2 and USH3, visual function and hearing abnormalities are gradually progressive. Accurate clinical and molecular diagnoses are the basis of prognosis, treatment selection and eugenics. TES provides us with a new opportunity of revealing the genetic defects in usher syndrome patients^[6]. Here, we screened 381 inherited retinal disease genes in a USH2 family and identified a novel mutation of c.8483_8486del in the USH2A gene.

2 Methods

2.1 Patient

A 23-year-old man visited our clinic with a complaint that he suffered from deafness from childhood with occasional dizziness, nyctalopia for 10 years and visual acuity declined in both eyes for nearly 3 years. Previously, he was diagnosed with "sensorineural deafness" by an otolarynologist. This patient and his family members gave informed consent for the study, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital (Tianjin, China). Then, whole peripheral blood samples were collected for NGS or Sanger sequencing. For clinical diagnosis, we performed a comprehensive ocular examination that contained best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, visual field tests, OCT, OCTA, ultra-wide field fundus photography, and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) with pupil dilation.

2.2 Methods

2.2.1. DNA Library Preparation

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes of the patient and his family members using the DNA Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, Beijing, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA was quantified with a Nanodrop 2000 (Thermal Fisher Scientific, DE). A minimum of 3 µg of DNA was used for the indexed Illumina libraries according to the manufacturer’s protocol (My Genostics, Inc., Beijing, China). DNA fragments with sizes ranging from 350 bp to 450 bp and those including the adaptor sequences were selected for the DNA libraries.

2.2.2. Targeted Gene Capture and Sequencing

Next, 381 known genes associated with inherited retinal diseases, including USH (Table 1), were selected by a gene capture strategy using the GenCapCustom Enrichment Kit (My Genostics Inc., Beijing, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The biotinylated capture probes (80-120-mer) were designed to tile all of the exons with non-repeated regions. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) for paired-end reads of 150 bp.

2.2.3. Bioinformatics Analysis

Following sequencing, raw image files were processed using Bcl2Fastq software (Bcl2Fastq, Illumina, Inc.) for base calling and raw data generation. Low-quality variations (score≥20) were filtered out. The clean reads were then aligned to the reference human genome using Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package (SOAP) aligner software (SOAP2.21; soap.genomics.org.cn/soapsnp.html) (hg19). After removing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) duplicates using the Picard program, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined using the SOAP SNP program, and the deletions and insertions (InDels) were detected using Genome Analysis Toolkit software 3.7. Subsequently, we annotated the identified SNPs and InDels with the Exome-assistant program (http://122.228.158.106/exomeassistant)and viewed the short read alignment using MagicViewer to confirm the candidate SNPs and InDels. Non-synonymous variants were evaluated for pathogenicity using Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant [SIFT; (http://sift.jcvi.org/)] and PolyPhen (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/). Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER; www.pantherdb.org) and Pathogenic Mutation Prediction (Pmut; http://mmb.pcb.ub.es/PMut/) were also used.

2.2.4. Expanded Validation and Protein Function Prediction

Genomic DNA of the proband was subjected to TES. Filtered candidate variants identified by anIllumina HiSeq 2000sequencer were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The coding exons containing the detected mutations were amplified using Ex Tag DNA polymerase (Takara, Dalian). The purified PCR samples were sequenced using the ABI PRISM 3730 genetic analyser (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and then sequence traces were analysed with the Mutation Surveyor (Softgenetics, PA). The mutation in the family members was confirmed by the same procedure. Multiple sequence alignments were performed using ClustalW2 with the default setting (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/).Protein structures were determined by SMART(http://smart.emblheidelberg.de). The 3D structure of the protein variation caused by gene mutation was analysed using Protein Data Bank(PDB) and the homology modelling software Swiss-Model(Biasini et al., 2014).We collected all genomic DNA samples upon informed consent.

3 Results

3.1 Clinical Findings

A 23-year-old man presented a 10-year history of deafness and poor night vision. His BCVA was 0.6 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye. His parents had a consanguineous marriage. His grandparents had passed away, but they were healthy according to their past medical history or eye conditions. In addition, his parents and his sister were unaffected (Figure 1). To better clarify the proband's condition, ophthalmologic investigations were performed. Slit-lamp examination showed that the anterior segment of the eyes was normal. The fundus was typical of RP: (1) the appearance of the wax yellow-like disc; (2) the large amount of osteoblast-like pigmentation seen in the retina; and (3) tapering of the retinal vessels, of which the arteries were obvious (Figure 2A). An abnormal parafoveal ring of increased autofluorescence of ultra-wide-angle images was observed, and there was a ring-like hypoautofluorescence region around the macular and optic disc on FAF imaging in each eye (Figure 2B). We also found decreased retinal thickness and absence of the ellipsoid zone on macular OCT(Figure 2C). Macular OCTA revealed an enlarging foveal avascular area(FAZ) in the superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus, while macular vascular flow density was also decreased(Figures 3). Examination with an Octopus perimeter device put up a tubular visual field in both eyes(Figures 4).

3.2 Genetic and Molecular Analysis

DNA extracted from the peripheral blood of the family members was subjected to TES. Genetic tests showed that the patient had a novel mutation(c.8483_8486del) in the USH2A gene. Moreover, DNA samples extracted from proband’s sister and parents were used for Sanger sequencing. The results confirmed there was a pedigree genetic co-segregation in this family. A model structure for USH2A was generated from homology modelling. The mutation resulted in premature translation termination, and the stop-gain variant was predicted to remove 2375 amino acids from the encoded proteins, which would result in truncation of the α-βhydrolase domain. This may change the overall function of the folded state of the protein(Figure 5).

4 Discussion

We reported the case of a 23-year-old patient who presented a series of typical clinical features with a novel homozygous mutation, c.8483_8486del in USH2A, a gene responsible for USH2 (OMIM:276901). Mutations in USH2A are associated with USH2, it is responsible for almost 50% of USH cases^[7].

USH2A codes two alternatively spliced isoforms of usherin. Short ~170 kDa isoform a, consisting of 21 exons, is regarded as an extracellular protein; full-length ~580 kDa isoform b is a complex transmembrane protein composed of three regions: a large extracellular region consisting of an N-terminal signal peptide, laminin G-like domain (LamGL), laminin domain N-terminal (LamNT), laminin-type EGF-like modules (EGF-Lam), fibronectin type III (FN3) repeats, laminin G domains (LamG); a transmembrane region(TM); and a cytoplasmic C-terminal domain containing a PDZ-binding motif^{[8, 9]}. Usherin is distributed in the periciliary membrane complex and synapse in photoreceptors. All USH1 and USH2 proteins are organized as protein networks by the scaffold proteins harmonin(USH1C), whirlin (USH2D) and SANS (USH1G). Usherin(USH2A) and VLGR1b(USH2C) are part of the links that are intracellularly attached to the scaffold proteins. On the other hand, during the differentiation of the hair bundle, both USH1 and USH2 proteins contribute to the formation of side links located at the tip and the base of the stereocilia, respectively. They exist in multiprotein complexes that work together as molecular networks to anchor them to the stereocilia actin filaments^[10-14].

In our patient, the homozygous frameshift mutation (c.8483_8486del) in USH2A made the termination codon appear in advance; as a result, 19 FN3 domains were deleted. FN3 plays a key role in cell adhesion, cell morphology, thrombosis, cell migration, and embryonic differentiation and pathophysiologic processes such as angiogenesis and vascular remodeling^[15]. In this regard, we suppose that the absence of 19 FN3 domains corresponding to the incompleteness of usherin, which might probably have in turn affected the process of stereocilia differentiation and maturation, resulting in a milder stereocilia dysmorphic phenotype. Several positions are found associated exclusively with pathogenic of FN3 in usherin^[16], which support our hypothesis. However, the pathway needs to be confirmed by molecular experiments in the future.

TES may be suitable for molecular diagnosis of USH. Because of the great diversity of various types of pathogenic genes and the frequent occurrence of new mutations, array-based diagnosis often can not accurately reflect the pathogenicity. USH pathogenic genes have many subtypes and numerous exons. At present, more than 400 coding exons have been commented.^[17] Therefore, a higher diagnosis rate can be obtained by using sequence-based diagnosis method.

Conclusion

Here, we report a novel homozygous mutation, c.8483_8486del, in the USH2A gene through TES techniques of 381 inherited retinal disease genes. The mutation truncated the translation of the USH2A gene, and 19 FN3 domains were lost, which influenced the function of stereocilia. We broadened the spectrum of mutations in the disease and provided a new locus for gene therapy of the disease. The combination of TES molecular diagnosis and clinical information can help USH patients obtain more accurate diagnoses.

Abbreviations

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by institution review board of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital(Tianjin, China), Number：2019KY-02. The written informed consent to participate was obtained from the patients.

Consent to publish

Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and clinical images was obtained from the patients.

Availability of data and materials

All data are fully available without restriction

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Fundings

This study was supported by Tianjin Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (17JCYBJC27200 to Zhiqing,Li).

Author Contributions

Xiaorong Li and Zhiqing Li conceived the idea and take responsibility for the integrity of the data. Both authors also contributed equally to this work.

Dongjun Xing and Huaiyu Zhou collected the samples, performed data analyses and wrote the manuscript. Both of authors also contributed equally to this work.

Rongguo Yu, Linni Wang and Liying Hu performed the experiments.

Acknowledgements

We thank all the family members for their participation in this study.

References

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Table

Table 1 List of 381 genes chosen for targeted gene capture