DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-167066/v1
Background
Post-operative pancreatic fistula is a morbid complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Though most of them present in the immediate post-operative period, few case reports have mentioned it even 7 years after index surgery. Here, we report a delayed presentation of pancreatic fistula 6 months after surgery.
Case report
A 57 year old female underwent Whipple’s pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head adnocarcinoma and was discharged with an uneventful post-operative recovery. She presented after 6 months with complaints of abdominal pain and distension which upon evaluation found to be a pancreatic enzyme rich mutiloculated collection. It was managed with per-cutaneous drain placement.
Discussion
Pancreatic fistula remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality even after 100 years of its existence. It can be overt fistula which manifest in the immediate post-operative period or occult fistula which manifests long after primary surgery. Various causes of delayed fistula are anastomotic site stricture, previous chemotherapy, infection. The management options available are percutaneous drainage, endoscopic stenting of anastomotic stricture or redoing the anastomosis.
Conclusion
Pancreatic fistula can have a delayed presentation which can be diagnosed and managed with regular follow up.
After its inception by Whipple in 1914, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) became preferred choice of surgery in both benign and malignant diseases of periampullary region.[1]Though operative mortality (3–5%) is decreased but morbidity still remained high which around 30–65%.[2] Dealing with pancreatic stump is most important challenge and mostly the cause of postoperative complication.[3] Pancreatic fistula is one of major complication after PD which is around 2–28%.4 There are lots of literature described about post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF), but none of them have been mentioned about the timing of presentation apart from few case reports about delayed pancreatic fistula according to our knowledge. Here we present another case of pancreatic fistula presented 6 months after PD.
Fifty seven year old female, without any co-morbidity, with past history of cholecystectomy, presented with history of progressively worsening jaundice. It was associated with itching, occasional fevers with chills and rigor. She was evaluated with ultrasound abdomen which showed mild dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tree and the common hepatic duct with a dilated common bile duct measuring 9 mm and main pancreatic duct is dilated and measuring 4.1 mm. Computed tomography (CT) angiography of abdomen showed periampullary mild heterogeneous enhancing mass of size (2.0 x 1.9 x 1.7) cm mainly involving the lower end of the common bile duct causing upstream dilatation of the biliary radicals and extrahepatic duct, also causes mild dilatation of the main pancreatic duct, associated with some pancreatitis involving the head and uncinate process with stranding around the distal SMV along the right side without any vascular invasion. There was narrowing of celiac artery with collaterals between celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery over the head of pancreas. (Figure − 1) In view of features of cholangitis, she was planned for endoscopic stenting of common bile duct but percutaneous transhepatic drainage was done in view of repeated failed cannulation. After optimization, she underwent Whipple’s pancreaticoduodenectomy with division of median arcurate ligament. Intra-operatively, there was a pancreatic head mass of size (3 x 1) cm with a large aorto-caval lymph node which on frozen section was negative for metastatic deposit, pancreas was soft with a duct diameter of 3mm (Figure − 2) The histopathological report showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the head of pancreas with lymphovascular invasion and peri-neural invasion with 5 positive out of 42 lymph nodes with a pathological stage of pT1cpN2pMx. The drain fluid amylase sent on post-operative day 3 (POD) from both drains were 8 U/L and 9 U/L. Both the drains were removed and she was discharged on POD 12. She received adjuvant chemotherapy in the form of 2 cycles of gemcitabine and capecitabine. Post 2nd cycle chemotherapy she developed pain abdomen which was initially of low intensity but gradually worsened. She was admitted to a local hospital with hypotension and a total leukocyte count of 26,000/cu mm. After optimization, she presented here and on evaluation with CT abdomen there was a large multiloculated collection with enhancing wall in the upper and lower abdomen with haziness around the PJ site underneath the anterior abdominal wall with a distended stomach. (Figure − 3 and 4) Feeding was started after using nasojejunal tube. CT guided percutaneous drain was placed and drained fluid on analysis had an amylase of 1131 U/L and lipase of 3003 U/L. Somatostatin analogue was started due to raised drain fluid enzyme levels. Drain fluid culture was positive for Klebsiella pneumonia and antibiotics were changed as per sensitivity. Gradually drain output reduced and subsequent CT abdomen showed no significant collection. (Figure − 5) She was discharged with per-cutaneous drain in situ which was removed on outpatient basis. Now she is doing well in subsequent follow up 15 months post surgery.
PD continues to be a difficult surgery even 100 years after its inception by Dr Walter Kausch and its modification by Dr. Allen Oldfather Whipple. With improvement of surgical techniques, though the mortality rate dropped, the morbidity still remained on higher side. Delayed gastric emptying, wound infection, post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage, postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), intra-abdominal abscess are amongst the common and serious complications following PD. Pancreatic anastomosis leak causing POPF still remains the leading cause of morbidity following PD even in specialized centers.[5, 6, 7] The main hurdle to manage POPF was lack of standardized and universally accepted definition until 2004 when 37 pancreatic surgeons from 15 countries formed International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) and purposed a definition for POPF. According to ISGPF, POPF was defined as measurable fluid output on or after postoperative day 3, with amylase content higher than three times the upper normal serum level. [8] It was revised in 2016 and divided POPF into biochemical fistula and clinically relevant fistula. [9]
The risk factors of POPF following PD can be various like etiologies for surgery, pancreatic parenchymal texture, duct diameter, surgical techniques, blood loss, high BMI. In regards to etiologies, PD done for pancreatic adenocarcinoma has a low risk for fistula formation in comparison to ampullary, duodenal, distal cholangiocarcinoma.[10,11,12,13] Risk of POPF increased many fold in patients with hard pancreas and small pancreatic duct diameter < (2-3) mm. [10,14,15]
Depending upon timing of its presentation, Veillette et al divided POPF into overt and occult fistula. Overt fistulas are defined by their evidence within first post-operative week and causes major morbidity and mortality. Occult fistulas are those which are not manifested in the initial post-operative period but subsequently resulted in intra-abdominal collection, abscess formation, hemorrhage and death. In their series, there were 13 occult fistulas. They also found that occult fistulas were responsible for repeated hospital admissions but there was no difference between them in relation to intervention, reoperation or mortality. But the occult fistulas in their study presented within 90 days of surgery. [16]
So, delayed presentation of POPF is a rare presentation which is rarer after PD and is only limited to individual case reports.[17] There are few case reports of delayed POPF after splenectomy.[18,19] Though the cause of delayed presentation of fistula is yet to be established, there are various plausible explanations. Pancreatic duct obstruction, recurrent pancreatitis, ischemia and fibrosis may lead to anastomotic disruption causing delayed POPF.[20] Pancreatojejunal anastomotic site stricture secondary to chemotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma may be another explanation.[21] Smoking which creates a thrombogenic environment along with its vasoconstrictive property may be another factor responsible for delayed POPF.[22] Small amount of initial leakage which often goes unnoticed may be aggravated by infection causing delayed fistula is another theory behind POPF. Gray zone between POPF and post-operative collections was described by Barreto et al. They proposed drains failing to drain properly due to blockage, displaced or misplaced drains and vascular factors may be responsible for delayed presentation of POPF.[23] In this case, though her immediate post-operative drain fluid amylase levels were normal ruling out an overt fistula, she presented with collections after receiving chemotherapy which may be the cause of delayed POPF by causing pancretojejunal anastomotic stricture.
Due to its rarity, the exact time duration of its presentation from index surgery is yet to be elucidated. Veillette et al in their series found all occult fistulas presented within 90 days of index surgery.[16] In a case report by Faraj et al, the duration was 7 years which is by far the longest interval reported in literature.[20] Ito et al reported a gap of 1 year and it was 8 months by Perez et al. In our case, patient presented to us after 6 months of index surgery. [24, 3]
Management of this unique condition may range from percutaneous drainage, endoscopic stenting of anastomotic stricture to redo of the anastomosis. [3, 20, 24] Patient was managed with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage in our case.
A delayed pancreatic fistula after PD is a rare complication and is limited to only individual case reports. This is the fourth case report on delayed POPF in literature to our best of knowledge. A little is known about its etiopathogenesis and few plausible explanations are available regarding the same without any concrete evidence. Few management options are available in the form of percutaneous drainage, stenting of anastomotic stricture and redoing the anastomosis. Though this study provides a different prospective to the existing literature about the delayed presentation of pancreatic fistula, a case series involving large number of patients is required to establish its etiopathogenesis and management.
PD- Pancreaticosuodenectomy.
POPF- Post operative Pancreatic Fistula.
CT- Computed Tomography.
POD – Post- operative day.
ISGPF - International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula.
Ethical Committee and consent to participate - Ethical committee clearance was not needed as per the local ethical committee regulations. Consent to participate in the study was taken from the patient.
Consent for publication - Consent for publications was taken from the patient.
Availability of data and materials - All the data and material is available with the author.
Funding – The research received no specific grant from any funding agency in public, commercial or not-for-profit sector.
Author Contribution - Dr Suvendu Sekhar Jena - Data collection and analysis, Writing Case report and Discussion. Dr Dibyasingh Meher – Writing abstract, introduction and article name. Dr Rahul Ranjan – Study designing and Final proofing.
Acknowledgements – Not applicable.