Evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage corn under different irrigation systems

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1674658/v1

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Evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage corn under different irrigation systems

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1674658/v1

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posted 23 May, 2022

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One of the suitable approaches to shorten the growing season and increase the qualitative and quantitative performance of the forage corn is to use modern irrigation systems and transplantation. In this research, transplanting and direct sowing were evaluated on two sowing dates (on time and delay) in the Chahartakhteh research station. The study has conducted in three experiments for two years. Each experiment was performed based on the split plot as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Qualitative characteristics, including ear yield, bush height, ear formation height, and protein content have been measured at the end of any farming season. The results showed no significant difference in ear yield among three irrigation systems (tape, sprinkler, and surface irrigation systems). Ear yield in the first sowing date was more than the second sowing date (delayed sowing date) and in the transplanting method was more than the seeding method. Bush height also showed no significant difference among the three studied irrigation methods. The maximum bush height was 228.6 and 227.1 cm, respectively in July sowing date and direct sowing. Ear formation height was similar to bush height in all irrigation methods, sowing date and sowing method. The maximum protein content was 9.8% in the sprinkler irrigation method. The results indicated that the protein content and Ear yield of the July sowing date were significantly different from the June sowing date, and it had no significant difference in direct sowing and transplantation than protein content.

Irrigation systems

Protein content

Direct seeding

Transplantation

Sowing date

Corn is one of the forage plants rich in nutrients for livestock feeding. One way to save and manage inputs consumption and compensate for corn cultivation optimally in cold regions is to transplant corn (Zaraei et al. 2018). In Iran and some other countries, corn is usually sown after the early harvest of barley or wheat, and it might not be the suitable sowing date for corn. So in the alternation of wheat and barley and corn, the transplantation of corn can be used as a solution to eliminate the delay in corn sowing.

So far, many studies have been conducted on the effects of cultivation type, irrigation method, and irrigation rate on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of corn, which are some of the most important results of these studies.

The amount and volume of irrigation water significantly affect the growth of corn (Wolfe et al. 1988; Weld and Gebremariam 2016). The average water consumption has been 10353 m³/ha for corn hybrid sowing in Marvdasht, Fars Province, Iran, and the average water use efficiency has been 0.7 kg per 1 m³ water (Mohammadi and Boostani 2011). Using the wastewater of the domestic sewage refinery increased the ear yield. The yield of the treatments in which 100% of the required water was provided increased up to 4.6% compared to those in which only 75% of the required water was provided; however, those treatments in which 75% water was provided had an increase in water use efficiency index up to 11% (Haghighatjou et al. 2015). The root depth of corn was more under the subsurface drip irrigation system than the surface irrigation system, but it did not have a significant difference and the final root depth was about 77 cm. However, the total dry weight of corn root was significantly more in the subsurface drip irrigation, but it reduced the water consumption (Ebrahimizadeh and Hassanali 2008). Excessive water consumption of the plant reduces the yield and the evaluated indices. The closer the water consumption to the control terrace, the better the root development and yield, although there was no significant difference (Khalili-Rad et al. 2010). Corn yield had significant differences in terms of the irrigation frequency, but it was not significantly different in terms of the growth period length (Sepehri et al. 2019). The different levels of the irrigation water of 130, 100 and 80% of water demand did not have a significant effect on the protein percentage in forage corn, and increasing the irrigation water leads to increase, the bush height and the ear weight (Heydari Soreshjani et al. 2015). Low irrigation significantly affects the corn yield, ear yield, bush height and the protein yield and this effect has been more at the end of the crop growth period (Ahmadpour et al. 2017). Corn transplantation at the age of two and three weeks has the highest yield in the first sowing date (June 7) in direct sowing compared to two later sowing dates (July) (Ghiasabadi et al. 2014). Corn transplantation reduced the flowering period (11 to 15 days) and increased the ear yield for two-week transplantations (Fanadzo et al. 2009). The emergence of silk and grain ripening occurred sooner in transplantation sowing than the direct sowing of the corn (Rueber et al. 2013). Forage corn transplantation (6-week transplants) increased the bush height, ear diameter and length, and dry weight of the ear compared to direct sowing (Zaraei et al. 2018). Protein content was more in less dense sowing (Eskandari et al. 2016). Among several irrigation reduction treatments, the treatment in which 70% of the irrigation demand is supplied, had a less yield and higher protein content (Ertek and Kara 2013). Corn is sensitive to drought, and if it is exposed to water stress, the ear yield and quality decrease significantly (Abbas and Rajan 2017). In the furrow sowing, the protein content of corn did not significantly differ under different irrigation systems (Datta et al. 2019). The protein content was a function of irrigation water, and the ear yield decreased as the irrigation water decreased, but the total protein content increased significantly (Biglouei et al. 2013). Low irrigation management decreased the ear yield with a significant difference. However, treatments of low irrigation had the highest protein content, especially treatments in which only 70% of water demand was met (Ertek and Kara 2013). Water stress of more than 30% led to a significant reduction of the quantitative and the qualitative yield of corn. The correlation coefficient between the consumed water and protein was 0.81, and totally, it had a significant positive difference with the qualitative characteristics (Beyhan Ucak et al. 2016). The supply of the irrigation water up to 426 mm had a more suitable qualitative and quantitative yield compared to other treatments with higher or lower irrigation water. However, the solid materials dissolved in the treatments under low irrigation increased (Lopez et al. 2017).

The amount of irrigation water affects the ear yield and bush height, and when the irrigation decreases, the protein content of the crop increases. Transplantation leads to a shorter growth period, and flowering occurs sooner and the water consumption also decreases. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of transplanting and direct sowing on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of corn under three irrigation in the Chahartakhteh research station, Iran.

The present research was conducted two years in the Chahartakhteh research station, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center from 2016 to 2017. In this study, the meteorological data measured at the Farokhshahr station located in Chahartakhteh station are used. This station is 2073 m above sea level with a semi-arid and cold climate. Any experiment was based on the split-plot as a randomized complete block design with three replications, The sowing dates (June 5 and July 6) were considered as the major plots and the way of sowing (direct sowing (seeding) and indirect sowing (transplantation)) were the minor plots in any experiment. Any plot included 4-four rows sowing with 60 cm width and 6 m length (Khodadadi 2000). Transplantation was performed in the growth stage of two to three leaves of seedlings with age of 14 to 16 days. At the same time with transplantation, seeding was performed in terraces in the June and July sowing dates with the density 98000 bushes per hectare and with the variety Single cross 704. The qualitative characteristics, including flowering date, silk emergence date, height of the ear formation from the ground level, bush height, ear weight and the protein content of the forage corn were measured. Any experiment was irrigated separately with an irrigation system (sprinkler, tape and furrow irrigation systems). The difference of all three irrigation systems was determined using the composite decomposition method per location for any year and the composite decomposition per year and location for two years. Before sowing, soil samples were taken from the depths 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm and 60–90 cm in any irrigation system and were sent to the soil study laboratory to determine the required parameters. The amount of the irrigation water was calculated based on the required water of the crop, using FAO 29 and 56 publications. The amount of protein was calculated by the Kjeldahl method. In this research, the SAS statistical software was used to analyze the annual and two-year compound variances. The means of the treatments were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% significance level.

The results of the annual ANOVA of Corn characteristics under different irrigation methods, different sowing dates and sowing methods are given in Table 1. As it can be seen from Table 1, the effect of the irrigation methods is significant on the bush height and the protein content at the 5% significance level. However, this effect is not significant for other qualitative characteristics, including the ear yield and the height of ear formation. The effect of the sowing date on the ear yield, bush height, the height of ear formation is significant at the 1% level and for the protein content at the 5% level (Table 1). The maximum ear yield was obtained as 21970 kg/ha for the first sowing date. The higher ear yield in the first sowing date can be due to the favorable growth conditions (temperature) from the sowing to harvesting time. The maximum bush height and height of ear formation were 220.0 and 108.5 cm for the July 6 sowing date, respectively. It seems that the delay in the growth stages in the second sowing date increases in the bush height and height of the ear formation from the soil level. The maximum protein content for the second sowing date and the first sowing date was obtained 10.11% and 8.81%, respectively. It seems that in the first sowing date, the speed of the transfer of substances from leaves and stems to the ear is quicker, and the leaves fade and become yellow sooner. These factors can affect the protein content of the leaves and stems of forages. The effect of the sowing method was significant on the ear yield, height of the plant, and the height of the ear formation at the 5% significance level (Table 1). The maximum ear yield was obtained as 19265.5 kg/ha in transplantation. The results of previous studies have mainly shown the increase in the production and earlier flowering in transplantation of the corn. It seems that the early growth of corn in the nursery may result in sooner growth stages and flowering of the corn transplants in the field and these factors can affect the forage production and ear yield.

Table 1

The annual ANOVA results of the ear yield and other qualitative characteristics of the forage corn under different irrigation methods, different sowing dates and two sowing methods
		Mean of square (M.S.)
S.O.V.	df	Ear Yield		Height of plant		Height of ear formation		Protein content
S.O.V.	df	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017	2016	2017
Irrigation system (Y)	2	63911233 ns	58932268 ns	144134*	213977 ns	2270 ns	1721 ns	2.73*	3.18*
Error	6	27073915	23457712	2391	13859	871	640	0.31	0.39
Sowing date (D)	1	146725980**	77715967**	31536**	31926**	1489**	1056**	2.63*	4.81*
(D*Y)	2	16288543 ns	12477391	4729 ns	4937 ns	248	212 ns	1.45 ns	2.71 ns
Error	6	8812371	4953217	1869	2193	94	54	0.36	0.52
Sowing method (P)	1	16345772*	39172668*	1454*	2571*	675*	379*	0.68 ns	0.93 ns
(P*Y)	2	7753211 ns	823461 ns	973 ns	1037 ns	144 ns	130 ns	0.72 ns	1.06 ns
(P*D)	1	7833520 ns	6391233 ns	739 ns	837 ns	87 ns	62.45ns	0.91 ns	1.3 ns
(PYD)	2	5693778 ns	4336678 ns	835 ns	9357 ns	104 ns	93 ns	0.66 ns	0.82 ns
Error	12	2375626	3895259	260	325	81	50	0.23	0.42
* Significant difference at 1% level. ** Significant difference at 5% level. n s Non- significant.

According to the annual ANOVA in 2016, the effect of the irrigation systems was not significant on the measured qualitative characteristics of corn except the protein content (Table 1). The effect of the sowing date on the ear yield, bush height and the height of ear formation was significant at the 1% level, and on the protein content was significant at the 5% level (Table 1). The maximum ear yield was 26403.1 kg/ha in the first sowing (Hadadi and Mohseni 2006). In the July 6 sowing date, the maximum bush height and height of ear formation were 238.3 and 122.8 cm, respectively. Due to delay in growth stages, bush height and height of ear formation may have increased in the second sowing date. Similar results have also been reported by other researchers (Tabatabaei and Dadashi 2013; Wang et al. 2018). The maximum protein content was greater than 10% on the second sowing date.

The effect of the sowing method on the ear yield, height of the plant and the height of the ear formation was significant at the 5% level (Table 1). The maximum ear yield obtained 22763.1 kg/ha in the transplantation treatment.

Please insert Table 1 here.

According to the two-year analysis of compound variance, the effect of the year on the ear yield, bush height and height of ear formation was significant at the 5% probability level. The maximum ear yield, bush height, and height of ear formation were obtained 21841 kg/ha, 228.4 cm and 114 cm, respectively in 2016. No significant difference was observed between the protein contents in both years (Table 2). The effect of the irrigation system was not significant on the ear yield, the height of the plant, and height of ear formation. In contrast, it had a significant effect on the protein content at the 5% level and the maximum protein content was obtained 9.83% and 9.68% in the sprinkler and tape irrigation methods, respectively (Table 2). According to the results of the two-year experiment, it can concluded that the ear yield was not significantly different in the three irrigation systems. The effect of the sowing method on the ear yield, height of the plant, and height of ear formation was significant at the 5% level (Table 1). The maximum ear yield was 21012.8 in the transplantation method (Table 2). It seems that in the transplantation method, the early growth of corn in the nursery may result in sooner growth stages and flowering in the field, and these factors can affect the forage production and ear yield. There are limited reports about comparing transplantation and direct sowing of corn, but these reports have mainly shown the increase in the production and sooner flowering in corn transplantation. The maximum bush height and height of ear formation were obtained 227.1 cm and 114.2 cm, respectively in direct (seeding) sowing (Table 2). The higher bush height and height of ear formation may be due to the longer growth period in the direct sowing method. There was a delay in flowering in direct sowing terraces (Fig. 1). Comparing the results of all test treatments in two years shows that the maximum ear yield obtained in the first sowing date under all three irrigation methods, and the minimum ear yield obtained in the second sowing date (Table 2). In the second sowing date, tassels and silk threads (ear) emerged mainly from the second half of September to the end of this month (Fig. 1), hence, growth continued during October. Temperature decreases in October compared to summer months in the region, so that the absolute minimum temperatures in October were 4 and 1.1°C, respectively in 2016 and 2017. Also, the average minimum temperatures in October were 6.7 and 4.8°C, in 2016 and 2017 respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that in this region, the continued growth of corn in October can result in slower growth and the danger of frostbite. So, one of the reasons for the decrease in the yield is the later sowing date on July 6 (the second sowing date), the continuance of growth in October and the low temperature. It is reported that the minimum basic temperature is 7 to 8°C for corn to form tassels and pollinate (Warrington and Kanemasu 1983). Also, Garcia et al. (2009) stated that the basic minimum temperature is about 7°C for the sweet corn (Garcia et al. 2009). Since corn is consistent with the warm climate and shows the high efficiency of dry matter production in suitable temperatures, it can be concluded that June 5 can be a suitable date to sow the corn with the variety 704 which results in desirable yield in the region of the study compared to July 6. Transplantation terraces provided the maximum ear production in the first sowing date among the treatments (Table 2). This superiority can be due to having a longer growing season, since the transplantation terraces grew more for two weeks compared to seeding method.

Table 2

The comparison of the average qualitative characteristics of the forage corn under different irrigation methods, different sowing dates and sowing methods in Chahartakhteh station during two years of experiment.
Treatment		Ear yield (kg/ha)			Height of plant (cm)			Height of ear formation (cm)			Protein content (%)
Treatment		2016	2017	Mean	2016	2017	Mean	2016	2017	Mean	2016	2017	Mean
Irrigation systems	Surface	18698 a	22573 a	20636 a	212 b	231 a	221 a	104.5 a	112.5 a	108.5 a	8.61 b	9.1 b	8.8 b
	Tape	17706 a	21218 a	19462 a	210 b	224 a	217 a	100.5 a	110.0 a	105.3 a	9.51 a	9.8 ab	9.7 ab
	Sprinkler	18603 a	21732 a	20168 a	224 a	225 a	224 a	102.3 a	118.3 a	110.3 a	9.63 a	10.1 a	9.8 a
Sowing date	05/Jun	21970 a	26403 a	24186 a	210 b	215 b	212 b	96.3 b	104.3 b	100.3 b	8.58 b	9.0 b	8.8 b
Sowing date	05/Jul	14702 b	17279 b	15991b	220 a	238 a	229 a	108.5 a	122.8a	115.7 a	9.91 a	10.3 a	10.1 a
Sowing method	Transplanting	19263 a	22763 a	21013 a	211 b	215 b	213 b	97.3 b	106.7 b	102.0 b	9.13 a	9.6 a	9.4 a
Sowing method	Seeding	17409 b	20919 b	19164 b	219 a	235 a	227 a	107.5a	120.5 a	114.2 a	9.36 a	9.6 a	9.5 a
Year	2016						213 b			101.4 b			9.3 a
Year	2017						228 a			114.6 a			9.6 a
*Means within column that have the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMR test).

This issue can be the reason for the superiority of transplantation sowing compared to seeding, especially in the first sowing date when the limitations of temperature are less at the end of the season. Ghiasabadi et al. (2014) have also reported the superiority of corn transplantation on June 5 compared to sowing in July (in Mashhad, Iran). The maximum bush height and height of ear formation were observed in the second sowing date for seeding terraces (Table 2). As there is a delay in sowing corn in the region and the sowing date is postponed to July, the suitable growth conditions (temperature) may not be available, especially at the end of the growing season. It leads to a delay in the growth stages which can be accompanied by an increase in the bush height. This increase will be more than the transplantation method when sowing is by seeding in July. The maximum protein content was obtained by 10.1% for the second sowing date (Table 2). The maximum bush height and height of ear formation were obtained 235.3 and 120.5 cm in the direct sowing (seeding), respectively. The higher bush height and height of ear formation can be due to the longer growing period in direct sowing. In direct sowing terraces, flowering occurred later (Table 3). It seems that in the first sowing date, the transfer of substances is faster from the leaves and stems to the ear and the leaves become yellow sooner. These factors can affect the protein content of the leaves and stems of the forage. Also, it is reported that whatever the age of the plant increases, the cell wall becomes thicker, and fiber compounds increase. This issue can be inversely correlated with the protein content (Putnam et al. 2007). Therefore, because of one month delay in the second sowing date (July 6), it seems that the cells and the plant tissues have more protein and forages are less woody.

Table 3

The comparison of the two year means of different treatments of the sowing date, sowing method and irrigation method on the forage yield and other qualitative characteristics of the forage corn
Treatment	Ear yield (kg/ha)			Height of plant (cm)			Height of ear formation (cm)			Protein content (%)
Treatment	2016	2017	Mean	2016	2017	Mean	2016	2017	Mean	2016	2017	Mean
Surface irrigation
T1	23156 ab	28030 a	25593 a	208 cd	216 defg	212 efg	94 g	100 d	97 fg	8.11 c	8.61 e	8.36 e
S1	21152 b	26570 ab	23861 b	210 cd	224 cde	217 defg	103 bcde	105 cd	104 cdef	8.28 c	8.78 e	8.53 e
T2	15942 c	19948 c	17945 c	214 b cd	234 bc	224 bcde	108 abc	114 b	111 bc	8.92 b	9.48 cd	9.2 d
S2	14542 c	15744 e	15143 d	222 ab	248 a	235 ab	113 a	131 a	122 a	9.12 b	9.45 cd	9.28 d
Tape irrigation
T1	22345 ab	26091 ab	24218 ab	20 d	208 fg	206 g	92 g	98 d	95 g	8.81 b	9.22 de	9.02 de
S1	20145 b	25693 b	22919 b	209 cd	211 efg	210 fg	98 defg	98 d	98 efg	9.12 b	9.34 cde	9.23 d
T2	15210 cd	17610 cd	16410 cd	212 bcd	226 cd	219 cdef	102 cdef	116 b	109 cd	9.9 a	10.32 ab	10.11 abc
S2	13124 d	15480 d	14302 d	214 bcd	250 a	232 abc	110 ab	128 a	119 ab	10.2 a	10.51 a	10.35 a
Sprinkler irrigation
T1	23675 a	26091 a	24883 ab	217 bc	207 f	212 efg	95 fg	109 bc	102 defg	9.12 b	9.87 bc	9.49 bcd
S1	21345 b	25944 b	23645 b	217 bc	221 cde	219 edef	96 efg	116 b	106 cde	9.25 b	9.51 cd	9.38 cd
T2	15246 c	18810 c	17028 cd	224 a	226 cd	225 abcd	105 bcd	115 b	110 cd	9.94 a	10.42 ab	10.18 ab
S2	14145 c	16085 c	15115 d	228 a	246 ab	237 a	113 a	133 a	123 a	10.21 a	10.32 ab	10.26 a
*Means within column that have the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMR test).

Please insert Table 2 here

Please insert Table 3 here

The results of other researchers (Hadadi, Mohseni 2006; Estakhr & Dehghanpour 2010) have also shown that corn has a higher yield in earlier sowing dates than later sowing dates. The delay in the growth stages in the second sowing date increases in the bush height and height of the ear formation from the soil level. Similar results are also reported in other researchers (Estakhr & Dehghanpour 2010; Tabatabaei & Dadashi 2013; Wang et al. 2018). The results of previous studies have mainly shown the increase in the production and earlier flowering in transplantation of the corn (Oswaldet al. 2001; Rueber et al. 2013). The maximum ear yield was in the first sowing and the results of other researchers have also shown that sowing corn in earlier dates results in a higher grain yield than later sowing dates (Hadadi and Mohseni 2006; Estakhr & Dehghanpour 2010). The maximum ear yield obtained in the transplantation treatment. The other researches mainly reported the increase in the production and earlier flowering in transplantation of the corn (Rueber et al. 2013; Ghiasabadi et al. 2014; Zhou et al. 2019). Although the ear yield was not significantly different in the three irrigation systems using the tape irrigation system in corn fields requires more cost, it can reduce water consumption. Other researchers also confirm this result (Ebrahimizadeh and Hassanli 2008). There are limited reports about comparing transplantation and direct sowing of corn, but these reports have mainly shown the increase in the production and sooner flowering in corn transplantation (Oswald et al. 2001; Fanadzo et al. 2009; Ghiasabadi et al. 2014). Due to the climatic conditions of the region, it can be commented that June 5 can be a suitable date to sow the corn with the variety 704 which results in desirable yield in the region of the study compared to July 6. The results of other researchers have also shown that if there is a delay in sowing, the yield of the forage corn and corn grain decreases (Hadadi and Mohseni 2006). The delay in sowing results in an increase in bush height (Ertek and Kara 2013).

Generally, the results of the present study show that in all three irrigation systems, the transplantation methods results in the maximum values of ear yield in the first sowing date. There was no significant difference among the three irrigation methods in the emergence of tassels and ears, although in the sprinkler system, these qualities emerged with a delay. These qualities emerged sooner in the first sowing date than the second sowing date that was mainly due to sooner cultivation. Among two sowing methods, tassels and ears appeared in transplantation sooner than seeding of corn (Fig. 1). The higher bush height and height of ear formation can be due to the longer growing period in direct sowing conditions. In the direct sowing terraces, flowering occurred later (Fig. 1).

Please insert Fig. 1 here

Generally, the results indicated that no significant difference was observed in terms of the ear yield in all three irrigation methods. Among the two studied sowing dates, the ear yield was more in the first sowing date than the second sowing date. The effect of the sowing method was significant on the ear yield, height of the plant, and the height of the ear formation at the 5% level. Tassels and ears emerged sooner in the first sowing date and transplantation sowing than the second sowing date and seeding sowing. In transplantation, the ear yield was more than sowing by seeding. Transplantation using the tape irrigation system and on time (first) sowing date is a suitable method for producing the corn forage in the study area. The maximum bush height and the protein content observed in the second sowing date when the crop was less woody. The effect of the irrigation systems on the protein content was significant at the 5% level, and the maximum content was achieved in the terraces under the sprinkler irrigation system.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all of my colleagues and staff of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, especially Dr. Sayed Jalil Noorbakhshian for their help in conducting this research.

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

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Evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage corn under different irrigation systems

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Abstract

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Introduction

Materials And Methods

Results

Discussion

Declarations

References

Competing Interests

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