Long-term survival after resection of pharyngeal metastasis following living-donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: case report and review of literature


 Background: The most common sites of recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported to be the liver, lung, bone, and adrenal glands, but there have also been many reports of cases of multiple recurrence. The prognosis after recurrence is poor, with reported median survival after recurrence of HCC ranging from 9 to 19 months. Here, we report a case of long-term survival after recurrence of pharyngeal metastasis following living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for HCC within the Milan criteria, by resection of the metastatic region and cervical lymph node dissection. Case presentation: A 47-year-old man with a Model End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of 11 underwent LDLT for HCC within the Milan criteria on liver cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B virus infection, with his 48-year-old elder brother as the living donor. One year and 10 months after liver transplantation, he visited a nearby hospital with a chief complaint of discomfort on swallowing. A pedunculated polyp was found in the hypopharynx, and biopsy revealed HCC metastasis. Pharyngeal polypectomy was performed, followed by neck lymph node dissection 2 years thereafter. Although recurrence subsequently occurred three times in the grafted liver, the patient is still alive 12 years 10 months after recurrence of pharyngeal metastasis. He is now a tumor-free outpatient taking sorafenib. Conclusion: It is necessary to recognize that the nasopharyngeal region is a potential site of HCC metastasis. Prognostic improvement can be expected with close follow-up, early detection, and multidisciplinary treatment including radical resection.


Background
The Milan criteria, limiting the indications for liver transplantation for hepatocellular 3 carcinoma (HCC), have reduced the postoperative recurrence rate of HCC. However, HCC still recurs in 1.4% − 10.4% of recipients after liver transplantation within the Milan criteria (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). There have been many reports of cases with multiple recurrence because it represents systemic recurrence by extra-hepatic circulating tumor cells. The prognosis after recurrence is poor, with reported median survival after recurrence of HCC ranging from 9 to 19 months (4,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). However, if the recurrence remains local, such as within the liver, lung, or adrenal gland, surgical resection may improve the prognosis and cases of long-term survival have been reported (4,6,8,(10)(11)(12). Here, we report a case of longterm survival after resection of the pharyngeal metastasis due to HCC recurrence after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT).

Case Presentation
A 47-year-old man with a Model End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of 11 and liver cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection underwent LDLT for HCC, with his 48-year-old elder brother as the living donor, in November 2004. The right lobe of the donor was harvested, and weighed 710 g (graft-to-recipient weight ratio, 1.09). The donor and recipient had the same blood type. Preoperative abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed liver cirrhosis with three hypervascular nodules, diagnosed as HCC, which were 2.0, 2.5, and 2.8 cm in diameter and met the Milan criteria (Fig. 1a). Preoperative tumor marker levels were as follows: α-fetoprotein (AFP), 5 ng/ml; and des-ɤ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), 327 mAU/ml. Pathological examination of the resected liver revealed one moderately differentiated HCC with necrotic change in a 2.4-cm area, and multiple well-differentiated HCC lesions measuring a few millimeters that appeared to indicate multicentric occurrence. Microvascular invasion was not seen (Fig. 1b, c, d). We used tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as posttransplant immunosuppressive agents; no steroids were employed. The early postoperative course was uneventful and 4 the patient was discharged 74 days postoperatively. He received epirubicin at a dose of 10 mg/m 2 during surgery, but did not receive postoperative chemotherapy. He was followed up by abdominal ultrasonography (US) every 3 months, and by abdominal CT at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, and every 6 months thereafter. The AFP and DCP levels were checked monthly. Lamivudine was administered to control HBV virus, and HBV DNA was negative. On September 2006, 22 months after LDLT, he visited a nearby hospital with a chief complaint of discomfort on swallowing. A pedunculated polyp was found in the hypopharynx (Fig. 2a), and biopsy revealed HCC metastasis. Cervical CT revealed a pharyngeal polyp on the right side of the epiglottis; also, faint fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation was recognized, consistent with a pharyngeal polyp on FDG positron emission tomography (PET)-CT examination (Fig. 2b, c).
Polypectomy was performed on October 2006. Histological examination revealed that the tumor cells were positive for anti-hepatocyte antigen staining and a diagnosis of metastasis of HCC was made (Fig. 2d, e). He was administered Tegafur/Gimeracil/Oteracil (TS-1) after polypectomy. Two years after pharyngeal polypectomy, recurrence in neck lymph nodes was detected (Fig. 2f, g), and neck lymph node dissection was performed.
Although recurrence subsequently occurred three times in the graft liver, and local treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation therapy was performed. The patient was started on oral sorafenib 3 years ago, is still alive 12 years 10 months after recurrence of pharyngeal metastasis, and is now a tumor-free outpatient in good health continuing to take a low dose of sorafenib (Fig. 3).

Discussion
A major issue with liver transplantation for HCC is that recurrence of HCC is associated with a high risk of death within a short time. The prognosis after recurrence is very poor, 5 with reported median survival times ranging from 9 to 19 months (4,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). No effective postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for HCC after liver transplantation has been established. To date, the best outcomes have been achieved by limiting the indications for transplantation according to tumor status. The Milan criteria have become the global standard guidelines for liver transplantation for HCC. Nevertheless, rates of recurrence of HCC within the Milan criteria after liver transplantation have been reported to be 1.6-13% (1-6).
There are seven published cases of pharyngeal metastasis from HCC (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), which are summarized along with our case in Table 1. The reports all describe male patients with a median age of 70 years (range> 49-71 years). Four cases synchronous metastasis and four cases of metachronous metastasis are reported. The time between first treatment and pharyngeal metastasis was 17-58 months in cases of metachronous metastasis. Five patients underwent surgery for pharyngeal metastases including our case. The prognosis for all cases except our case was poor; and four died within 1 year, two had difficult curative treatment, and the other had multiple recurrence 1 year after surgery for pharyngeal metastases (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Our report is the second to describe solitary recurrence in the pharyngeal region after liver transplantation, and includes the longest surviving case of HCC with pharyngeal metastasis.
The mechanism of metastasis to the pharyngeal region is controversial, although it has been speculated that there are two main pathways: tumor cells may circulate through the 6 vena cava and be distributed to the pharyngeal region via the arterial systemic circulation, or may reach the head and neck by bypassing the lungs, possibly through the portal-vertebral venous plexus (Batson's theory) (21). The vertebral venous plexus consists of the internal vertebral venous system distributed around the spinal canal, the external vertebral venous plexus distributed in front of the vertebral body, and the vertebral vein that anastomoses both of those sites. This plexus communicates with the intercostal vein and the azygos vein in each site. In the head and neck region, the plexus communicates with the pterygium venous plexus, cavernous venous plexus, and pharyngeal venous plexus around the nasal and paranasal sinuses (22). As there is no venous valve in the vertebral vein, the blood is thought to easily flow backward when the intrathoracic pressure or abdominal pressure rises (21). HCC metastasis through the portal vein is considered to be common (23), such that tumor cells that have entered the vertebral vein plexus from the portal vein flow back to the pharyngeal venous plexus due to an increase of intraperitoneal pressure, and metastasize to the pharynx. In this case, metastasis first occurred as a pharyngeal polyp, and recurrence occurred in the regional lymph node on the same side 2 years later. During this time, metastasis to other organs, including the lungs, did not occur; thus, it was strongly suspected that it had spread to  (24). Collectively, these cases imply that oral cavity and nasopharyngeal metastasis via the portal-vertebral venous plexus represents a primary HCC metastatic pathway.
The Milan criteria are based on the size and number of HCCs. In addition to tumor size and number, the grade of histological differentiation, microvascular invasion, and underestimating HCC burden by a preoperative imaging examination are reported to be 7 associated with recurrence (2,4,25,26). Consequently, some transplantation centers include tumor markers in their patient evaluations, such as AFP and DCP, the levels of which are correlated with the HCC recurrence rate (2,27,28). In this case, small multiple well-differentiated HCCs that appeared to represent multicentric occurrence were observed, and the DCP level was high preoperatively. Therefore, this case was within the Milan criteria based on preoperative images, but the risk of recurrence was considered high.
Even if the vertebral vein system develops as a collateral pathway, this does not manifest in any specific symptom, and its recognition as a transportal-vertebral metastatic pathway remains poor. In addition, metastasis in pharyngeal regions is difficult to detect because such regions represent the border between the head and chest on CT examinations.
Metastasis in pharyngeal regions may be missed by common follow-up imaging procedures, such as US and CT, such that recurrence may be discovered only after metastasis to other sites. Early detection is the only method associated with effective treatment after recurrence. Careful follow-up involving analysis of tumor markers and imaging studies of the frequent metastatic recurrence sites, including the pharyngeal and cervical region, are important, especially in high-risk patients.
The concept of oligorecurrence, introduced by Hellman and Weichselbaum in 1995, suggests that survival is improved by aggressive local treatment depending on the number and location of recurrent tumors (29). Extrahepatic recurrence of HCC often occurs at local sites after liver resection, and survival can be prolonged by surgical resection in such cases (30,31). Even after liver transplantation, prolongation of survival can be expected if radical resection is performed for local recurrence (4,6,8,(10)(11)(12).
Although there are no strict surgical indications for HCC recurrence after liver transplantation, the recurrence time following liver transplantation is 12-24 months or 8 more; the prognosis of recurrence surgery is good (4,10,12). Other prognostic factors have been revealed, such as an AFP value of 100 ng/ ml or more, bone metastasis, three or more tumors, and tumor size at the time of recurrence (8,(10)(11)(12). About 10-23% of patients with recurrence survive for a long time after surgical therapy (6,8,32). The median survival of unresectable cases was reported to be 5-15 months, while that of resectable cases with local recurrence was reported to be 28-65 months (33)(34)(35); cases of long-term survival after resection of the grafted liver, lung, and adrenal metastasis have also been reported (33,34,(36)(37)(38).
The factor in the good clinical course in our case is thought to be that a surgery at pharyngeal recurrence could be performed easily because of the pedunculated polyp-like shape at the site of recurrence, and radical resection of subsequent lymph node recurrence was possible. In addition, we used a steroid-free postoperative immunosuppressant regimen. And after recurrence of HCC, TS-1 and sorafenib were used as antitumor agents. Several studies have indicated that immunosuppressant therapy including steroid can impact HCC recurrence after liver transplantation (39). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, sirolimus and everolimus, as immunosuppressants after liver transplantation for HCC has been reported to be effective (40,41). However, data on the utility of mTOR inhibitors for treating HCC recurrence after liver transplantation remain scarce (29).
Recently, new anticancer and molecular targeted drugs, such as sorafenib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, ramucirumab, and nivolumab, have been clinically applied to treat HCC. The efficacy of these drugs for treating recurrence after liver transplantation for HCC has been studied (42)(43)(44)(45); several reports indicated prolongation of survival, but there is no established therapeutic regimen and there is some concern regarding adverse effects on liver function. Clinical trials of chemotherapy for patients with HCC recurrence and/or postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for patients at high risk of recurrence after liver transplantation are required (46).
In conclusion, the cervical region must be recognized as a primary site of extrahepatic metastasis of HCC via the portal-vertebral venous plexus. Even with recurrence in the pharyngeal region, patients can achieve long-term survival, as in the present case. Early diagnosis of recurrence via careful periodic follow-up examinations of the cervical to nasopharyngeal region, together with frequent sites of metastatic recurrence such as the lungs, grafted liver, adrenal glands, bone, and abdominal lymph nodes are required.
Multidisciplinary treatment with radical resection and various subsequent treatments, including immunosuppressive treatment and anti-tumor therapy are also needed according to the patient's condition.

Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Dr. Toshiki Maetani for initial treatment of pharyngeal metastases.

Funding
Authors have no funding to declare.

Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed are included in this published article.

Ethics approval and consent to participate
All data were collected anonymously and with patient's consent. We performed this case report in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethics committee of the Ehime University School of Medicine.

Consent for publication
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report.

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  Table   Table 1 Characteristics of patients with pharyngeal metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma   Pharyngeal metastasis occurred 1 year 10 months after LDLT. In addition, 2 years after pharyngeal polypectomy, recurrence of HCC was detected in the regional neck lymph nodes. Recurrence subsequently occurred three times in the grafted liver, and local treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation therapy were performed. The patient took TS-1 orally after pharyngeal polypectomy for about 1 year 6 months and oral administration of sorafenib was begun after the second liver graft recurrence.