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Research article
Christina L. Swaggerty
Corresponding Author
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Background: Microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals have the potential to develop into important tools for the poultry industry. A blend of vanillin, thymol, sorbic, and citric acids (AviPlus®P) has previously been shown to reduce Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens in chickens; however, changes to the microbiota of the jejunum and ileum have not been evaluated. Microbiota diversity is linked to, but not correlated with, the efficacy of natural products including organic acids and natural compounds; therefore, understanding the effects of these products on the microbiota is a necessary first step into evaluating the potential for wide-spread use within the poultry industry as an alternative to antibiotics.
Results: Day-of-hatch by-product breeder chicks (n=30) were placed into either the control (0 g/MT AviPlus®P; n=5) or one of two experimental groups (300 g/MT; n=5; 500 g/MT AviPlus®P; n=5). The experiment was conducted using two replicate pens therefore 10 chicks/treatment were used for all analysis. Chickens were sacrificed 15d post-hatch and total jejunum and ileum contents were individually collected and snap frozen until further processing and analysis. The DNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina 16S rDNA MiSeq V3 platform and the samples analyzed in QIIME2.2019.1. Samples were filtered for quality and chimeras using DADA2, with OTU frequencies less than three removed from the study. Alpha and beta diversity analytics indicated compartmentalization within the poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Additionally, LEfSE and ANCOM analysis showed a reduction in Enterobacteriaceae with increased inclusion rate and an increase in Clostridia, both of which are associated with optimal GIT health.
Conclusion: The addition of a blend of organic acids and botanicals to the diet of chickens does not adversely impact the microbiota, and in fact, is associated with microbial changes within the ileum and jejunum that are largely thought of as beneficial. Promotion of a healthy GIT has the potential to limit colonization by Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens. The inclusion of the microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals may be a viable antibiotic alternative for use in the poultry industry.
Keywords
Ileum, Jejunum, Microbiota, Microencapsulated, Natural botanicals, Organic acid
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 08 Oct, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 08 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 11 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 04 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 29 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 28 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 27 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 27 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 25 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 25 Aug, 2020
Version 1
Posted 17 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 20 May, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 20 Apr, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 14 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 14 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 06 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 24 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 11 Mar, 2020
First submitted
On 09 Mar, 2020
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A new preprint design is coming!
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Microbiology.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Christina L. Swaggerty
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 08 Oct, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 08 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 11 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 04 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 29 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 28 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 27 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 27 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 25 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 25 Aug, 2020
Version 1
Posted 17 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 20 May, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 20 Apr, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 14 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 14 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 06 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 24 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 11 Mar, 2020
First submitted
On 09 Mar, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
Background: Microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals have the potential to develop into important tools for the poultry industry. A blend of vanillin, thymol, sorbic, and citric acids (AviPlus®P) has previously been shown to reduce Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens in chickens; however, changes to the microbiota of the jejunum and ileum have not been evaluated. Microbiota diversity is linked to, but not correlated with, the efficacy of natural products including organic acids and natural compounds; therefore, understanding the effects of these products on the microbiota is a necessary first step into evaluating the potential for wide-spread use within the poultry industry as an alternative to antibiotics.
Results: Day-of-hatch by-product breeder chicks (n=30) were placed into either the control (0 g/MT AviPlus®P; n=5) or one of two experimental groups (300 g/MT; n=5; 500 g/MT AviPlus®P; n=5). The experiment was conducted using two replicate pens therefore 10 chicks/treatment were used for all analysis. Chickens were sacrificed 15d post-hatch and total jejunum and ileum contents were individually collected and snap frozen until further processing and analysis. The DNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina 16S rDNA MiSeq V3 platform and the samples analyzed in QIIME2.2019.1. Samples were filtered for quality and chimeras using DADA2, with OTU frequencies less than three removed from the study. Alpha and beta diversity analytics indicated compartmentalization within the poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Additionally, LEfSE and ANCOM analysis showed a reduction in Enterobacteriaceae with increased inclusion rate and an increase in Clostridia, both of which are associated with optimal GIT health.
Conclusion: The addition of a blend of organic acids and botanicals to the diet of chickens does not adversely impact the microbiota, and in fact, is associated with microbial changes within the ileum and jejunum that are largely thought of as beneficial. Promotion of a healthy GIT has the potential to limit colonization by Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens. The inclusion of the microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals may be a viable antibiotic alternative for use in the poultry industry.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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