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Research article
Christina L. Swaggerty
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
Corresponding Author
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Background: Microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals have the potential to develop into important tools for the poultry industry. A blend of organic acids and botanicals (AviPlus®P) has previously shown to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter in chickens; however, changes to the microbiota of the jejunum and ileum have not been evaluated. Microbiota diversity is linked to, but not correlated with, the efficacy of natural products; therefore, understanding the effects on the microbiota is necessary for evaluating their potential as an antibiotic alternative.
Results: Ileal and jejunal segments from control and supplement-fed chickens (300 and 500g/metric ton [MT]) were subjected to alpha diversity analysis including Shannon’s diversity and Pielou’s Evenness. In both analytics, the diversity in the ileum was significantly decreased compared to the jejunum irrespective of treatment. Similarly, beta diversity metrics including Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and Weighted Unifrac Distance Matrix, were significant (Q<0.05) for both tissue and treatments comparisons. Alpha and beta diversity analytics indicated compartmentalization effects between the ileum and jejunum. Additionally, analysis of communities in the microbiota (ANCOM) analysis showed Lactobacilliaceae predominated the total operational taxonomic units (OTU), with a stepwise increase from 53% in the no treatment control (NTC) to 56% in the 300g/MT and 67% in the 500g/MT group. Staphylococcaceae were 2% in NTC and 2 and 0% in 300 and 500g/MT groups. Enterobacteriaceae decreased in the 500g/MT (31%) and increased in the 300g/MT (37%) compared to the NTC (35%). Aerococcaceae was 0% for both doses and 7% in NTC. Ruminococcaceae were 0% in NTC and 2% and 1% in the 300 and 500g/MT. These changes in the microbial consortia were statistically (Q<0.05) associated with treatment groups in the jejunum that were not observed in the ileum. Least discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSE) indicated different changes directly corresponding to treatment. Enterobacteriaceae demonstrated a stepwise decrease (from NTC onward) while Clostridiaceae, were significantly increased in the 500g/MT compared to NTC and 300g/MT (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The bioactive site for the microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals was the jejunum, and dietary inclusion enhanced the GIT microbiota and may be a viable antibiotic alternative for the poultry industry.
Keywords
Botanicals, Ileum, Jejunum, Microbiota, Microencapsulated, Organic acids
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View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
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On 08 Oct, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 08 Oct, 2020
Version 2
Posted 27 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 11 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 04 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 29 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 28 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 27 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 27 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 25 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 25 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 20 May, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 20 Apr, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 14 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 14 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 06 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 24 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Mar, 2020
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On 11 Mar, 2020
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On 09 Mar, 2020
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A new preprint design is coming!
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Microbiology.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Christina L. Swaggerty
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 08 Oct, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 08 Oct, 2020
Version 2
Posted 27 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 11 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 04 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 29 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 28 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 27 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 27 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 25 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 25 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 20 May, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 20 Apr, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 14 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 14 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 06 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 24 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 11 Mar, 2020
First submitted
On 09 Mar, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Microbiology.
Background: Microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals have the potential to develop into important tools for the poultry industry. A blend of organic acids and botanicals (AviPlus®P) has previously shown to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter in chickens; however, changes to the microbiota of the jejunum and ileum have not been evaluated. Microbiota diversity is linked to, but not correlated with, the efficacy of natural products; therefore, understanding the effects on the microbiota is necessary for evaluating their potential as an antibiotic alternative.
Results: Ileal and jejunal segments from control and supplement-fed chickens (300 and 500g/metric ton [MT]) were subjected to alpha diversity analysis including Shannon’s diversity and Pielou’s Evenness. In both analytics, the diversity in the ileum was significantly decreased compared to the jejunum irrespective of treatment. Similarly, beta diversity metrics including Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and Weighted Unifrac Distance Matrix, were significant (Q<0.05) for both tissue and treatments comparisons. Alpha and beta diversity analytics indicated compartmentalization effects between the ileum and jejunum. Additionally, analysis of communities in the microbiota (ANCOM) analysis showed Lactobacilliaceae predominated the total operational taxonomic units (OTU), with a stepwise increase from 53% in the no treatment control (NTC) to 56% in the 300g/MT and 67% in the 500g/MT group. Staphylococcaceae were 2% in NTC and 2 and 0% in 300 and 500g/MT groups. Enterobacteriaceae decreased in the 500g/MT (31%) and increased in the 300g/MT (37%) compared to the NTC (35%). Aerococcaceae was 0% for both doses and 7% in NTC. Ruminococcaceae were 0% in NTC and 2% and 1% in the 300 and 500g/MT. These changes in the microbial consortia were statistically (Q<0.05) associated with treatment groups in the jejunum that were not observed in the ileum. Least discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSE) indicated different changes directly corresponding to treatment. Enterobacteriaceae demonstrated a stepwise decrease (from NTC onward) while Clostridiaceae, were significantly increased in the 500g/MT compared to NTC and 300g/MT (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The bioactive site for the microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals was the jejunum, and dietary inclusion enhanced the GIT microbiota and may be a viable antibiotic alternative for the poultry industry.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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