The relationship between Fear of Hypoglycemia and Sleep Quality among type II Diabetic Patients

Fear of hypoglycemia can result in anxiety, stress, anger, depression and severe avoidance behaviors that it affects the sleep quality of diabetic patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between fear of hypoglycemia and sleep quality among type II diabetic patients. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 type II diabetic patients referred to endocrinology clinic of Velayat Hospital and Boali Hospital in Qazvin, in 2018. Data were collected using a checklist for demographic variables, the Fear of Hypoglycemia Survey (FHS-W), and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation test were performed for data analysis using SPSS v24. Abstract Introduction and Objective: Fear of hypoglycemia can result in anxiety, stress, anger, depression and severe avoidance behaviors that it affects the sleep quality of diabetic patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between fear of hypoglycemia and sleep quality among type II diabetic patients. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 type II diabetic patients referred to endocrinology clinic of Velayat Hospital and Boali Hospital in Qazvin, in 2018. Data were collected using a checklist for demographic variables, the Fear of Hypoglycemia Survey (FHS-W), and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation test were performed for data analysis using SPSS v24. Results: In this study, the mean age of diabetic patients was 55.75±10.31. The majority of the participants were female (n=299, 74.8%) and were treated with oral anti-diabetic drugs (n=174, 43.5%). The mean score of sleep quality in patients was 8.98±3.64 and the fear of hypoglycemia was 21.27±11.92. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between the fear of hypoglycemia and the poor sleep quality among patients (p<0.001, r=0.305). Conclusion: The fear of hypoglycemia has a direct and significant relationship with poor sleep quality in diabetic patients; so that this fear reduces the quality of sleep in diabetic patients. Therefore, in order to provide adequate sleep to prevent inappropriate sleep complications, great attention should be paid to the issue of fear of hypoglycemia, and consider some actions to reduce this fear.


Introduction
One of the most challenging situations in human life is to get a disease, which it sometimes leads to human death. Among the different diseases, chronic ones, such as diabetes, are considered as one of the most common causes of death worldwide (1,2).
Diabetes is not only recognized as a disease; but also, it is a collection of metabolic diseases that are caused by a disruption of the insulin's secretion or/and function, which is associated with an increase in the blood glucose level and a disruption of the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (3,4). According to the statistics, the number of diabetic people by the year 2035 is estimated to be 600 million. In Iran, studies have reported the prevalence of diabetes to be 9.6%, accounting for almost 5 million patients. Also, it is estimated that the number of diabetic patients will be tripled every 15 years (5.6). In addition to widespread prevalence of this disease, the multiple and disabling complications of it is an important issue (7).
One of the most important complications of diabetes known to be a serious and clinical concern in patients with diabetes mellitus is hypoglycemia (8). Therefore, one of the main goals of the treatment in these patients is the prevention of hypoglycemia. This matter makes it possible to achieve the ultimate goal in the treatment of diabetes, which is to control the level of blood glucose and prevent the complications of the disease (9).
Hypoglycemia can be very destructive in every aspect of everyday life, such as performance, work, personal relationships, and recreational activities, and may cause fear of hypoglycemia in individuals (10). Severe and frequent hypoglycemia leads to fear of hypoglycemia (11).
Fear of hypoglycemia is associated with severe symptoms, such as anxiety, in diabetics 5 and their families (12). Patients with fear of hypoglycemia may keep their blood glucose levels high in order to prevent hypoglycemia (13), which it can affect long-term complications of diabetes; therefore, this fear results in poor control of hypoglycemia and complications of diabetes (73). This fear in many people, besides the physical consequences caused by different behaviors, leads to feeling of shame due to loss of control, irritation, confusion, and reduction in the quality of life (9,14). Factors associated with fear of hypoglycemia include the variability in blood glucose level, the length of time since the first insulin treatment (15), and reduced awareness of hypoglycemia (16). The fear of hypoglycemia may vary at different times and may be increased or decreased based on the perception of individuals or the risk of actual hypoglycemia (17). Fear of hypoglycemia, unlike many phobias, is not only abnormal, but also a little fear of hypoglycemia, especially of severe one, is essential (18); however, some patients develop panic attacks followed by this fear that it can lead to anxiety, stress, anger, depression and severe avoidance behaviors, and affect their sleep quality (19,20).
One of the most important factors in the life of diabetic patients is their sleep quality; because sleep disturbance has an adverse effect on their performance, as well as their physical and mental health. Sleep quality is a mental index related to sleep experiences, such as satisfaction with sleep and a sense of vitality from it (21,22). Insomnia has a twoway relationship with the prevalence and incidence of diabetes, it can sometimes be secondary to diabetes or it can be a cause for diabetes itself. Recent studies have shown that increasing or decreasing the length of sleep at night is associated with the increased prevalence and incidence of diabetes, or inappropriate control of blood glucose level in diabetic patients . In some studies, besides the effects of diabetes on sleep quality, the relationship between diabetes complications and patients' sleep quality has been studied. For instance, a study reported that the fear of hypoglycemia reduced the 6 individuals' sleep quality. In this study, it was also stated that this disorder may be due to a behavioral disorder in sleep (for example, waking up during the night to check the blood glucose level) (20,26). In another study, diabetic patients reported poor sleep quality after a nocturnal hypoglycemic event; so that 13.4% of them could not return to sleep at night, and only 32.4% reported that they experienced a good night of sleep (27). On the other hand, Beléndez et al. (2009) reported that fear of hypoglycemia often occurs at night, which it can be one of the causes of insomnia (28).
In a study by Martyn-Nemeth et al. (2016), the evidence suggests that fear of hypoglycemia may contribute to poor sleep quality; therefore, further studies are needed to determine the association between the fear of hypoglycemia and sleep quality (29).
Given the limited information in this matter, especially among the Iranian society, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the fear of hypoglycemia and sleep quality among type II diabetic patients.

Methods
The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 type II diabetic patients referred to endocrinology clinic of Velayat Hospital and boali Hospital in Qazvin, in 2018. Patients were eligible to participate in the study if they aged 18 to 65, were willing to participate in the study and diagnosed with type II diabetes by a physician or under the treatment of diabetes for at least one year. Pregnant women, type I diabetic patients, and those who had experienced acute psychiatric illnesses or special diseases during the past 6 weeks (according to a physician's diagnosis) were excluded. In this study, diabetic patients were randomly recruited through a convenience sampling method. Sample size was estimated to be 400 patients based on the previous study (30) and the sample size formula. After identifying the eligible participants, the questionnaires were distributed among them by researchers.
Data were collected using a checklist for demographic variables, the Fear of Hypoglycemia Survey, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). The checklist for demographic variables of patients included information about their age, gender, marital status, education, duration of disease, type of treatment, having a history of complications and underlying illness.
The sub-scale of the Fear of Hypoglycemia Survey (FHS-W) consists of 18 items that was used to measure the patients' worries about hypoglycemia and its negative effects in the past six months and its score ranges from 0 to 72 (0 (never worry) to 4 (always worry)).
Higher score indicates increased fear of hypoglycemia. This survey was used in a study by Momeni et al. (2016) and its alpha coefficient was determined to be 0.87 and the reliability was reported to be 0.76 using a test-retest method (30).
The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was used to measure the sleep quality of Scoring of the answers in each domain is based on a 0 to 3 scale from 0 (no difficulty), to 3 (severe difficulty). The domains scores are summed to produce a global score that ranges from 0 to 21. The higher the score is, the lower the sleep quality. A global sum of '5' or greater indicates a poor sleeper and the lower score reflects the patient's proper sleep quality (31). The validity of the PSQI was determined to be 0.8 with the alpha coefficient and reported to be from 0.93 to 0.98 using a test-retest method (32).
Collected data were analysed using SPSS v24. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentagefrequency) and inferential (Spearman correlation test) statistics were performed for data analysis. 8

Results
In this study, the mean age of patients was 55.75±10. 31

Discussion
Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide that is associated with probably affects blood glucose regulation, and is closely correlated with the occurrence of complications. In addition, poor sleep quality results in poor life quality (35). In another study, sleep disturbances in diabetic patients were reported more often than others, and according to the findings, these disorders have negative implications for glycemic control and diabetes management, as well as psychosocial and cognitive outcomes (36).
In this study, the fear hypoglycemia among diabetic patients was studied as well. The score in the Fear of Hypoglycemia Survey (FHS-W) ranges from 0 to 72 and higher score indicates increased fear of hypoglycemia. The mean score of the fear of hypoglycemia in patients was 21.27±11.92. In the study of Mahabalshetti et al. (2016), the score of the fear of hypoglycemia among patients with uncontrolled diabetes was 35.07±8.38. Perhaps this difference can be due to the difference in the study population; because the complications of diabetes in people with uncontrolled diabetes are more. On the other hand, the questionnaire used was different from the questionnaire of the present study (37). In a study by Momeni et al. (2016), the score of the fear of hypoglycemia among diabetic patients who only used oral drugs to control diabetes was 16.8±16.33 (30). The  (27,28). In another study, the results indicated that nearly half of the participants were worried about insulin reactions during sleep. For this reason, patients were more afraid of hypoglycemia during the night, and it affected the sleep quality of them and sometimes led to obsessive behaviors, such as frequently checking the blood glucose level overnight (38).

Conclusion
Based on the results of the present study, there was a direct and significant relationship between the fear of hypoglycemia and the poor sleep quality among type II diabetic patients. This issue itself has negative implications for diabetes control and diabetes management, as well as with psychosocial and cognitive outcomes that ultimately reduce the quality of life of the diabetic disease. Given the few studies on the fear of hypoglycemia and its impact on the components of patients' quality of life, such as sleep quality, in Iranian society, it can be concluded that this matter is a neglected topic in the field of research and care. So, the researchers of the present study studied this issue and the findings indicated a significant relationship between these two variables. As a result, studying the fear of hypoglycemia is considered necessary in preventing other complications of diabetes and complications associated with the fear of hypoglycemia among diabetic patients. On the other hand, it may be possible to provide the necessary training to control this fear and consequently eliminate the factor affecting the patients' sleep quality and improve it among diabetic patients.

Suggestions
Given the prevalence of complications such as reduced sleep quality, and the fear of hypoglycemia among diabetic patients, it is recommended that researchers provide an educational program in order to control the complications of diabetes and improve the patients' quality of life. It is also recommended that further studies be conducted to determine the effect of self-care educational program on the sleep quality as well as the fear of hypoglycemia.

Limitations
Considering only one type of diabetes, one clinic and the cross-sectional design in this study can be addressed as the limitation of the present study. The strengths of this study were the great number of patients and collecting data through interviewing with diabetic patients.