2.1. Design of the research work:
Our first task was to develop a PKL cell. We worked with 3 Type of Zinc and Cupper where Zinc was anode and Cupper was cathode.
Table 1: Data for analysis about the voltages, weights and heights of Zinc plate
Name of the electrode
|
Weight of the Zinc plate (gm)
|
Height of the Zinc plate immersed in the electrolyte (cm)
|
Open Circuit Voltage(V)
|
Load Voltage(V)
|
Zinc
|
27.43
|
2.4
|
0.98193
|
0.99647
|
Zinc
|
28.60
|
2.2
|
1.007925
|
0.99647
|
Zinc
|
29.69
|
2.1
|
0.99413
|
0.9267
|
Table 1 shows the data for zinc plate we used in our assessment. There are 3 types of Zinc plates for different weights. We also enlisted how much zinc plates were immersed in PKL extract. Then we began our calculation using multimeter for different heights. As a result, we can see different magnitude for both open circuit voltage and load voltage.
Table 2: Data for analysis about the voltages, weights and heights of Cupper plate
Name of the electrode
|
Weight of the Copper plate (gm)
|
Height of the Copper plate immersed in the electrolyte(cm)
|
Open Circuit Voltage(V)
|
Load Voltage(V)
|
Copper
|
11.89
|
2.4
|
0.98193
|
0.99647
|
Copper
|
63.69
|
2.2
|
1.007925
|
0.99647
|
Copper
|
121.46
|
2.1
|
0.99413
|
0.9267
|
Table 2 shows the data for cupper plate we used in our examination. There are 3 types of cupper plates for different weights. We also enlisted how much cupper plates were immersed in PKL extract. Then we began our calculation using multimeter for different heights. Here, we can also see different magnitude for both open circuit voltage and load voltage.
We took a standard height (Jagannath University) from ground for measuring. Our standard height is 8. 7757m.Next, we began our calculation for different height. Our height measurement was 8.7757 m,9.26592m,9.3091m and 9.4996m respectively.
Fig.2 shows the experimental set up for the different heights using module as voltage source and PKL juice making device which are shown respectively in fig.2(a),(b).The different heights are mentioned earlier. The experimental setup was conducted at the physics department of Jagannath University. In this experiment, first we had measured every component’s weight. Then we designed a cell for low voltage power supply and tested both open circuit voltage and load voltage for different heights. We used PKL extract for our cell. We took a standard height for our experiment. Next, we began our experiment for different heights and saw changes.
2.2. Analysis of Three type of Electrode:
Table 3: Data collection for type-1 cell
Date
|
Local Time(hr)
|
Time Duration
(minutes)
|
Weight of the PKL Extract(gm)
|
Open circuit voltage
VoC(v)
|
Load Voltage
VL(v)
|
Load
resistance
(ohms)
|
weight
of the flux(gm)
|
weight of the Cu plate(gm)
|
weight of the Zinc plate(gm)
|
Height(m)
|
|
2.25pm
|
00
|
|
1.007
|
0.995
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.30pm
|
05
|
|
1.008
|
0.995
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.35pm
|
10
|
|
1.007
|
0.992
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.11.2021
|
2.40pm
|
15
|
100
|
1.009
|
0.991
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
11.89
|
27.43
|
8.78
|
|
2.45pm
|
20
|
|
1.009
|
0.989
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.50pm
|
25
|
|
1.009
|
0.988
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.55 pm
|
30
|
|
1.009
|
0.987
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.00 pm
|
35
|
|
1.009
|
0.986
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.05pm
|
40
|
|
1.010
|
0.986
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.10pm
|
45
|
|
1.010
|
0.986
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.15pm
|
50
|
|
1.011
|
0.986
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.30pm
|
65
|
|
1.008
|
0.983
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.35pm
|
70
|
|
1.009
|
0.982
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.40pm
|
75
|
|
1.009
|
0.982
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.11.2021
|
3.45pm
|
80
|
100
|
1.006
|
0.981
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
11.89
|
27.43
|
9.27
|
|
4.05pm
|
100
|
|
1.010
|
0.978
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.10pm
|
105
|
|
1.007
|
0.976
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.15pm
|
110
|
|
1.008
|
0.976
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.20pm
|
115
|
|
1.006
|
0.974
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.27pm
|
123
|
|
1.010
|
0.974
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.32pm
|
128
|
|
1.006
|
0.972
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.00pm
|
155
|
|
1.004
|
0.970
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.05pm
|
160
|
|
1.002
|
0.970
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.08pm
|
163
|
|
1.004
|
0.969
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.11.2021
|
5.11pm
|
166
|
100
|
1.005
|
0.967
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
11.89
|
27.43
|
9.50
|
|
5.14pm
|
169
|
|
1.000
|
0.966
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.17pm
|
172
|
|
1.000
|
0.965
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.20pm
|
175
|
|
1.003
|
0.965
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.23pm
|
178
|
|
1.000
|
0.965
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.25pm
|
181
|
|
0.999
|
0.963
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.28pm
|
184
|
|
0.998
|
0.962
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.31pm
|
187
|
|
1.001
|
0.965
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.00pm
|
4080
|
|
1.001
|
0.994
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.04pm
|
4084
|
|
1.001
|
0.993
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.08pm
|
4088
|
100
|
1.001
|
0.992
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
2.12pm
|
4092
|
|
1.002
|
0.991
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
11.89
|
27.43
|
9.31
|
|
2.16pm
|
4096
|
|
1.001
|
0.990
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.20pm
|
5000
|
|
1.000
|
0.989
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table-3 is showing the demonstration of our working period for type-1. Our time duration was about 5000 minutes for this experiment. We started from 11.11 2021 and finished at 14.11. 2021.The PKL extract we used was about 100gm and load resistance was 4.7k ohms. Then we began our calculation for both open circuit voltage and load voltage at 8.78m, 9.27m,9.50m and 9.31m respectively. It is also needed to add that it is not always possible to get accurate height. The amount of error here is very small which can be neglected easily.
Table 4: Data for voltage, height and weight collection (Type 1)
Time duration(minutes)
|
Weight of the Copper Plate(gm)
|
Weight of the Zinc Plate(gm)
|
Weight of the Zinc Plate+ Cupper plate+ Electrolyte(gm)
|
Height from the ground (m)
|
Open circuit voltage
VoC (v)[Average]
|
Load Voltage
VL(v)[Average]
|
50
|
|
|
|
8.78
|
0.91736
|
0.98918
|
128
|
11.89
|
27.43
|
139.32
|
9.27
|
1.0079
|
0.9778
|
187
|
|
|
|
9.50
|
1.00145
|
0.96609
|
5000
|
|
|
|
9.31
|
1.001
|
0.9915
|
Table-4 shows us the summery of our result for type-1. Weight of the zinc plate, cupper plate and electrolyte are 139. 32gm.Here, we have put down our average open circuit voltages and load voltages for every height respectively. Surely, we can see changes for different heights here. If we look closely on open circuit voltage side, we can see that the value of open circuit voltages is increasing with the altitude. Since the phenomenon occurred in the same weather, environment and elements, we have to say that there is a relation between the voltage sources and gravity.
Fig.3 shows the variation of open circuit voltage with the variation of time duration. The height was fixed at 8.78 m. It is shown that the open circuit voltage has been increased rapidly up to 50 minutes. Then after changing heights, it exponentially decreases up to 128 minutes at 9.27 m. Next, it was almost constant up to 4000 minutes. After that, it increases rapidly for a few minutes and finally it decreases linearly up to 5000 minutes. It should be noted that we took gap from our work for 2 days, but didn’t change our PKL extract and cell. For that reason, the graph is showing parallel with time duration from 188 minutes to 4079 minutes.
Fig.4 shows the variation of load voltage with the variation of time duration. The height was fixed at 8.78m.We can see that starting from 0.995 voltage the load voltage is decreasing gradually with time durations up to 187 minutes. Then, it suddenly showing a rapid changes for a few minutes and increased up to 0.965 voltage. Later, it slowly raised up to 4000 minutes where load voltage was 0.994 voltage. After that it instantly dropped at 0.989 voltages for few minutes. Finally, It decreases linearly up to 5000 minutes.
Fig.5 shows the variation of open circuit voltage and load circuit voltage with the variation of height. From the beginning, we can see that open circuit voltage is increasing gradually with heights from 8.78m to 9.50m.The highest peak of voltage was 0.91736 volt. Then conversely, it decreased up to 9.m for 1.00145 voltage. After that, it linearly goes back at 9.31m heights for 1.001 voltage. Similarly, we can see load voltage is slowly decreasing from 8.78m to 9. 50m.Then, it gradually raised up to 0.9915 voltages at 9.31m.In discussion, we can say gravity has control over everything, Even time cannot spare from gravity. By this experiment, we have reached to this conclusion that gravity will always have affect on voltage or power sources naturally, Load voltage will also be seen at the same time. Since, naturally ,the voltages are up down , when we will try to build an antigravity lifter, care must be taken with the help of artificial intelligence so that it adjusts the power supply with height.
Table 5:Data collection for type-2 cell
Date
|
Local Time(hr)
|
Time Duration
(minutes)
|
Weight of the PKL Extract(gm)
|
Open circuit voltage
VoC(v)
|
Load Voltage
VL(v)
|
Load
resistance
(ohms)
|
Weight
of the flux(gm)
|
Weight of the Cu plate(gm)
|
Weight of the Zinc plate(gm)
|
Height(m)
|
|
3.00pm
|
00
|
|
1.009
|
0.990
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.03pm
|
03
|
|
1.011
|
0.989
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.08pm
|
08
|
|
1.012
|
0.989
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
3.11pm
|
11
|
100
|
1.011
|
0.988
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
63.69
|
28.60
|
8.78
|
|
3.14pm
|
14
|
|
1.012
|
0.988
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.19pm
|
19
|
|
1.001
|
0.998
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.45pm
|
26
|
|
1.008
|
1.002
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.47pm
|
28
|
|
1.010
|
1.002
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.49pm
|
30
|
|
1.010
|
1.003
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
3.51pm
|
32
|
100
|
1.007
|
1.000
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
63.69
|
28.60
|
9.27
|
|
3.53pm
|
34
|
|
0.996
|
0.995
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.55pm
|
36
|
|
1.006
|
0.999
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.00pm
|
41
|
|
1.009
|
0.997
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.02pm
|
43
|
|
1.009
|
0.997
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.04pm
|
45
|
|
1.009
|
0.998
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
4.06pm
|
47
|
100
|
1.006
|
0.997
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
63.69
|
28.60
|
9.31
|
|
4.08pm
|
49
|
|
1.009
|
0.998
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.10pm
|
51
|
|
1.009
|
0.999
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.22pm
|
63
|
|
1.007
|
0.997
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.24pm
|
65
|
|
1.008
|
0.998
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.26pm
|
67
|
|
1.007
|
0.997
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
4.28pm
|
69
|
100
|
1.008
|
0.998
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
63.69
|
28.60
|
9.50
|
|
4.30pm
|
71
|
|
1.009
|
0.999
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.32pm
|
73
|
|
1.007
|
0.997
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table-5 is showing the demonstration of our working period for type-2. Our time duration was about 73 minutes for this experiment. We worked on 14.11.2021. The PKL extract we used was about 100gm and load resistance was 4.7k ohms. Then we began our calculation for both open circuit voltage and load voltage for 8.78m, 9.27m,9.50m and 9.31m respectively. It is also needed to add that it is not always possible to get accurate height. The amount of error here is very much small which does not change much.
Table 6: Table for data collection of voltages and weights (Type 2)
Time duration(minutes)
|
Weight of the Copper Plate(gm)
|
Weight of the Zinc Plate(gm)
|
Weight of the Zinc Plate+ Copper plate+ Electrolyte(gm)
|
Height from the ground (m)
|
Open circuit voltage
VoC (v)
|
Load Voltage
VL(v)
|
19
|
|
|
|
8.78
|
1.00933
|
0.99033
|
36
|
63.69
|
28.60
|
192.29
|
9.27
|
1.00617
|
1.00017
|
51
|
|
|
|
9.50
|
1.0085
|
0.99767
|
73
|
|
|
|
9.31
|
1.0077
|
0.9977
|
Table-6 shows us the deep of our result for type-2. Weight of the zinc plate, cupper plate and electrolyte are 192.29 gm. Here, we have put down our average open circuit voltages and load voltages for every height respectively. Surely, we can also see changes for different heights here. If we look closely on open circuit voltage side, we can see that the value of open circuit voltages is increasing-decreasing periodically with the altitude. Load voltage is also showing similar changes.
Fig.6 shows the variation of open circuit voltage with the variation of time duration. The height was fixed at 8.78 m. It is shown that the open circuit voltage has been increased exponentially up to 8 minutes and then fluctuated for some minutes. Next, it gradually increased-decreased periodically up to 30 minutes. After that, for short span of time, there is a major curve changes notified from 32 to 38 minutes. In this period, voltage drooped at 0.996 from 1.007 and again raised up to 1.006.Then again it linearly fluctuated for twice around 20 minutes and finally it decreases linearly up to 73 minutes.
Fig.7 shows the variation of load voltage with the variation of time duration. The height was fixed at 8.78m.We can see that starting from 0.990 voltage the load voltage is decreasing gradually with time durations up to 14 minutes. Then, it rose up and reached at the peak at 32 minutes and increased up to 1 voltage. Later, it slowly dropped up to 34 minutes where load voltage was 0.996 voltage. After that it again gradually raised at 0.999 voltages for some minutes. Finally, It linearly fluctuated up to 73 minutes.
Fig.9 shows the variation of open circuit voltage and load circuit voltage with the variation of height. From the beginning, we can see that open circuit voltage is decreasing gradually with heights from 8.78m to 9. 50m.Then an instant change occurred at 9.50m and voltage rose up to 1.0085 voltage. Then conversely, it linearly decreased up to 9.31m for 1.0077 voltage. Here, gravity also controlling the magnitude of open circuit voltage. Changing for load voltage will also be seen at the same time. Since, naturally, the voltages are up down , when we will try to build an antigravity lifter, care must be taken with the help of artificial intelligence so that it adjusts the power supply with height.
Table 7:Data collection for type-3 cell
Date
|
Local Time(hr)
|
Time Duration
(minutes)
|
Weight of the PKL Extract(gm)
|
Open circuit voltage
VoC(v)
|
Load Voltage
VL(v)
|
Load
resistance
(ohms)
|
Weight
of the flux(gm)
|
Weight of the Cu plate(gm)
|
Weight of the Zinc plate(gm)
|
Height(m)
|
|
4.50pm
|
00
|
|
0.994
|
0.933
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.52pm
|
02
|
|
0.997
|
0.935
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.54pm
|
04
|
|
0.993
|
0.935
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
4.56pm
|
08
|
100
|
0.998
|
0.936
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
121.46
|
29.69
|
8.78
|
|
5.00pm
|
12
|
|
0.994
|
0.933
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.03pm
|
15
|
|
0.992
|
0.932
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.08pm
|
20
|
|
0.994
|
0.927
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.11pm
|
23
|
|
1.002
|
0.933
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.13pm
|
25
|
|
0.996
|
0.932
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
5.16pm
|
28
|
100
|
0.994
|
0.927
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
121.46
|
29.69
|
9.27
|
|
5.19pm
|
31
|
|
0.995
|
0.928
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.22pm
|
42
|
|
1.002
|
0.928
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.30pm
|
48
|
|
0.995
|
0.920
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.33pm
|
51
|
|
0.997
|
0.920
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.36pm
|
54
|
|
0.994
|
0.919
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
5.40pm
|
58
|
100
|
0.992
|
0.912
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
121.46
|
29.69
|
9.31
|
|
5.43pm
|
61
|
|
0.990
|
0.910
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.46pm
|
64
|
|
0.993
|
0.912
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.00pm
|
68
|
|
1.001
|
0.904
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.04pm
|
72
|
|
0.988
|
0.901
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.06pm
|
74
|
|
0.998
|
0.896
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.11.2021
|
6.10pm
|
78
|
100
|
0.980
|
0.888
|
4.7k
|
112.14
|
121.46
|
29.69
|
9.50
|
|
6.15pm
|
83
|
|
0.992
|
0.992
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.18pm
|
86
|
|
0.988
|
0.988
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table-7 is showing the demonstration of our working period for type-3. Our time duration was about 86 minutes for this experiment. We worked on 14.11 2021. We measured open circuit voltages and load voltages for every 2 minutes on average. The PKL extract we used was about 100gm and load resistance was 4.7k ohms. Then we began our calculation for both open circuit voltages and load voltages for 8.7757m, 9.26592m,9.4996m and 9.3091m respectively. It is also needed to add that it is not always possible to get the height accurate. The amount of error here is very small which can be neglected easily.
Table 8: Data collection for weights and voltages (Type 3)
Time duration(minutes)
|
Weight of the Copper Plate(gm)
|
Weight of the Zinc Plate(gm)
|
Weight of the Zinc Plate+ Copper plate+ Electrolyte(gm)
|
Height from the ground (m)
|
Open circuit voltage
VoC (v)
|
Load Voltage
VL(v)
|
15
|
|
|
|
8.78
|
0.994667
|
0.934
|
31
|
121.46
|
29.69
|
251.15
|
9.27
|
0.99717
|
0.92917
|
58
|
|
|
|
9.50
|
0.9935
|
0.9155
|
90
|
|
|
|
9.31
|
0.99117
|
0.928167
|
Table-8 shows us the summery of our result for type-2. Weight of the zinc plate, cupper plate and electrolyte are 251.15 gm. Here, we have put down our average open circuit voltage and load voltage for every height respectively. Surely, we can also see changes for different heights here. If we look closely on open circuit voltage side, we can see that the value of open circuit voltages is increasing-decreasing periodically with the altitude like type 2 results. Load voltage is also showing similar changes.
Fig.10 shows the variation of open circuit voltage with the variation of time duration. The height was fixed at 8.78 m. It is shown that the open circuit voltage has been fluctuating with time durations continuously. It started from 0.994 voltages and ended at 0.988 voltages. This whole process had been done about 86 minutes.
Fig.11 shows the variation of load voltage with the variation of time duration. The height was fixed at 8.78m.We can see that starting from 0.993 voltage the load voltage is decreasing linearly with time durations up to 78 minutes. Then, it suddenly rose up and reached at the peak at 83 minutes and increased up to 0.992 voltage. Finally, it instantly dropped for few minutes where load voltage was 0.988 voltage.
Fig.12 shows the variation of open circuit voltage and load circuit voltage with the variation of height. From the beginning, we can see that open circuit voltage is increasing linearly with heights from 8.78m to 9. 50m.Then an instant change occurred at 9.50m and voltage dropped back at 9.31m for 0.99117 voltage. As for load voltage, it linearly decreased from 8.78m heights to 9.50m. Here, load voltage never rose up but decreased from 0.994667 voltage to 0.99117 voltage. In discussion, we have come to this far that naturally gravity changes both open circuit voltage and Load voltage like we got for type-1 and type-2 discussions. We would like to note some information that, we can see that some changes have been occurred in our graph. We can see that line of our graph is not showing same demonstration like type 1 and type 2. There is enough reason for this. First of all, we used the same PKL extract with tap water. Over time, our PKL extract has been evaporated somewhat. So, error has been reflected in the graph for type-3.