Preparation and characterization of acrylic resins with bio-active glasses

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1834960/v1

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Preparation and characterization of acrylic resins with bio-active glasses

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1834960/v1

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The aim of this study was to prepare a bioactive acrylic material by adding different glasses.

Materials and methods: Commercially available thermally polymerized acrylic resin was mixed with 4 different glasses (Biomin F, Biomin C, S53P4 and 45S5) in 10% concentration in powder and cured. The flexural strength, sorption, and solubility of the samples were tested according to ISO 20795-1:2013. Furthermore, the materials were placed in artificial saliva pH = 4 and 7. Elution was performed over a period 0/1/28 and 42 days. The collected samples were analyzed with optical emission inductively plasma spectrometry ICP-OES for the detection of Ca, P, and Si ions and by ion chromatography for F measurements.

Results: The materials obtained after modification with special glasses had lower compressive strength compared to those of pure polymethyl methacrylate, but all the results met the normative requirements. Two glasses have higher solublity values compared to ISO standard. Glass Biomin C can deliver Ca-11.96±1.79, P-25.88±3.88 and Si- 4.43±0.6 [mg/l]-after 28 days at pH 4. Material S53P4 released Ca-6.17±0.92, P-28.57±4.29 and Si-10.85±1.63 after 42 days.

Conclusion: - Acrylic resins modified with 10% of Biomin C and S53P4 glasses can be a valuable source of calcium and phosphate ions in acid conditions for period 28 and 42 days.

acrylic resins

ions releasing

flexural strength

sorption solubility

bioactive glasses

Despite the new alternatives, acrylic materials for the fabrication of removable dentures are still the most popular material used in prosthetic dentistry. This is due, among other things, to its long-term history of use and ease of processing in dental technology laboratories [1, 2]. This material is characterized by very good optical properties and biocompatibility [3]. Unfortunately, in addition to several advantages, acrylics resins possess some weak points. One is the restricted saliva flow within the denture base area. When removable dentures are used, the pH value decreases very often, and this can create favorable conditions for microflora growth, which can cause dental caries or inflammation in the oral cavity. Saliva flow is disturbed at the place where the acrylic material contacts soft tissues or teeth [4, 5]. Therefore, it would be desirable to modify acrylic resins to increase their bioactivity.

In the scientific literature, run extensive discussions on what the term bioactive material can mean, some experts believe that if it contains “ingredient(s), which dissolve in the oral environment and have an antimicrobial effect, among others, by raising the pH [6], can be called bioactive material.

One of the existing directions is to modify the acrylic material and form bioactive material by adding various types of nanomaterial such as silver, titanium oxide and others [7, 8, 9]. The second option is to add various types of medicinal substances, such as antibiotics [10] or chlorhexidine [11]. There is also another way to change the acrylic material by adding different types of bioactive glasses. This type of ceramics undergoes gradual hydrolysis under the influence of water, releasing various types of ions into the environment: fluorine, phosphate, or calcium cations [6]. This process is already widely used in glass ionomer cements, and some attempts in composite filling are made [12, 13, 14, 15] or orthodontic adhesives [16]. Alkaline cations can raise the pH, and fluorine anions have proven cariostatic effects. Eluted ions, as in the case of glass ionomer cements, can perform a remineralization function [15, 16, 17]. However, they can fully hydrolyze at a lower pH and, for this reason, cannot form hydroxyapatite (HA); the minimum pH value for the formation of HA is 4.5–5.5 depending on the individual [18].

So far, these glasses have been successfully used in glass ionomer cements, composites, and toothpastes (Biomin) [16]. For example, Bioglass 45S5 and S53P4 were designed in the late 1970s and have been used clinically since 1985 [19]. The addition of CaF₂ to the glass makes it capable of releasing fluorine ions. However, too much of it leads to uncontrolled crystallization of crystalline phases, including the formation of FAP, cuspidine, and fluoride ions. Therefore, in 2015, Biomin C glass was developed, which contains chlorine ions in its composition [19]. From a dental perspective, chlorapatite will completely convert to hydroxyapatite in the presence of water [20]. An example of fluorine glass used in these tests was Biomin F.

The aim of this research was to manufacture an acrylic material with bioactive properties by releasing calcium, phosphorus, and fluorine ions.

The hypothesis presented at the beginning of this study, based on similar systems of methacrylate resins contained in composite materials, is that by adding special glasses to PMMA, it is possible to obtain a material with bioactive properties.

Bioactive glass samples were made by Cera Dynamic (Kent, England) by melting certain oxides at a temperature of 1500°C for 1 hour and then rapidly cooling them in distillate water (melt quench route)²⁰. During the next step, a grinding process was performed to obtain the particles d ₅₀ = 5 microns. Powder samples were donated for this study.

Samples of acrylic resin were prepared by mixing 10% by mass of bioactive glasses (Table 1) with polymethyl methacrylate resins (Superacryl Plus, SpofaDental, Czech Rep.). To mix the powder, a ball mill (Jezirska Porcelana, Czech Rep.) was used, with a rotation speed of 40 rpm. A single mixture was made with (10 g) of glass and (90 g) PMMA mixed with ceramic balls (300g) for 2 hours.

Table 1

Composition of glass used for this study to prepare a 10% mixture, according to the information provided by the supplier.
	SiO₂	P₂O₅	CaO	Na₂O	CaF₂	CaCl₂
S53P4	53.8%	1.7%	21.8%	22.7%	0	0
Biomin F	36–40%	4–6%	28–30%	22–24%	1.5%-3.0%	0
45S5	46.1%	2.6%	26.9%	24.4%	0	0
Biomin C	30.3–31.8%	5.0–5,3%	44.1–46.3	0	0	16.7–20.6%

The materials (PMMA and bioactive glasses) were then mixed with methyl methacrylate and thermally polymerized. Superacryl Plus resin (SpofaDental, pure PMMA) was used as the reference material. In all samples, powder and liquid were mixed in the proportion of 2/1 powder/ liquid [g] and thermally polymerized according to the instructions of Superacryl Plus in stainless steel forms. A transparent acetate sheet with metal slabs was placed below and above the metal form. Everything was placed on a laboratory press and excess material was removed under a pressure of 2,000 kg/mm² for 10 minutes.

The samples were placed in water at a frame in 60°C and the temperature increased to 100°C for 30 minutes. To finish, the polymerization material was kept at 100°C for 1 hour and it was gradually cooled. After polymerization, the samples were removed from the molds and used for further testing. The testing scheme is shown in Fig. 1

Flexural Strength

This study and sorption and solubility were carried out according to ISO 20795-1: 2013 (en), Dentistry - Denture base polymers [21]. The flexural strength samples have 65x10x3.3mm dimensions 65x10x3.3mm (total 60 pcs were prepared) and were stored in distillate water for 24 hours and 30 days. The medium was changed for 3 days to a new portion.

Mechanical resistance to fracture was performed in three-point deflection (50 mm supports) and the breaking head 5 mm/min.

Sorption and Solubility

The second important test required by the standard for acrylic resins for dentures is sorption and solubility in distilled water within 7 days. Thirty samples with a diameter of 50 and a thickness of 1 mm made of acrylic resin and 10% bioactive glasses were subjected to this test.

A- sorption and B- solubility

These two parameters were calculated from the following equations (1) and (2):

$$A=\frac{M2-M1}{S}$$

$$B=\frac{M1-M3}{S}$$

Where M2 is the mass of the sample after 7 days in distillate water, M1 is the mass before immersion in water, and M3 is the mass drying the material in the exicator after immersion in water. S is the volume of the disc, measured with a calibrated caliper.

Ion release

To test the bioactive properties of the samples, the ions release from acrylic materials in artificial saliva were carried out for two values of pH 4 and 7.

Preparation of the artificial saliva solution

The artificial saliva solution was prepared by dissolving sodium chloride (0.4g) (NaCl, Sigma Aldrich, Poland), potassium chloride (1.21g) (KCl, Sigma Aldrich, Poland), 0. hydrated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.78g) (NaH₂PO₄ × 2H₂O, Sigma Aldrich Poland), hydrated sodium sulfide (0,12g) (Na₂S × 9H₂O, Sigma Aldrich, Poland) and urea (1.0g) (Sigma Aldrich, Poland) in ultrapure water (1000.0g) (Merck, Germany). The prepared solution was poured into two vessels and adjusted to pH 4 and pH 7, respectively, using hydrochloric acid (0.1Mol) and sodium hydroxide (0.1 Mol)(both materials from Merck, Germany).

Extraction

The samples obtained from dental materials (3 samples of each glass and acrylic resins as reference, diameter 5mm, 1 mm thickness) were extracted. The extraction was carried out in artificial saliva at pH 4 and pH 7. A disc of each material was placed in polypropylene vessels and covered with 5 mL of artificial saliva solution. After each extraction, a sample of material was transferred to a new container and replenished with a new artificial saliva. The prepared samples were placed on a shaker with incubation (37°C) (Sigma Aldrich Poland). The number of prepared replicates was adjusted to terminate the extraction process after 1, 28, and 42 days, respectively. After the extraction process, the samples were acidified with Trace pure nitric acid (Merck, Germany) and made up to a volume of 20 ml. The blank and extracted samples were submitted for multi-element analysis.

Mineralization of the samples

The decomposition of acrylic resins (5 samples) was carried out using the two-stage wet mineralization method in a closed system, assisted by microwaves, using the START D microwave decomposition system (Milestone, Italy). The comminuted samples, each approximately 0.1 g in weight, were placed in a Teflon vessel. The process was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, 3 ml of ultrapure demineralized water and sulfuric acid (3.0 ml) (Merck, Germany) were added to each sample. Mineralization was carried out for 10 minutes at 100°C and 1000 W oven power. In the second step, Trace pure nitric acid (5.0 ml) (Merck, Germany) was added to Teflon vessels with permineralized materials. The process was carried out for 35 minutes, at temperatures in a furnace 200°C and the power of 1000 W. After the end of the process, the cooled minerals were transferred to bottles made of HDPE material and diluted to a weight of approximately 50 g.

Elemental analysis

The analysis of the elemental composition of saliva extracts and pure acrylic resins was carried out using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method, using the iCAP 6500 Duo optical spectrometer with horizontal and vertical plasma (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Furthermore, the spectrometer was equipped with an ultrasonic U5000AT + nebulizer (CETAC, USA), which allows the concentration of samples and obtains about 10-fold lower detection limits. Extracts and pure samples of acrylic resins were analyzed using validated research methods in Chemical Laboratory of Multielement Analyses, accredited by the Polish Center for Accreditation (AB696).

Fluoride content analysis

The fluoride concentration in the extracts was analyzed by ion chromatography using a Dionex ICS 1100 ion chromatograph (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Dental material extract was injected directly through a sterile 0.2 µm syringe filter into the chromatography column. Fluoride measurements were carried out with a retention time of approximately 2.5 min.

Statistical analysis was performed in 1-way Anova with the Tukey HSD Test Calculator- statistical analysis was carried out using the software available on the Astasta com.

One of the most important mechanical parameters for acrylic resins intended for the production of denture base is flexural strength, which allows to determine whether a denture made of such material will not crack during use. Tables 2 shows the flexural strength after 24 hours and 30 days for acrylic samples modified with 4 types of bioactive glasses.

Table 2

Flexural strength [MPa] after 24 hours and 30 days for 4 different glasses and PMMA resin (Superacryl Plus) as a reference.
	45S5	Biomin F	S53P4	Biomin C	Superacryl Plus
			24 hours
AVG.	76.39*	78.05	77.96	76.01*	83.13
SD.	3.63	5.91	2.29	3.37	2.85
			30 days
AVG.	68.82*	70.31	70.23	68.48*	74.89
SD.	3.27	5.32	2.06	3.04	2.57
* Flexural strength for samples 45S5 and Biomin C is statistically significant at the confidence level p < 0.05 compared to reference Superacryl Plus.
**After 30 days of immersion, the same flexural strength for samples 45S5 and Biomin C is statistically significant at the confidence level p < 0.05 compared to the reference Superacryl Plus.

The results show a small 10% reduction in flexural strength for all samples with bioactive glasses. The highest value was observed for glass S53P4 and Biomin C.

After 30 days, a further reduction in flexural strength is visible compared to the results obtained after 24 hours. All results are higher than 65MPa, which is the minimum requirement for denture base materials according to ISO standard.

The material from which the denture plate is made should not show too much sorption and solubility. These two factors cause the absorption of food debris and saliva and its discoloration. In the case of a material with bioactive properties, solubility may be one of the determinants of ion release into the oral environment. The results for sorption and solubility were in Table 3, reported after 7 days in distilled water.

Table 3

Sorption and solubility in [µg/mm³] tested in destilate water for 7 days for 4 bioactive glasses and Superacryl Plus as reference material.
Material	Solubility µg/mm³	sorption µg/mm³
bIOMIN f	3.29 ± 0.52*	9.48 ± 0.81
bIOMIN c	1.43 ± 0.37	12.38 ± 0.92
s53p4	1.53 ± 0.29*	15.57 ± 1.56**
45s5	4.92 ± 0.46*	19.19 ± 1,76**
sUPERACRYL plUS	0.50 ± 0.12	10.16 ± 1.40
*The solubility of all samples modified with bioactive glasses in relation to Superacryl Plus is statistically significant at the confidence level p < 0.01
** The sorption of acrylic samples modified with bioactive glasses in relation to the reference sample has a confidence level of p < 0.01 for 45S5 and S53P

The highest solubility was observed for Biomin F 3.29 ± 0.52[µg/mm³] and 45S5- 4.94 ± 0,46 [µg/mm³]. This indicates that such material can be soluble in water and potentially be sources of ions.

The results of leaching of calcium, phosphate and fluorinated ions are presented in Table 4.

Table 4

Results of ions released after a long period in artificial saliva. The phosphate and silica ion values were calculated from the difference in the test result and the blank values for the respective pH.
	Ca [mg/l]	P [mg/l]	Si [mg/l]	F [mg/l]
BLANK
pH 4	0	20.46 ± 5.32	0.01 ± 0.0	0
pH 7	0	20.48 ± 5.75	0.27 ± 0.04	0
BIOMIN F
pH4 1day	3.33 ± 0.5	35.50 ± 5.33	2.52 ± 0.38	7.05 ± 1.06
28days	0	30.66 ± 4.60	10.46 ± 1.57	0
42days	0	31.±4.6819	11.7 ± 1.76	0.18 ± 0.03
pH7 1day	1.28 ± 0.19	35.22 ± 5.28	2.37 ± 0.36	0.30 ± 0.05
28 days	0	31.43 ± 4.71	9.01 ± 1.35	0.32 ± 0.05
42 days	0	16.60 ± 2.49	9.07 ± 1.36	0.77 ± 0.12
PMMA*
pH4 1day	0	20.45 ± 5.00	0.03 ± 0.00	0
28 days	0.03 ± 0.05	20.49 ± 4.90	0,12 ± 0.02	0
42 days	0.05 ± 0.01	20.44 ± 4.79	0.12 ± 0.02	0,00
pH7 1day	0.2 ± 0.01	20.42 ± 4.44	0.26 ± 0.04	0
28 days	0.02 ± 0.01	20.49 ± 4.75	0.35 ± 0.05	0
42 days	0	20.44 ± 4.87	0.45 ± 0.07	0
S53P4
pH4 1day	1.92 ± 0.29	30.91 ± 4.64	0.94 ± 0.14	0
28 days	1.40 ± 0.21	28.93 ± 4.34	5.21 ± 0.78	0
42 days	6.17 ± 0.92	28.57 ± 4.29	10.85 ± 1.63	0
pH7 1day	1.48 ± 0.22	28.56 ± 4.26	1.71 ± 0.26	0
28 days	1.54 ± 0.08	27.33 ± 4.10	5.40 ± 0.81	0
42 days	3.77 ± 0.57	29.73 ± 4.46	8.89 ± 1.33	0
45S5
pH4 1 day	2.71 ± 0.41	29.88 ± 4.48	1.92 ± 0.29	0
28 days	1.38 ± 0.06	26.02 ± 3.9	9.94 ± 1.49	0
42 days	1.04 ± 0.16	26.21 ± 3.93	9.64 ± 1.45	0
pH7 1day	1.73 ± 0.26	26.75 ± 4.01	2.72 ± 0.41	0,00
28 days	0.62 ± 0.09	23.52 ± 3.53	7.08 ± 1.06	0,00
42 days	0.06 ± 0.01	14.91 ± 2.24	6.2 ± 0.93	0,00
BIOMIN C
pH4 1 day	6.50 ± 0.97	27.47 ± 4.12	1.00 ± 0.15	0,00
28 days	11.96 ± 1.79	25.88 ± 3.88	4.43 ± 0.66	0,00
42 days	2.43 ± 0.36	24.05 ± 3.61	3.02 ± 0.21	0,00
pH7 1 day	4.90 ± 0.74	27.45 ± 4.12	1.58 ± 0.24	0,00
28 days	5.04 ± 0.76	26.71 ± 4.01	2.09 ± 0.31	0,00
42 days	1.19 ± 0.18	23.76 ± 3.56	4.36 ± 0.65	0,00
*Phosphate and a small amount of silicon and calcium come from saliva as well as from the surface of the samples, which were thermally polymerized in tap water.

The results obtained indicate that the acrylic system, together with the bioactive glass, can release ions into the reaction environment, be a source of raw materials for creation of hydroxyapatite.

The rate of ion release depends on the type of glass used, in the case of Biomin F virtually all available calcium ions are washed out of the samples within the first 24 hours. Biomin C can be a valuable source of calcium cations 11.96 ± 1.79 mg/l and phosphate anions 25.88 ± 3.88 mg/l in acid conditions (pH = 4). For S53P4 glass, the highest ion release values were observed after 42 days at pH = 4.

Fluoride ions in Biomin F are readily available and leached rapidly within the first 24 hours at pH 4. In a neutral environment at pH = 7, fluoride ions are released in smaller amounts but over a longer period of time.

The history and attempts to create bioactive glasses are very long and start in 1970 when Hench used in glass composition small amount of CaF₂ as a raw material instead of some part of CaO and Na₂O during glass melting. However, he discovered, the ability to form apatite decreased with increasing calcium fluoride concentration. This started the period of creating glasses with bioactive properties, which are now widely used in cement, glass ionomer and composites [20].

Composite materials are very closely related to acrylic resins, which contain the simplest group of methacrylic high viscosity resins- methyl methacrylate, which, after polymerization, forms a network of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Therefore, the authors of this article wanted to check how PMMA-based materials will release ions from bioactive glasses [12].

The thesis put forward at the beginning of this article regarding the mechanical properties and ions releasing from PMMA-based materials with an admixture of bioactive glasses was confirmed.

Acrylic resin after the addition of 4 bioactive glasses has a lower flexural strength compared to unmodified resin. This can be easily explained because the filler has no chemical connection to poly (methyl methacrylate) polymer. A similar situation is observed with composite materials with non-silanized fillers [12].

The materials used in the mouth are kept in constant contact with water throughout their use (saliva, consumed drinks and food). Storage of acrylic materials for a longer period in water reduces their resistance to breakage. This is due to the plasticizing effect of water absorption, which was confirmed in this investigation [22, 23].

The sorption of hot-curing acrylic materials in distilled water or artificial saline ranges from 17.5 ± 0.88 to 27.25 ± 1.04 µg /mm³ [24]. In our reference material Superacryl Plus, we obtained 10 µg/mm³, but this parameter may vary with the time of any polymerization method [25].

The chemical structure of the acrylic material, e.g., the content of various ions, has a great influence on the sorption and solubility. The additive of different oxides (ZrO₂, TiO₂), which is not chemically bound to PMMA, always increases solubility [26, 27, 28].

The high content of sodium ions in their composition may be responsible for the higher solubility and sorption of acrylic resins modified with glasses. Such ions are quickly washed out and exchanged for H₃O⁺ ions when samples are in contact with distilled water [20].

Similar information can be obtained from Khvostenko [17], they placed the composite with bioactive glasses in distilled water for a longer time (30 days), using the glass with a low Na₂O content to minimize water uptake, swelling, and possible cracking. A significant but reduced flexural strength was still observed.

Indeed, the addition of non-polymer network bonding ions weaken the mechanical properties of the material, but in the case of bioactive materials of the end there is compromise, between mechanical properties and ions releasing. The tests carried out by Raszewski [6] on acrylic material modified with Fritex and Kavitan showed that the addition of glasses used in glass ionomer cements possess the properties of release fluorine ions for a period of 30 days.

Tests performed by Al-Eesaa [12, 16] and Liu et al. [9] for composite materials show that glasses materials can deliver ions from composite materials to near tissues; for example, glass 45S5 can form on the surface of composite material a new layer of hydroxyapatite. The same glass can also release ions from PMMA-based materials as shown in this study.

At lower pH = 4, glass degradation is much more rapid compared to neutral; many authors explain this phenomenon by the first step of hydrolysis when H ⁺ from immersion media exchanged with Ca^2+, Sr²⁺ and Na⁺ from glass structure, which is associated with an increase in pH [9, 13].

In the literature, is possible to find information on two types of bioactive glasses, which contains phosphate ions. Eden et al.[27] and O’Donnell et al.[28] in their work noticed a relationship between the amount and rate of apatite formed under the surface of the composite.

In our tests at acidic pH, the secretion of ions occurs faster. However, more silicate and phosphate anions are released at pH 7, which is due to the formation of the corresponding salts.

During the second step of glass degradation in the water / saliva solution, the removal of protons from the solution causes the accumulation of hydroxyl groups, causing the release of Ca^{2 +} ions into the solution with a simultaneous increase in pH [20]. What can also be noticed in our study after the increase in the amount of s calcium ions over a longer period of time for S53P4 and Biomin C glasses.

In the case of glass containing fluoride ions (for example Biomin F) during the next step of hydrolysis, fluoride is removed from the glass and absorbed by apatite, and the most stable crystals of fluorapatite are formed [15, 16].

The role of fluorine ion is very important, which, after being released from glass, is involved in the formation of fluorapatite on the surface of the teeth or on the border of the teeth in the composite material [23]. Biomin F contains CaF₂ as a raw material and may be a source of fluorine ions with cariostatic properties ¹⁶. In our study, F ions from Biomin F were quickly washed out within the first 24 hours to the saliva solution.

The rate and quantity of ions released from glass particles is mainly influenced by their size, which, as in the case of this test, should be around 5 microns. Too large molecules react slowly; while small, they have a too large surface area. It is also influenced by the degree of crosslinking of the methacrylate resins. In composite materials, 2–3 functional methacrylates are used as the organic phase. Methyl methacrylate is a compound having one bond capable for radical polymerization [18, 29, 30]. Therefore, it is less cross-linked than composite materials.

In our study such material was created by mixing polymethyl methacrylate (Superacryl Plus powder- PMMA) with 4 different types of glasses, which under the influence of water undergo gradual hydrolysis, releasing ions into the environment.

Prepared acrylic resin with 10% addition of various active glasses can release calcium and silicon phosphor ions.
The releasing of fluorine ions in the case of Biomin F glass in an acidic environment is very dynamic (it occurs within the first 24 hours). In a neutral environment, ions are released gradually over a period of 42 days.
Acrylic resins modified with 10% of Biomin C and S53P4 glasses can be a valuable source of calcium cations and phosphate anions in acid conditions (pH = 4) for period 42 days.
The acrylic material, after modification with bioactive glass, meets the ISO 20795-1: 2013 standard in terms of flexural strength as well as sorption.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the company Cera Dynamic Kent (England) for providing a sample of bioactive glasses for testing, and the company SpofaDental for preparing samples of acrylic material with the content of bioactive glasses.

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT

ZR: Contributed to conception, design, data acquisition and interpretation, performed all statistical analyses, drafted and critically revised the manuscript

KCh: Contributed to conception, design, data acquisition and interpretation drafted and critically revised the manuscript

M M: Contributed to conception, design, and critically revised the manuscrip.

All authors gave their final approval and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

The authors declare no conflict of interest

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No competing interests reported.

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Preparation and characterization of acrylic resins with bio-active glasses

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Abstract

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Introduction

Materials And Methods

Flexural Strength

Sorption and Solubility

Ion release

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

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References

Additional Declarations

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