DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-18522/v1
Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether sagittal lordotic alignment, clinical outcomes and axial symptoms (AS) could be improved by kyphotic correction after posterior approach for multilevel cervical degenerative myelopathy (CDM).
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 109 patients with multilevel CDM with kyphosis who had undergone laminoplasty (Group LP, 53 patients) and laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation (Group LCS, 56 patients) between January 2014 and December 2018. Curvature index (CI) was measured according to the pre- and postoperative radiographic parameters. The recovery rate was calculated based on the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score. AS severity was quantified by Neck Disability Index (NDI).
Results: Analysis of postoperative follow-up data showed significant differences in CI (t = 8.64, P < 0.001), correction of CI (t = 8.97, P < 0.001) and NDI (t = 3.37, P < 0.001) between Group LP and LCS, whereas no significant differences in JOA score (t = 1.21, P = 0.23) and recovery rate (t = 1.52, P = 0.13). There were significant differences in JOA score (t = 98.29, 96.41, P < 0.001), CI (t = 17.07, 16.17, P < 0.001) and NDI (t = 37.46, 52.15, P < 0.001) between pre- and postoperative follow-up in Group LP and LCS. Correction of CI showed negative correlation with axial symptom severity (r = -0.51, P < 0.001), and no association with recovery rate (r = 0.14, P = 0.15).
Conclusions: Satisfied neurological improvement was obtained by LP and LCS for patients with multilevel CDM, while kyphotic correction in Group LCS caused significant improvement of AS than that in Group LP. However, in a short-term postoperative follow-up, we could not demonstrate that kyphotic correction is associated with a better recovery in clinical outcomes.
Cervical degenerative myelopathy (CDM), which can be debilitating to patients, causing neck pain, limb pain and numbness, is one of the most common causes of spinal dysfunction worldwide [1]. In patients with degenerative disease, cervical kyphosis is commonly seen because of the loss of sagittal lordotic alignment. Cervical kyphosis, which is the result of progressive degeneration of the discs and facet joints, is an uncommon but potentially debilitating and challenging condition [2].The posterior surgical approach has been considered as an effective and safe method for the treatment of multilevel CDM to widen the spinal canal dimensions with or without removing the dorsal elements of the cervical spine.
Laminoplasty is a standard surgical procedure to allow the posterior shift of the spinal cord for compressive myelopathy and provides good surgical result for long-term period. However, sagittal malalignment is one of the important potential complications following laminoplasty that may be associated with neck pain and functional disability [3, 4]. If posterior decompression combined with instrumented fusion, the above problems may be resolved, but instrumentation failure (0%-6%), pseudarthrosis (0%-2%), infection, C5 nerve root palsy (0%-25%) and vertebral artery injury (0%-2%) were reported following fusion surgery [5–8]. The surgical strategy for multilevel CDM accompanying kyphosis remains controversial for the spine surgeons, due to the above shortcomings of each surgical approach.
We also conducted a literature search and found that there was significant debate on this issue, particularly as to whether sagittal lordotic alignment, clinical outcomes and axial symptoms could be improved by the correction of kyphosis. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether sagittal lordotic alignment, clinical outcomes and axial symptoms could be improved by the correction of kyphosis after posterior approach for the treatment of multilevel CDM.
We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 109 patients with multilevel CDM associated with kyphosis who had undergone the laminoplasty (Group LP) and laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation (Group LCS) at our medical center from January 2014 to December 2018. Patients in Group LP consisted of 53 cases, with a mean age of 62.5 years (range 51–76 years) who underwent expansive open-door laminoplasty. Patients in Group LC + Screw (LCS) included 56 patients, with a mean age of 63.5 years (range 52–74 years) who underwent laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation. The patients’ age at the time of surgery ranged from 51 to 76 years (average 63.03 years), and the follow-up periods ranged from 10 to 18 months (average 13.37 months). This study was approved by the Investigational Review Board at our institution, and informed consent was obtained from each patient. All data regarding age, gender, decompressed levels, preoperative symptoms and follow-up period were reviewed and statistically analyzed (Table 1).
| Characteristics | Group LP | Group LCS |
|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 109) | 53 | 56 |
| Mean Age (years) | 51–76 (62.5) | 52–74 (63.5) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 37 | 39 |
| Female | 16 | 17 |
| Operation levels | ||
| 3 levels | 9 | 11 |
| 4 levels | 15 | 18 |
| 5 levels | 29 | 27 |
| Presenting symptoms | ||
| Weakness | ||
| Upper extremity | 36 | 40 |
| Lower extremity | 19 | 23 |
| Extremity numbness hyperesthesia | 28 | 31 |
| Gait instability | 35 | 33 |
| Hyperreflexia | 39 | 41 |
| Hoffman sign | 23 | 27 |
| Babinski sign | 21 | 26 |
| Clonus | 16 | 19 |
| Follow-up time (m) | 13.2 (10–18) | 13.5 (11–18) |
| *Statistic tests: no statistically significant differences between the two groups. | ||
Patients considered for the study had at least C3 levels of cervical spinal cord compression with accompanying symptoms and signs of cervical disc herniation, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, cervical spinal canal stenosis or segmental-type ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). In addition, an alignment of C2-7 Cobb angle less than 0° taken in lateral neutral radiograph was defined as kyphosis. Exclusion criteria included cases with cervical trauma or continuous-type OPLL, cases with significant cervical anatomic deformity, active infection, rheumatoid arthritis and neoplasm, cases whose pre- or postoperative follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and plain radiographs were not complete or interpretable because of motion/metal artifacts or poor quality.
All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon under general anesthesia. The open-door type of cervical en bloc laminoplasty described by Itoh and Tsuji [9] was performed in Group LP. One side of the lamina was opened, and the other side served as the hinge. Bone grafts from dissected spinous processes were put in the opened laminae and fixed with braided wires or nylon threads. In Group LCS, screws (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN, USA) were placed bilaterally with the Magerl technique [10], rods of appropriate size were selected and bent to match the normal cervical lordosis and secured to the lateral masses by screws, and then laminectomy were performed based on the preoperative surgical planning. The patients were required to stay in bed for the first week after surgery, and thereafter walking was allowed with a Philadelphia neck collar for 6 weeks.
Before surgery, anteroposterior, lateral, and flexion/extension lateral X-ray tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed in patients. Routine X-ray tests were performed postoperatively at 3, 6, 12 months and then 1.5 year. Patients underwent X-ray test in neutral standing position and were instructed to look straight ahead, with hips and knees extended.
Pre- and postoperative follow-up cervical alignments were measured in the profile of neutral plain radiographs by curvature index (CI) as described by Ishihara [11] (Fig. 1). “a1” was defined as the distance from the posterior inferior edge of the C3 vertebral body to line “AB”, “a2, a3, and a4” using the same method. “AB” was defined as the distance from the posterior inferior edge of the C2 vertebral body to that of the C7 vertebral body.
Data measurements were performed three times with 200% magnification for accuracy by the first and second authors independently, and the mean value was used for analysis. The intraobserver errors were less than 5%.
The neurological status of each patient was evaluated at the pre- and postoperative follow-up according to the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) disability scale. The neurological recovery rate was calculated using the Hirabayashi method [12]: (postoperative JOA score - preoperative score) / (17 - preoperative score) × 100%. Recovery rates were graded as follows: ≥ 75%, excellent; 50–74%, good; 25–49%, fair; and < 25%, poor.
The severity of pre- and postoperative follow-up axial symptoms in each group was quantified by Neck Disability Index (NDI, 0 = no disability, 50 = total disability) [13]. Subjects’ scores were calculated and ranked according to the standard NDI ranking system: 0–4, no disability; 5–14, mild disability; 15–24, moderate disability; 25–34, severe disability; ≥35, complete disability [14].
All statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Analysis System software (version 9.13, SAS Institute Inc., USA). Continuous variables were expressed as the means ± SD. The Chi square test were applied for qualitative data. A paired t test was used to assess statistical significance of changes between pre and postoperative parameters in each group. Statistical comparisons between Group LP and LCS were performed in the postoperative follow-up CI, JOA score, NDI score, correction of CI and recovery rate using the independent sample t test, and in the severity of axial symptoms using Mann–Whitney U test. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to check the correlation among correction of CI, recovery rate and axial pain severity. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
There was statistically significant difference between pre- and postoperative follow-up CI(t = 17.07, 16.17, P < 0.001) in Group LP and LCS (Table 2). There was also statistically significant difference at the postoperative follow-up CI (t = 8.64, P < 0.001) and correction of CI (t = 8.97, P < 0.001) between Group LP and LCS (Fig. 2).
| Parameter | Group LP (n = 53) | Group LCS (n = 56) | t value * | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative CI (%) | 8.73 ± 2.20 | 8.50 ± 2.25 | 0.53 | 0.60 |
| Postoperative follow-up CI (%) | 11.38 ± 2.44 | 15.21 ± 2.18 | 8.64 | < 0.001 |
| Correction of CI (%) | 2.65 ± 1.13 | 6.71 ± 3.10 | 8.97 | < 0.001 |
| t value * | 17.07 | 16.17 | ||
| P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| * t test | ||||
In this study, the pre- and postoperative follow-up JOA scores were 8.57/14.72 in Group LP, 8.46/14.96 in Group LCS, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between pre- and postoperative follow-up JOA scores (t = 98.29, 96.41, P < 0.001) in Group LP and LCS, while no significant differences in pre- and postoperative JOA scores between the two groups (t = 0.59, P = 0.56; t = 1.21, P = 0.23).
The neurological recovery was excellent in 28 (52.83%, LP), 38 (67.86%, LCS) patients, good in 25 (47.17%, LP), 18 (32.14%, LCS), and there were no fair and poor cases in two groups. The improvement rate were 73.52% ± 11.39% and 76.86% ± 11.57% at the postoperative follow-up after laminoplasty and laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation (Table 3). t test showed no significant difference between the two groups for recovery rate (t = 1.52, P = 0.13). Correction of curvature indexshowed no correlation with recovery rate(r = 0.14, P = 0.15) (Fig. 3).
| Parameter | Group LP (n = 53 ) | Group LCS (n = 56 ) | Statistic value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JOA score * | ||||
| Preoperation | 8.57 ± 0.84 | 8.46 ± 0.95 | 0.59 | 0.56 |
| Postoperative follow-up | 14.72 ± 1.05 | 14.96 ± 1.10 | 1.21 | 0.23 |
| t value | 98.29 | 96.41 | ||
| P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Neurological recovery rate grade ** | ||||
| Excellent (≥ 75%) | 28 | 38 | 2.57 | 0.11 |
| Good (50–74%) | 25 | 18 | ||
| Fair (25–49%) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Poor (< 25%) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Recovery rate (%) * | 73.52 ± 11.39 | 76.86 ± 11.57 | 1.52 | 0.13 |
| * t test | ||||
| ** Pearson Chi-Square test | ||||
In the postoperative follow-up, NDI score was 6.77 ± 6.21 in Group LP and 3.52 ± 3.60 in Group LCS, respectively. According to the NDI ranking system, there was no disability in 29 patients, mild disability in 19, moderate disability in 5, both severe disability and complete disability in 0 in the Group LP. Within Group LCS, the NDI ranking system indicated no disability in 45 patients, mild disability in 11, and there were no moderate, severe and complete disability cases (Table 4).
| Axial symptoms | Group LP (n = 53) | Group LCS (n = 56) | Statistic value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDI score * | ||||
| Preoperation | 20.45 ± 4.60 | 20.70 ± 4.31 | 0.29 | 0.78 |
| Postoperative follow-up | 6.77 ± 6.21 | 3.52 ± 3.60 | 3.37 | < 0.001 |
| t value | 37.46 | 52.15 | ||
| P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| NDI ranking system ** | ||||
| No disability (0–4) | 29 | 45 | 528.000 | < 0.001 |
| Mild disability (5–14) | 19 | 11 | ||
| Moderate disability (15–24) | 5 | 0 | ||
| Severe disability (25–34) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Complete disability (≥ 35) | 0 | 0 | ||
| * t test | ||||
| ** Mann−Whitney U test | ||||
Axial symptom incidence was 45.28% (24/53 patients) in Group LP and 19.64% (11/56 patients) in Group LCS, respectively. Mann-Whitney U test showed significant difference between the two groups for axial symptoms (U = 528, P < 0.001). Correction of curvature index showed negative correlation with axial symptom severity(r = -0.51, P < 0.001) (Fig. 4).
Multilevel CDM, which is characterized by multisegmental spinal cord compression, is a common spinal disorder all over the world. Cervical kyphosis associated with multilevel CDM is the result of progressive subluxation of the apophyseal joints because of degenerative changes in the facet joints and discs [2]. Laminoplasty has been proved to be an effective and safe treatment for multisegmental lesions to widen the spinal canal without removing the dorsal elements of the cervical spine. In the past decades, lateral mass screws fixation has become optimal preferred option for stabilizing the cervical spine and correcting kyphotic deformity when multilevel decompression is required [15]. During the follow-up period, we also observed that some patients suffered the so-called axial symptoms including nuchal pain, neck stiffness and shoulder pain, which affect their quality of postoperative life seriously. The optimal surgical procedure for multilevel CDM accompanying kyphosis remains controversial due to the above shortcomings.
At the postoperative follow-up, correction of cervical kyphosis in Group LCS was better than that in Group LP; the difference was statistically significant between the groups. Based on the biomechanical study [16], the physiologic lordosis of the cervical spine plays an important role in maintaining normal neurological function. This emphasizes the importance of early recognition of complications caused by cervical curvature changes. There is controversy on the issue: Is the correction of cervical curvature related to neurological recovery rate and axial symptoms?
In the present study, better neurological improvement was both obtained in laminoplasty and laminectomy with fixation; there was no significant difference between groups LP and LCS. Our results in short-term follow-up did not demonstrated that correction of cervical kyphosis was correlated with neurological improvement. Zhang et al [2] suggested that loss of cervical lordosis after laminoplasty contributed to kyphotic alignment change, which prevented indirect decompression via posterior cervical spinal cord shift and led to postoperative residual anterior compression of cervical spinal cord; thus, progressive kyphosis results in late neurological deterioration in long-term follow-up of laminoplasty. Based on previous results [17] for an average 9.17 years’ follow-up of 98 patients undergoing posterior operations, we revealed that loss of CI was positively correlated with poor neurological recovery, especially in the patients with laminectomy alone, and presumed that segmental and kyphotic instability could be the main cause of poor neurological recovery in the long-term follow-up. Conversely, in the current study, we insisted that adequate decompression of the spinal cord in the operation may be a pivotal factor in early postoperative neurological recovery, which was not yet clearly associated with correction of cervical kyphosis. This result was in agreement with recent reports [18–20], indicating that there were no correlations between cervical sagittal alignment parameters and postoperative outcomes for the patients with maintained cervical lordosis who underwent posterior decompression and fusion at 1-year follow-up.
At the postoperative follow-up, 32.11% (35/109) of the entire group experienced axial symptoms, an incidence consistent with previous studies. The incidence of axial symptoms was 45.28% (24/53) for group LP and 19.64% (11/56) for group LCS, respectively; the difference was statistically significant. The incidence of axial symptoms after open-door laminoplasty can be as high as 5–86% [21], but the exact etiological mechanism remains uncertain. Wang et al [22] believed that the destruction of cervical structures and detachment of posterior muscles, which increased cervical flexion mechanical stress, may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AS. The spinous process, which was reconstructed firmly in the midline with titanium plates and enhanced it using nonabsorbable sutures with a high fusion rate and good stability, was beneficial for early postoperative exercises and improving cervical-spine activity; thereby, this may improve postoperative AS and decrease the loss of cervical range of motion [23]. Application of rigid internal fixation can reduce the incidence of advanced AS because it can enhance the stability of cervical vertebrae and reduce irritation in nearby soft tissues [24]. In present study, cervical kyphosis was corrected and reconstructed in Group LCS, whose incidence of axial symptoms was significantly lower than that in Group LP. The present study showed that axial symptom severity was negatively correlated with cervical kyphotic correction, which also meant that neck pain would be improved significantly if the cervical kyphosis was corrected effectively.
However, some patients at the postoperative follow-up did not complain of neck pain (group LP 29/53; group LCS 45/56). Although the patients of two groups complained more or less of neck pain after surgery in short time, neck pain was gradually improved with the correction of cervical lordosis and strengthening of cervical stability. Chen et al [25] insisted that LP with preservation of unilateral posterior muscle-ligament complex (PMLC) (including paravertebral muscles, as well as the nuchal ligament and attachment sites between extension muscles and spinous process) had the advantage of less soft-tissue detachment and provided greater stability, as well as better muscular alignment and reduced postoperative AS. There were ample studies [26, 27] demonstrating that reducing the invasion of the cervical extensor, retaining muscles attached to the spinous process significantly lowered the incidence of AS and decreased the loss of sagittal cervical lordosis after surgery. Moreover, early postoperative extensor muscle rehabilitation protocols all likely play a role in prevention or limitation of neck pain following laminoplasty [28]. Axial symptoms might also be caused by other problems, such as destruction of facet joints, intraoperative nerve root damage and hinge side nonunion. In short, axial symptoms were the results of a complication induced by multifactor and multimechanism after posterior cervical surgery, and the explicit pathogenesis remains to be further investigated.
Therefore, we thought that successful treatment of multilevel CDM with kyphosis required not only adequate decompression of the spinal cord, but also correction of cervical kyphosis as much as possible to avoid the surgery-related complications caused by sagittal malalignment or instability. There are several limitations need to be considered in our study. Over the last decade, many modified anterior or posterior surgical approaches for the treatment of multilevel CDM with kyphosis, including multilevel anterior cervical discectomy with fusion [29], modified unilateral open-door laminoplasty with PMLC preservation [25], laminoplasty with titanium miniplates fixation [30, 31] and combined anterior- posterior fusion, had been developed and obtained favorable outcomes, and additionally reduced the incidence of the long-term surgery-related complications. This study still needs other parameters to comprehensively evaluate the results, including T1 slope, C2-7 ROM, C2-7 sagittal vertical axis (C2-7 SVA) and cephalad vertebral level undergoing laminoplasty (CVLL). Subsequently, there is still a need for prospective, large-scale, multi-center clinical trials to further confirm our results.
Satisfied neurological improvement was obtained by LP and LCS for patients with multilevel CDM, while kyphotic correction in group LCS caused a significant improvement of axial symptoms. However, in a short-term postoperative follow-up, we could not demonstrate that the correction of kyphosis is associated with a better recovery in clinical outcomes.
Abbreviations
MCDM: Multilevel cervical degenerative myelopathy; LP: Laminoplasty; LCS: Laminectomy with lateral mass screw fixation; CI: Curvature index; JOA: Japanese Orthopedic Association; AS: Axial symptoms; NDI: Neck Disability Index; PMLC: Posterior muscle-ligament complex; SVA: sagittal vertical axis; OPLL: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Investigational Review Board at our institution, and informed consent was obtained from each patient.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Competing interests
All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
This study was funded by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. H2017206371) and Health Commission of Hebei Province (No. 20180407).
Authors’ contributions
WD was responsible for the conception and design of this study, as well as the acquisition and interpretation of data and preparation of a manuscript draft. SW, HW, JZ, and FW contributed to the imaging analysis and the acquisition and interpretation of data. XZ and YS critically revised the intellectual content of the manuscript and prepared the final version of the manuscript to be published. All of the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
Not applicable.
Author details
1 Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China. 2 Department of Hand Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China.