Ki-67 pulmonary Immunoreactivity in silver nanoparticles toxicity: size-rate dependent genotoxic impact

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1866868/v1

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Ki-67 pulmonary Immunoreactivity in silver nanoparticles toxicity: size-rate dependent genotoxic impact

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1866868/v1

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published 01 Jan, 2022

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Background

Engineered nanoparticles have been recently utilized in numerous domains particularly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Nonetheless, the possible side effects resulting from AgNPs exposure are not fully clarified. The present study aimed to clarify the toxicity of AgNPs toxic effect on lung tissue. This study was extended to investigate the impact of Glycosmis pentaphylla (G. pentaphylla) and Casimiroa edulis (C. edulis) leaves extracts in addition to mucilage and protein; the purified compounds from C. edulis against AgNPs induced pulmonary toxicity.

Methods

Male Swiss albino mice were administered AgNPs orally in two different particle sizes (20 nm and 100 nm) for one month and was further treated via the above mentioned natural product extracts in a dose of 500 mg/ kg for three weeks. Biochemical, molecular, immunohistochemistry, and histopathological investigations were further assessed.

Results

Our results declared an obvious alternation in oxidative stress biomarkers as well as mRNA gene expression of both survivin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) in addition to exploration of positive nuclei for ki-67. Data declared a significant upregulation of both glutathione s transferase and superoxide dismutase antioxidants up on treatment by C. edulis extract. Furthermore, a remarkable downregulation of MMP-9as well as survivin mRNA gene expression in all treated groups. Immunohistopathological examination investigated a significant improvement in the reactivity of ki-67 biomarker upon treatment. Histopathlgical examination confirmed the obtained results.

Conclusion

In conclusion; these functional foods extracts could be considered as a promising candidate as therapeutic regimen against pulmonary toxicity induced via Ag-NPs due to their enrichment with different active constituents.

Silver nanoparticle

Survivin

matrix metalloproteinase

Ki-67

Glycosmis pentaphylla

Casimiroa edulis.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly utilized in several consumed products. Due to their high antimicrobial property, AgNPs are recommended for attenuating bacterial as well as fungal contamination of food packaging, textiles, implants, cosmetics, and medical devices [1, 2]. Despite the wide range of AgNPs industrial applications, it recorded numerous inflammatory and organs dysfunctions properties [3]. AgNPs can exist as an airborne dust therefore, exposure levels should be put in consideration regarding different sizes of AgNPs that was inhaled [4, 5]. Numerous studies investigated high inflammatory potential associated with AgNPs accumulation in the lung and may lead to granulomatous lesions. Furthermore, AgNPs from the lung can permeate epithelial barrier via the blood and/or the lymphatic fluid by its bio-kinetic property into remote tissues such as kidney, liver, and spleen causing various toxic effects [6–8]. (2) AgNPs impact was previously assessed in vitro [9–11]. Numerous cell lines recorded apoptosis or necrotic cell death within AgNPs acute exposure as a result of reactive oxygen species accumulation, leading to lipid peroxidation, oxidative generated DNA lesions, mutations of genes, swelling for mitochondria, leakage of lysosome, and finally blockage of autophagic flux [11–15] On the other hand, chronic exposure to AgNPs triggers inflammatory and thiol responses, causing damage in mitochondria, phagocytic capacity reduction, and increment in nitric oxide levels through lipopolysaccharide stimulation[16].

Survivin, is an inhibitor member of apoptosis family through inhibition of caspase-mediated cell death by reduction of caspase gene expression in which, it binds to the apoptotic X-linked inhibitor and the pro-apoptotic “Smac/DIABLO” factor that leads to releasing Smac/DIABLO in cytoplasm [17, 18] Furthermore, survivin has an essential role in cell cycle during the G2/M phase [19, 20]. Many human tumors express high level of survivin, and its tissue level is closely related to tumor progression and poor prognosis [21]. However, over expression of survivin in embryonic stage is downregulated in adult tissues, some healthy adult cells declared expressed survivin [22]. Therefore, Survivin over-expression is essential during regeneration of tissue and its suppression may be due to injury [23].

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-established enzymes which are responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, even though their responsibility for activation or inhibition various other effector molecules [24]. Un-regulation of the MMP gene expression is associated with pathogenesis of various lung diseases [25–27].

Immunohistochemical analysis isn’t widely applied for the detection of lung toxicity. However, Ki-67 immunostaining assay has been investigated to detect cellular dysfunction [28–30]. The Ki-67 antigen exists in the nucleus but in incomplete form. It was reported to be expressed in all phases of cell cycle except G0 [28]. Epithelial cells that can express Ki-67 are mainly elevated in bronchial cells indicating that it may be an important indicator in lung inflammation, apoptosis and lung cancer[31]. Ki-67 immunohistochemically recorded an elevation in both current and ex-smokers [32]. Furthermore, ki-67 was investigated as an early diagnostic biomarker for lung cancer [33].

Herein, we supposed that the Ki-67 immunohistochemistry index could be overexpressed in pulmonary epithelial cells upon AgNPs intoxication based on different sizes in mice model. In addition to, detection of both survivin and MMP-9 as molecular biomarkers related to lung dysfunction.

Casimiroa edulis (C. edulis) tree which is known as “white sapota” is cultivated in Egypt. C. edulis leaves and seeds are previously being eaten for their calming activities and helping to sleep [34]. Moreover, their leaves extract was investigated as hypnotic, anticonvulsant, diuretic, antihypertension, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer and anti-carcinogenic agent [35–38]. Furthermore, different compounds that were extracted from leaves showed adipogenesis activity [39]. Also, essential oil extracted from C. edulis declared antimicrobial and anti-coagulant activities [40]. Due to lacking of previous studies on C. edulis leaves extract as a therapeutic regimen for lung injury induced via AgNPs treatment, the current study investigated the promising therapeutic index against AgNPs induced lung toxicity.

Glycosmis pentaphylla (G. pentaphylla) is called toothbrush. In alternative medicine, G. pentaphylla is used for anemia, cough and rheumatism treatment. Furthermore, it was recorded as an antifungal regimen in addition to its activity in cancer treatment [41, 42]. Methanolic leaf extract also is considered as potential natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents versus numerous infectious diseases [43]. However, there are no recent researches regarding the therapeutic index of G. pentaphylla leaves extract on AgNPs induced lung injury, the current study evaluate the promising therapeutic potential against AgNPs induced lung toxicity.

Chemicals and reagents

AgNPs of two particle sizes (20 nm &100nm) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich CO. (St Louis, Missouri, USA). Biochemical analyses were obtained from Biodiagnostic Kits (Biodiagnostic Co., Egypt). Kits for total RNA extraction, primers and RT-PCR SYBR green kits were obtained from Qiagen (Germany-Helden). All other chemicals are of high analytical grade.

Plant material and extract preparation

Leaves of C. edulis and G. pentaphylla were collected from botanical garden, Giza, Egypt and Mohammed Ali museum, respectively. Extraction of both C. edulis and G. pentaphylla were previously established. In addition to, the active constituents, protein and mucilage of C. edulis seeds and fruits recpectivelly [38, 44].

Experimental design

Animal groupings and treatments

One hundred-ten male Swiss Albino mice (20–25 g /each) were obtained from National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt. Animals were kept in cages for acclimatization and allowed free access for feeding and drinking. All animals were received adequate care and handling according to institutional animal ethics committee of NRC.

After acclimatization (one week), animals were randomly subdivided into eleven groups (10 /each) as the following:

Group 1: Healthy animals.

Group 2: untreated mice [45] that were orally given AgNPs in low size (20 nm) for one month and served untreated as positive control for 20nm AgNPs [45].

Groups 3, 4, 5 & 6: AgNPs 20 nm intoxicated animals which treated with C. edulis, G. pentaphylla extracts, protein and mucilage of C. edulis seeds and fruits respectively in a dose of 500 mg/kg /each for one month [38].

Group7: untreated mice that were orally given AgNPs in high size 100 nm ([45] for one month and served untreated as positive control for 100 nm AgNPs.

Groups 8, 9, 10 & 11: AgNPs 100 nm intoxicated animals which treated with C. edulis, G. pentaphylla, extracts protein and mucilage of C. edulis respectively in a dose of 500 mg/kg /each for one month [38].

Determination of some antioxidants

Activity of antioxidant was determined in serum samples for all tested groups. SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) and GST (Glutathione S-transferase) were measured. [46] [47].

RNA extraction and RT-PCR analysis for apoptosis determination

Lung samples of each group were used to extract total RNA individually according to the manufacturer’s instructions illustrated in Qiqamp mini kit (Qiagen; USA; Cat No. 74104). Complementary DNA (cDNA) and mRNA gene expression of Survivin (forward and Reverse primer sequence; 5'-GTGAATTTTTGAAACTGGACAG-3' & 5'-CCTTTCCTAAGACATTGCTAAG-3') and MMP-9 (forward and Reverse primer sequence; 5'-GTGCTGGGCTGCTGCTTTGCTG-3' & 5'-GTCGCCCTCAAAGGTTTGGAAT-3') quantitative RT-PCR were assessed using RT-PCR master mix SYBR green kit (Qiagen; USA; Cat No. 204243). Followed by real time PCR reaction amplification was carried out in Stratagene Mx3000 P QPCR System (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) in 20 µl reaction volume. Primers sequences were listed in Table 1. Temperature profile was calculated according to optimum annealing temperature for each primer. The relative expression of survivn and MMP genes was obtained by comparative CT (2^−ΔΔCt) method against the expression of β-actin (forward and Reverse primer sequence; 5′-CCTGAGGCTCTTTTCCAGCC-3′& 5′-TAGAGGTCTTTACGGATGTCA ACGT-3′) as reference gene [48].

Immunohistochemistry Determination of Ki-67

Lung tissue sections (on 4 µm thick) were prepared for Ki-67 antigens immunohistochemistry (IHC) detection. Tissue sections were kept in 0.03% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at room temperature for 10 min, due to the removing of endogenous peroxidase activity. After that, the reaction is blocked by adding serum (0.5% normal goat serum X0907, Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, CA, USA,, and 0.04% bovine serum albumin, A2153, Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China in PBS) at room temperature for 30 min. Ki-67 Anti-body (Roche, CONFIRM anti-Ki-67 (30 − 9) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody: 790–4286) was added (with dilution at 1:200) then incubated kept overnight at 4°C. After that, Sections were subjected for washing three times for 5 min in PBS. Non-specific staining then was blocked using 5% normal serum at room temperature for 30 min. Finally, staining was evaluated with diaminobenzidine as a substrate and sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. PBS replaced the antibody in negative controls [49].

Histopathology

Lung tissues were preserved and fixed in 10% of formalin buffer to form Representative slices. After that, samples were embedded in paraffin 4-µm thick then slides were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Finally, slides were examined under light microscope [50].

Statistical analysis

All the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software (USA). All values were expressed as the mean ± SE. Significance of differences among all groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey's multiple comparisons post hoc test where P < .05 was considered significant.

Oxidative stress biomarkers estimation

AgNPs (20nm and 100 nm) intoxicated animal investigated a significant reduction in SOD values as well as GST levels as compared to negative healthy animals (Fig. 1) with observation that declared that 20 nm AgNPs induce more oxidative stress than those of 100nm. Treatment with C. edulis indicated a significant elevation in SOD of both 20nm as well as 100 nm AgNPs groups. However, treatment of 100 nm silver nanoparticles- intoxicated groups with G. pentaphylla, extracts, protein and mucilage of Casimiroa edulis declared non-significant improvement of oxidative stress biomarker of SOD and GST values (Fig. 1, Fig. 2).

Modulation of Survivin mRNA gene expression

Silver nanoparticle in 20 nm particle sized intoxicated mice demonstrated a significant elevation in surviving gene expression (3.1 fold change) as compared to negative healthy control (Fig. 3). Meanwhile, AgNPs 100 nm particle size doesn’t declare an obvious change and there is no any recorded significance values. Treatment with C. edulis indicated a significant downregulation in surviving gene expression with 0.8 fold change. However, treatment of 20 nm AgNPs intoxicated groups with G. pentaphylla, declared non-significant improvement of survivin gene expression (2.8 fold change). Furthermore, mucilage declared a significant downregulation of surviving gene expression (1.1 fold change) as compared to negative control. Meanwhile, P extract investigated a significant downregulation of surviving gene expression (1.5 fold change) (Fig. 3).

Regulation of MMP-9 mRNA gene expression

Twenty nm AgNPs (20 nm) particle sized intoxicated group recorded a significant elevation in MMP-9 gene expression (3.7 fold change) as compared to healthy mice group as well as a significant elevation was declared upon 100 nm AgNPs intoxication (1.87 fold change). Treatment with C. edulis indicated a significant downregulation in MMP-9 gene expression (1.51 fold change). Furthermore, treatment of 20 nm AgNPs intoxicated groups with G. pentaphylla, showed a significant improvement of MMP-9 gene expression recording 1.61 fold changes. However, treatment 20 nm AgNPs by protein recorded non- significant improvement (3.1fold change). On the other hand, a significant improvement was declared upon protein treatment followed by 100 nm AgNPs (1.5 fold change) (Fig. 4).

Ki-67 Immunohistochemistry Detection

Immunohistochemistry determination for ki-67 of lung section from negative control mice declared negatively stained ki-67. However, section for samples from obtained from AgNPs (100 nm) illustrated nearly 10% of pneumocytes and investigated positive nuclei for ki-67. Moreover, AgNPs (20 nm) intoxicated group demonstrated 40% of pneumocytes showed positive nuclei for ki-67 (Fig. 5; part I).

Treatment of AgNPs (20 nm) with C. edulis indicated nearly 10% of pneumocytes showing positive nuclei for ki-67. Whereas, lung section of AgNPs (20 nm) treated with G. pentaphylla showed about 7% of pneumocytes showing positive nuclei for ki-67.Lung section of AgNPs (20 nm) treated mucilage investigated about 2% of pneumocytes showing positive nuclei for ki-67. Furthermore, lung section from AgNPs (20 nm) treated protein group didn’t declare any positive staining of ki-67 (Fig. 5; part II).

Lung section of AgNPs (100 nm) intoxicated group followed by C. edulis treatment showing negative staining of ki-67. Lung section from AgNPs (100 nm) treatment with glycosmis, declared about 15% of pneumocytes showed positive nuclei for ki-67. Lung section from AgNPs (100 nm) treated mucilage, showing negative staining of ki-67. Lung section of AgNPs (100 nm) treated protein showed negative staining of ki-67 (Fig. 5; part III).

Histopathological investigation

Histopathological examination of lung section from negative control group demonstrated normal alveoli with thin inter-alveolar septum, type I and type II pneumocytes were also detected, in addition to blood vessel and bronchus as shown in section A, Lung section illustrated positive control AgNPs (20 nm) showing alveoli with mild thick inter-alveolar septum which is infiltrated by mild number of lymphocytes and RBCs. Furthermore, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen and ruptured alveoli as declared in section B. On the other hand, lung section from intoxicated AgNPs (100 nm) group, showing alveoli with markedly thick inter-alveolar septum, the septum is infiltrated by large number of lymphocytes and RBCs ruptured alveoli as demonstrated in section C (Fig. 6; part I).

Upon C. edulis treatment of AgNPs (20 nm), lung section declared alveoli with moderate thick inter-alveolar septum, the septum is infiltrated by moderate number of lymphocytes and RBCs, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen, ruptured alveoli and Bronchus were declared as illustrated in section A. Meanwhile lung section of AgNPs (20 nm) treated with G. pentaphylla, showed almost normal alveoli with thin inter-alveolar septum, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen in section B: Lung section of AgNPs (20 nm), treated mucilage, showing near normal alveoli with thin inter-alveolar septum, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen, blood vessel, bronchus as demonstrated in section C. Moreover, lung section from AgNPs (20 nm) treated protein, declared alveoli with mild thick inter-alveolar septum. Furthermore, the septum is infiltrated by mild number of lymphocytes and RBCs, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen in addition to ruptured alveoli and bronchus as representative in section D (Fig. 6; part II).

As demonstrated in section A, Lung samples of AgNPs (100 nm) by treated C. edulis, observed almost normal alveoli with thin inter-alveolar septum, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen. Lung section from intoxicated AgNPs (100 nm) followed by treatment with G. pentaphylla, showing alveoli with mild-moderate thick inter-alveolar septum, the septum is infiltrated by mild number of lymphocytes and RBCs. Furthermore, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen and ruptured alveoli (B). On the other hand, Lung section from AgNPs (100 nm) treated mucilage, showing alveoli with mild thick inter-alveolar septum, the septum is infiltrated by mild number of lymphocytes and RBCs, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen and ruptured alveoli (C). Meanwhile, Lung section of AgNPs (100 nm) treated protein, showing almost normal alveoli with thin inter-alveolar septum, type I and type II pneumocytes were also seen, blood vessel and bronchus as shown in section D (Fig. 6; part III).

Prevalence of AgNPs application in medicine as well as industry increased the risk of their accumulation in tissues and organs causing toxic effects on internal organs [51]. Most studies on lung toxicity are conducted by inhalation, but during our oral route experiment, it was found that mice had difficulty in breathing with enlarged lungs size, so the present study evaluated the effect of AgNPs toxicity on lung tissue via monitoring biochemical and histological variations. In general, lung in particular concern is the most vulnerable organ to nanoparticles intoxication post exposure via oral treatment or inhalation.

In the current study, AgNPs intoxication in mice model of both low and high sizes (20 nm and 100 nm) declared lung inflammation as well as genotoxic effects due to accumulation of AgNPs in the lung tissue confirming lung toxicity upon AgNPs intoxication. Furthermore, AgNPs (20 nm) demonstrated more toxic effect than AgNPs (100 nm). Moreover, immunohistochemistry and histopathological alternation was monitored in lung tissue, and oxidative stress besides survivin and MMPs mRNA overexpression.

AgNPs toxic effect was determined according to its physical as well as chemical properties according its size [52]. In previous study, AgNPs ranging from 10–20 nm caused a considerable toxic effect [53]. As Ag + ions are related to the cell death, it is urgent to consider the number of Ag + ions in the inventor suspension of AgNPs [54, 55]. Furthermore, it has been verified that endocytosed AgNPs can be degraded in the lysosomes releasing Ag + ions in the cytosol and further cause cell death.

The oxidative stress has been enhanced by injection of AgNPs (20 nm and 100 nm) in the present study. Where, AgNPs contamination contributed to oxidative stress that resulted in a significant reduction in SOD as well as GST. Previous studies also observed the increment of oxidative stress in the aquatic creatures in the heavy metal contaminated aquatic environment [56]. However, AgNPs supplementation with limited dose (0.5 mg/kg) could improve the obtained oxidative stress; high dose of AgNPs (1mg/kg) increase the oxidative stress validating that AgNPs induce toxicity by the effect of Ag + ions [57].

Herein, the current study deduced the up regulation of survivin mRNA in AgNPs induced lung injury in experimental animals. It was also showed that upon treatment with AgNPs 20 nm treated groups via C. edulis and mucilage improved mRNA gene expression of survivin overexpression. Detection of survivin indicates that it could be considered as an important mediator of cyto-protection, not only in tumor cells but also in lung injured adult cells. Previously, it was confirmed that survivin gene expression was altered in injured lung epithelial cells in both vitro and vivo via activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 declaring the anti-apoptotic potential of survivin [58]. However, reports observed that survivin could regulate apoptosis and proliferation of both normal cells and cancer cells through similar pathways such as p21-dependent pathways [59]. Continued investigations regarding mechanisms that regulate the expression of survivin and its function in normal and tumor tissues can develop a novel therapeutic strategy [60].

Dysregulation of MMP-9 has been associated with acute lung injury [61]. In the current study, the expression profiles of MMP-9 gene in AgNPs (20nm) intoxicated group of lung tissues were analyzed and declared overexpression of MMP-9 mRNA levels. On the other hand, AgNPs (100 nm) intoxicated group didn’t declare a significant change in MMP-9 expression confirming size dependent genotoxic impact of silver nanoparticle. Our results demonstrated that the expression of MMP-9 was significantly overexpressed in AgNPs (20 nm) intoxicated group as indicated by increased pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. This finding suggested that pulmonary overexpression of MMP-9 may be a part of a self-protective response as previously reported by [62, 63].

Ki-67, as a DNA-binding nuclear non-histone protein index is an appealing biomarker of lung cancer where, it was previously reported to be increased in lung cancer patients. Furthermore, it was also previously related to prognosis [64]. However, various investigations recorded an intensive variability in Ki-67 index among diverse individuals that reflect a difference in biological response to other injurious agents [65]. In addition, whereas the increment of Ki-67 index is associated with increasing pre-neoplasia histology, there is an extensive variation in histologic profile, investigating that Ki-67 index could be a promising additional prognostic biomarker in various lung injuries [30]. Different previous studies elucidated that ki-67 could be a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for lung malfunction [30, 31, 66, 67].

In the present study, sections obtained from AgNPs (100 nm) intoxicated group illustrated nearly 10% of pneumocytes and revealed positive nuclei for ki-67. Whereas, AgNPs (20 nm) intoxicated group demonstrated 40% of pneumocytes showed positive nuclei for ki-67. This results proved the AgNPs (20 nm) has more toxic effect than that induced via AgNPs (100 nm).

Furthermore, the correlation between the expressions of Ki-67 in all studied groups was assessed. The results declared that the expression of Ki-67 is related to the powerful of all used regimen in treatment of injured lung samples. Data recorded indicated an obvious improvement in ki-67 expression in both AgNPs (20 nm) and AgNPs (100 nm) with the superiority of mucilage treated group confirming that ki-67 is an attractive biomarker for lung injury related to AgNPs intoxication.

Treatment of AgNPs intoxicated groups with C. edulis, G.pentaphylla extracts. In addition to mucilage and protein bioactive constituents demonstrated a remarkable improvement in all tested biochemical parameters, apoptotic biomarker, and immunohistochemistry for ki-67 in addition to histopathological examination. The noticeable elaboration is due to the antioxidative properties of these compounds as it increases their health benefits [68]. Herein, this beneficial impact may be due to the existence of active phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic triterpenes tannins [44]. In the present study, G. pentaphylla extracts of stems and leaves showed an obvious antimicrobial as well as antioxidant activities pentaphylla due to the presence of many valuable compounds as phenolics, saponins, alkaloids and tannins. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of these extracts is associated with high content of flavonoids [69]. Different previous studies were concerned by studying the hepatoprotective effect of vigour of C. edulis and G. pentaphylla [44, 70–72]. Here, we have shed light on the prospective role of the bioactive constituents present in the current extracts against lung toxicity induced via AgNPs. Rosmarinic acid and Garllic acid are phenolic compounds which can protect lung tissues against oxidative stress and pathological alternation for its antioxidant property, its functional property as scavenging reactive oxygen species and their power to improve body antioxidant situation [38]. Different investigations identified more bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties in C. edulis due to the presence of phenolic contents [73].

Additionally, the active constituent Rutin could influence the inhibition of some cancers due to its antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral property [74]. Naringenin, dietary flavonoid, improved the physiological alternations caused by isoniazid certain metabolic alteration that declared anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties [75].

In our study, many histopathological changes in the lung tissue of AgNPs intoxicated animal demonstrated alveoli with markedly thick inter-alveolar septum, the septum is infiltrated by large number of lymphocytes and RBCs ruptured alveoli declaring necrosis, and cellular inflammation. These findings are previously recorded by Hassan and Abdelbaky, who reported damage and necrosis in the lung tissue upon AgNPs intoxication [76]. This damage and inflammation is due to the accumulation of silver ions in the lung tissue Furthermore, treatment with C. edulis and G. pentaphylla showed an obvious improvement in lung tissue declaring thin inter-alveolar septum, type I and type II pneumocytes, blood vessel and bronchus. This improvement is due to the considerable antioxidative impact due to the presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids in addition to, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities [44].

In summary, the current study proved the adverse action of exposure to AgNPs on lung tissue. Lung toxicity was induced via different pathways including oxidative stress, antioxidant mechanisms, induction of inflammation, and alternation of mRNA gene expression, in addition to over-expression of ki-67. Furthermore, AgNPs intoxication caused alterations in lung histology. Treatment of intoxicated animals with G. pentaphylla, C. edulis extracts, mucilage and protein the active constituents investigated their antioxiosititive, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity due to their enrichment with phenolic compounds such as flavonoids.

In conclusion, these extracts and the two active constituents could be promising candidate as therapeutic regimen against lung toxicity induced by AgNPs. Moreover, these plants as functional foods possess potential positive effects on health beyond main nutrition.

Acknowledgement: The authors are deeply grateful to Professor Nabawyea Ibrahim; Dr Esraa Refaat for Provide us with G. pentaphylla, C. edulis extracts, mucilage and protein the active constituents used in the research.

Data availability: Upon request.

Ethics Approval: All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Ethical Committee of NRC.

Consent to Participate: Not applicable.

Consent for Publication: Not applicable.

Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare.

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Ki-67 pulmonary Immunoreactivity in silver nanoparticles toxicity: size-rate dependent genotoxic impact

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Chemicals and reagents

Plant material and extract preparation

Experimental design

Animal groupings and treatments

Determination of some antioxidants

RNA extraction and RT-PCR analysis for apoptosis determination

Immunohistochemistry Determination of Ki-67

Histopathology

Statistical analysis

Results

Oxidative stress biomarkers estimation

Modulation of Survivin mRNA gene expression

Regulation of MMP-9 mRNA gene expression

Ki-67 Immunohistochemistry Detection

Histopathological investigation

Discussion

Conclusions

Declarations

References

Table 1

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