Acanthus polystachyus Delile | Malaria [22], treatment of scorpion bite [23] | No previous report of biological activity |
Aloe kedongensis Reynolds | Malaria [24] | Aqueous leaf extracts exhibited anti-plasmodial and leishmanicidal activity [25] |
Allium sativum L. | Malaria, wound disinfectant, intestinal infections [26], treatment of colds [14], aphrodisiac [27] | Essential oil extracts exhibited possess antimicrobial properties [28], Allicin exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, anti parasitic and antiviral activities [29] |
Rhus natalensis Bernh. | Diarrhea, influenza [30], respiratory disorders, malaria [31] | A 1:1 v/v, CH2Cl2/MeOH extract showed significant anti nociceptive activities in mice [32] and the aqueous extract exhibited antibacterial activity [30] |
Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst. | Skin diseases [33], tuberculosis[34] | Methanol and aqueous root extract showed antibacterial properties [35], the aqueous, methanol and ethanolic stem bark extracts showed diuretic activity but were also reported to cause damage to vital organs [36] |
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl | Respiratory infections [16] Chest pains [37, 38] | Pet-ether and ethanolic extracts were active against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli [39], the presence of alkaloids, sterols and resins was also reported [39] |
Artemisia annua L. | Fever [14] | Methanolic and ethanolic leaf extract possessed antimicrobial activity[40], artemisia ketone, 1,8-cineole and camphor [41], the methanolic leaf extract showed antioxidant properties [42] |
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze | Ovarian cysts [26], malaria [26, 43] | Leaf extract have antioxidant activity [44], quercetin derivatives reported [44] |
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray | Diabetes, malaria [45], abscesses, snake bites [46] | Ethanolic extracts of aerial parts reported to have antiplasmodial activity [47], the aqueous and ethanolic extract of stem reported to possess antibacterial and antifungal activity [48], tagitinine C reported to have anti-plasmodial activity[49] |
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. | Pneumonia [50] Tuberculosis [34], measles in children [38] | Ethanolic extracts of stem bark and fruits possessed antibacterial [51], ethanolic extracts of stem bark exhibited antifungal activity [52], methanol and water fruit extracts showed antibacterial, antifungal and anti-giardial as well as anticancer properties [53] |
Commiphora Africana (A.Rich.) Engl. | Malaria, fever [54], swollen testicles and abdominal pains [38], pneumonia [30] | Ethanolic crude root extract had antifungal and antibacterial activity[55] |
Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol) Chiov | Chest complaints, cough, fever, pneumonia [15] Yellow fever [56], common cold, malaria [57], and Aspergillosis [58] | Acetone extract showed fungicidal activity against Fusarium species [59], antimycobacterial activity [60, 61] |
Carica papaya L. | Malaria, liver disease [22], tuberculosis [34], malaria [62, 63], fever [14] | Methanolic extract of roots showed antibacterial activity [64], the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and phenols were detected [64] |
Terminalia brownie Fresen | Cough [65], bronchitis [66], allergy, diabetes, malaria [30, 66], clotting agent, coughs and joint stiffness [67] | Ethyl acetate extracts had irreversible anti-fertility effect [68], the aqueous root bark extract showed antibacterial properties [30], the presence of saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, terpenoids and steroids was also reported [68] |
Ipomoea kituiensis Var | Constipation (Stem), digestive disorders [67] | Leaf extracts prepared by using a 1:1 v/v ratio of methanol to DCM showed acaricidal activity [69] |
Euclea divinorum Hiern. | Stomachache [70], bleeding [71], diarrhea, typhoid, stroke [17], toothache [67] | Aqueous and ethanolic root bark extracts showed contractile activity on isolated rabbit uterine strips [72] |
Croton megalocarpus Del. | Influenza, pneumonia, wound healing, family planning, typhoid, over bleeding during menstruation cycle and birth [17] | Petroleum ether and aqueous leaf extract exhibited antibacterial and antifungal properties [73], and triterpenes, tannins, anthraquinones, flavanols/flavones, chalcones were found present [73], the methanolic leaf extract exhibited activity[74] |
Croton dichogamous Pax | Chest congestion (wheezing) [75], polio like- symptoms, gonorrhea, chest pains [38], threatened abortion, infertility [76] | Pesticidal activity [77] |
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Ex Poir | Gastrointestinal disorders [78] | The aqueous extracts exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against S. typhi, S. paratyphi, S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium [79], astilbin or 3-O-α-L- rhamnoside-5,73’,4’ – tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol was found to have antibacterial activity [80], alkaloids, triterpenoids, phenols, anthraquionones, anthocyanins, tannins, saponins were found to be present [79] |
Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel | Epilepsy, diarrhea, nasopharyngeal infection, intestinal spams [81] | 95% ethanolic leaf extract exhibited antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes, K. pneumoniae [82], the crude 1:1 v/v dichloromethane/methanol extract showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger [83], and alkaloids, saponins, and cardenolides were found to be present [82] |
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R.Br.ex Vatke | Malaria [84], febrile convulsions, abdominal colic [84], respiratory infections [16], pneumonia [30] | Root extracts showed antibacterial and antifungal activity [85], the aqueous and methanolic leaf extract exhibited antibacterial activity [30], [86], the methanolic leaf extract showed anti-plasmodial activity [87] . |
Plectranthus barbatus Andr. | Abdominal pain, diarrhea [88], tuberculosis, [34], malaria, [89], wounds, swelling, joint pain, stomach problems, [90], asthma [91] | Eugenol, α-pinene and β-caryophyllene isolated from extracts of the plant were reported to have larvicidal properties [92], other compounds isolated include α-pinene and manool [93], the hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts exhibited anticonvulsant activity [94] |
Vitex doniana Sweet | Hypertension, diabetes, ulcers [95] Malaria, measles [96], gastroenteritis, diarrhea [97], diuretic, diabetes [98] | The methanolic stem bark extract showed antimicrobial activity [99, 100], the aqueous leaf extract possessed antioxidant activity[101], alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids were reported [101], and the hydroalcoholic stem bark extract was reported to have wound healing properties[102] |
Acacia robusta Burch. | Malaria [103], fibroids [76] | The methanol root bark extract showed antifungal activity[104] |
Albizia zygia (DC.) J.J.Macbr. | Antimalarial activity [65], anticancer [105] Cough, fever, aphrodisiac, counter female sterility[106] Bronchial disease, fever [107] | Methanolic and hexane extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity [106], alkaloids, saponins, glycoside, steroid, resin and reducing sugars were reported [106], the ethanolic stem bark extract showed in vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and activity [108] |
Rhynchosia elegans var. elegans | Malaria, common cold, fever [22] | No reports |
Tamarindus indica L. | Malaria [99, 109], constipation, jaundice [65], aphrodisiac, general wellbeing [14], sexually transmitted Infections [67] | The acetone stem bark extract showed antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis [64], the aqueous pulp extract showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aureginosa [110], tannins, phlobatamins, alkaloids, saponins, and sesquiterpenes were found present [64] |
Tylosema fassoglense (Kotschy ex Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc. | Epilepsy, infertility in women, renal disease, cancer[88] | Methanol extracts reported to have antibacterial activity [111], ethyl acetate extracts showed antifungal activity [112] |
Azadirachta indica (L) Burm. | Malaria [18] Scabies, control blood sugar levels [27], tuberculosis[34] | The n-hexane extract showed antibacterial against Salmonella typhi and antifungal activity against Candida albicans [113], the 50% ethanolic leaf extract exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial properties [114], the presence of saponins, triterpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and steroids was also reported [114] |
Khaya senegalensis Desr. A. Juss | Diabetes, hypertension [115], hepatic inflammations, sinusitis [65], malaria [63] | Antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhi[116], the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves showed hypoglycemic activity[117], the aqueous extract showed hepatoprotective effects[118], the ethanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activity [119], the presence of saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, carbonyl or aldehyde, phlobatannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones has also been reported[116] |
Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. | Whooping cough and jaundice [120] | Methanolic leaves extract exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial activity [121], the whole plant extract showed antidiabetic properties [122], the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars was also reported[121] |
Moringa oleifera Lam. | Malnutrition [54], tuberculosis[34], loss of memory, prostate cancer [17], flu, asthma, hypertension, malaria [123] | The fresh leaf juice and aqueous extracts from the seeds were reported to inhibit growth of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus [124], the hepatoprotective effects of the aqueous-methanol leaf extracts against antimalarial drug intoxication [125], and the phytochemical composition (phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids have been reported [126] |
Eucalptus camaldulensis Dehnh | Tuberculosis [34], malaria, liver disorders [54], respiratory tract congestion, chronic bronchitis, coughing, tuberculosis[127] | Essential oil from leaves possessed antibacterial activity [128], the n-hexane and chloroform leaf extracts exhibited activity against Helicobacter pylori [129] while the methanolic extracts reportedly had antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis and M. bovis [130] |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. | Asthma, bronchitis, sore throat [131], coughing, diabetes, dysentery, ringworm, inflammation [132], diarrhea, dysentery, wounds, constipation [27] | The ethanolic bark extract has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity[133] while the aqueous bark extract has been reported to have hypoglycemic and anti hyperglycemic activity [134] |
Ximenia Americana L. | Throat infection, amenorrhea, wound healing, pain[135] | Methanolic root and stem bark extract was reported to have antimicrobial activity [136], the methanolic stem bark extract was reported to have antioxidant activity [137] and tannins, cyanogenetic glycosides [138], terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, phenols and triterpenoids have been found present in extracts [68] |
Clematis hirsuta Guill. & Perr | Colds, cleanser [17], common cold, chest problems[90] | Antifungal activity against Candida albicans [139] |
Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. & Thonn. | Hypertension [115], dysentery, urinary tract infections[140] | The aqueous extract showed antimicrobial activity against Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and S. aureus [140], 80% methanolic root bark extract showed in vivo anti plasmodial activity[141], and the ethanolic root extract showed virucidal activity against the African Swine Fever Virus [142] |
Keetia gueinzii (Sond.) Bridson | Malaria [18] | No reports |
Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. | Arthritis, Sexually transmitted infections [31], stomach ache, coughs, malaria [67] | Antifungal activity [143], antifungal, antibacterial and molluscicidal activity [144] |
Teclea nobilis Del. | Antipyretic [145], malaria, headache, joint pains, common cold, pneumonia, intestinal worms, chest pain [90], pneumonia and arthritis [38] | The ethanolic leaf extract exhibited antipyretic and analgesic activities and was found to be weakly active against carrageenan induced edema [146], lupeol (a pure terpenoidal compound) was isolated from the leaves and possessed possessed anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities [147] and the methanolic root crude extracts possessed anti-caseinolytic activity[148] |
Toddalia asiatica L. | Sore throat, malaria [149], fever, and stomach ache[150], abdominal pains, gynecologic disorders including infertility, common colds, cancer, renal disorders [88], tuberculosis[34], common cold, fever, malaria, pneumonia, chest pain [90], asthma, chest pain, toothache [17], malaria and respiratory disorders [88] | Hexane, acetone and methanol leaf extracts showed larvicidal activity [151], the ethyl acetate leaf extracts showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans [152], the CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) root extract showed anti nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects [153] |
Zanthoxylum chalybeum (Eng) Engl. | Tuberculosis [34], malaria[18], pneumonia [90], cough, and cervical cancer [154] | Methanolic extracts showed activity against S. aureus [86], aqueous stem bark extract possessed significant anti hyperglycemic activity [155], the aqueous root bark extract showed antimicrobial activity against B. cereus and MRSA [156], and anti-plasmodial activity [157] |
Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman | Malaria [43] | 50% MeOH in CH2Cl2 extract showed anti plasmodial activity against P. falciparum [158], the presence of (E)-β-ocimene, linalool and E-nerolidol was detected [159] as well as peroxysimulenoline, sanguinarine, fagarine I, norchelerythrine, Trans-fagaramide, 8-Methylnorchelerythrine, and dihydronitidine [160] |
Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl | Threatened abortion/contraception [76], pain [86], malaria, liver disease and otitis, [161] malaria [99] | Antibacterial activity [162], the aqueous leaf extracts reported to have hypoglycemic activity [163] |
Rhoicissus revoilii Planch | Pneumonia, tonsillitis [164] | The ethanolic extract has been reported to have good antifungal activity against Candida albicans [164] |