[1] Breedlove, S.M. Sexual dimorphism in the vertebrate nervous-system. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12, 4133-4142.
[2] Bardin, C.W.; Catterall, J.F. Testosterone: a major determinant of extragenital sexual dimorphism. Science 1981, 211, 1285-1294.
[3] Darwin CR. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex (Murray, London), 2nd Ed. 1871.
[4] Connallon, T.; Knowles, L.L. Intergenomic conflict revealed by patterns of sex-biased gene expression. Trends. Genet. 2005, 21, 495-499.
[5] Rinn, J.L.; Snyder, M. Sexual dimorphism in mammalian gene expression. Trends. Genet. 2005, 21, 298-305.
[6] Ellegren, H.; Parsch, J. The evolution of sex-biased genes and sex-biased gene expression. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2007, 8(9), 689.
[7] Arbeitman, M.; Fleming, A.; Siegal, M.; Null, B.; Baker, B. A genomic analysis of Drosophila somatic sexual differentiation and its regulation. Development. 2004, 131, 2007-2021.
[8] Ranz, J.; Castillo-Davis, C.; Meiklejohn, C.; Hartl, D. Sex-dependent gene expression and evolution of the Drosophila transcriptome. Science. 2003, 300, 1742-1745.
[9] Hahn, M.W.; Lanzaro, G.C. Female-biased gene expression in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Curr. Biol. 2005, 15, 192-193.
[10] Eads, B.D.; Colbourne, J.K.; Bohuski, E.; Andrews, J. Profiling sex-biased gene expression during parthenogenetic reproduction in Daphnia pulex. BMC Genomics. 2007, 8, 464.
[11] Parisi, M.; Nuttall, R.; Edwards, P.; Minor, J.; Naiman, D.; Lü, J.; et al. A survey of ovary-, testis-, and soma-biased gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster adults. Genome. Boil. 2004, 5(6), R40.
[12] Allen, S.L.; Bonduriansky, R.; Chenoweth, S.F. Genetic constraints on microevolutionary divergence of sex-biased gene expression. Philos. T. R. Soc. B. 2018, 373(1757), 20170427.
[13] Baker, D.A.; Nolan, T.; Fischer, B.; Pinder, A.; Crisanti, A.; Russell, S. A comprehensive gene expression atlas of sex- and tissue-specificity in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics. 2011, 12(1), 296.
[14] Prince, E.G.; Kirkland, D.; Demuth, J.P. Hyperexpression of the X chromosome in both sexes results in extensive female bias of X-linked genes in the flour beetle. Genome. Biol. Evol. 2010, 2(10), 336.
[15] Hambuch, T.; Parsch, J. Patterns of synonymous codon usage in Drosophila melanogaster genes with sex-biased expression. Genetics. 2005, 170, 1691-1700.
[16] Zhang, Z.; Hambuch, T.; Parsch, J. Molecular evolution of sex-biased genes in Drosophila. J. Mol. Evol. 2005, 21(11), 2130-2139.
[17] Meiklejohn, C. D.; Parsch, J.; Ranz, J. M.; Hartl, D. L. Rapid evolution of male-biased gene expression in Drosophila. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2003, 100(17), 9894-9899.
[18] Davis, J.; Brandman, O.; Petrov, D. Protein evolution in the context of Drosophila development. J. Mol. Evol. 2005, 60, 774-785.
[19] Allen, S.L.; McGuigan, K.; Connallon, T.; Blows, M.W.; Chenoweth, S.F. Sexual selection on spontaneous mutations strengthens the between-sex genetic correlation for fitness. Evolution. 2017, 71(10), 2398-2409.
[20] Lipinska, A.; Cormier, A.; Luthringer, R.; Peters, A.F.; Corre, E.; Gachon, C.M.; Cock, J.M.; Coelho, S.M. Sexual dimorphism and the evolution of sex-biased gene expression in the brown alga ectocarpus. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2015, 32, 1581-1597.
[21] Pointer, M.A.; Harrison, P.W.; Wright, A.E.; Mank, J.E. Masculinization of gene expression is associated with exaggeration of male sexual dimorphism. Plos. Genetics. 2013, 9, e1003697.
[22] Uebbing, S.; Kunstner, A.; Makinen, H.; Ellegren, H. Transcriptome sequencing reveals the character of incomplete dosage compensation across multiple tissues in flycatchers. Genome. Biol. Evol. 2013, 5, 1555-1566.
[23] Albritton, S.E.; Kranz, A.L.; Rao, P.; Kramer, M.; Dieterich, C.; Ercan, S. Sex-biased gene expression and evolution of the x chromosome in nematodes. Genetics. 2014, 197, 865-883.
[24] Bohne, A.; Sengstag, T.; Salzburger, W. Comparative transcriptomics in East African cichlids reveals sex- and species-specific expression and new candidates for sex differentiation in fishes. Genome. Biol. Evol. 2014, 6, 2567-2585.
[25] Sharma, E.; Kunstner, A.; Fraser, B.A.; Zipprich, G.; Kottler, V.A.; Henz, S.R.; Weigel, D.; Dreyer, C. Transcriptome assemblies for studying sex-biased gene expression in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. BMC Genomics. 2014, 15, 400.
[26] Smith, G.; Chen, Y.R.; Blissard, G.W.; Briscoe, A.D. Complete dosage compensation and sex-biased gene expression in the moth Manduca sexta. Genome. Biol. Evol. 2014, 6, 526-537.
[27] Jaquiery, J.; Rispe, C.; Roze, D.; Legeai, F. et al. Masculinization of the x chromosome in the pea aphid. PLoS. Genet. 2013, 9, e1003690.
[28] Jin, W.; Riley, R.M.; Wolfinger, R.D.; White, K.P.; Passadorgurgel, G.; Gibson, G. The contributions of sex, genotype and age to transcriptional variance in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat. Genet. 2001, 29(4), 389.
[28] Arbeitman, M.N.; Furlong, E.E.; Imam, F.; Johnson, E.; Null, B.H.; Baker, B.S.; Krasnow, M.A.; Scott, M.P.; Davis, R.W.; White, K.P. Gene expression during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. Science. 2002, 297, 2270-2275.
[30] Chang, P.L.; Dunham, J.P.; Nuzhdin, S.V.; Arbeitman, M.N. Somatic sex specific transcriptome differences in Drosophila revealed by whole transcriptome sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2011, 12, 364.
[31] Perry, J.C.; Harrison, P.W.; Mank, J.E. The ontogeny and evolution of sex-biased gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014, 31(5), 1206-1219.
[32] Wen, X.; Guo, L.; Jiao, X.; Yang, N.; Xin, Y.; Wu, Q.; Wang, S.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, Y. Transcriptomic dissection of sexual differences in Bemisia tabaci, an invasive agricultural pest worldwide. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4(6172), 4088.
[33] Liu, P. C.; Tian, S.; Hao, D. Sexual transcription differences in Brachymeria lasus (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a pupal parasitoid species of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Front. Genet. 2019, 10, 172.
[34] Godfray, H.C.J. Parasitoids: Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton,1994.
[35] Terayama, M. Description of new species of the family Bethylidae from the Ryukyus, and taxonomic notes on the Japanese species of the genus Sclerodermus. In: Seiki Y, Ikudome S, Terayama M (eds) Identification guide to the Aculeata of the Nansei Islands, Japan. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo,1999.
[36] Hassan, S.A. The mass rearing and utilization of Trichogramma to control lepidopterous pests: achievements and outlook. Pest. Manag. Sci. 1993, 37, 387-391.
[37] Lim, J.O.; Lyu, D.P.; Choi, G.S.; Jeong, Y.J.; Shin, S.C.; Lee, S.H. A taxonomie note on Sclerodermas harmandi, ectoparasite of stem and wood boring insect larvae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea’-Bethylidae) in South Korea. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 2006, 9, 115-119.
[38] Li, L. Worldwide use of Trichogramma for biological control on different crops: A survey. In: Wajnberg E, Hassan SA (eds) Biological control with egg parasitoids. Cab International, Wallingford, 1994.
[39] Zhishan, W.; Hopper, K.R.; Ode, P.J.; Fuester, R.W.; Jia-Hua, C.; Heimpel, G.E. Complementary sex determination in Hymenopteran parasitoids and its implications for biological control. Entomol. Sin. 2003, 10, 81-93.
[40] Parra, J.R.P.; Zucchi, A.R. Trichogramma in Brazil: feasibility of use after twenty years of research. Neotrop. Entomol. 2004, 33, 271-281.
[41] Wang, X.; Werren, J.H.; Clark, A.G. Genetic and epigenetic architecture of sex-biased expression in the jewel wasps Nasonia vitripennis and giraulti. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015, 112(27), E3545-E3554.
[42] Cook, J.M. Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: a review of models and evidence. Heredity. 1993, 71(4), 421.
[43] Yan, J.J.; Xu, C.H.; Gao, W.C.; Li, G.W.; Yao, D.F.; Zhang, P.Y. Parasites and predators of forest pest. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China, 1989.
[44] Li, B.J.; Lou, J.X. Preliminary studies on Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an egg parasitoid of gypsy moth. Chin. J. Biol. Cont. 1992, 144.
[45] Crossman, S.S. Two imported egg parasites of the gipsy moth, Anastatus bifasciatus Fonsc and Schedius kuvanae Howard. J. Agr. Res. 1925, 30, 643-675.
[46] Liu, P.C.; Men, J.; Zhao, B.; Wei, J.R. Fitness-related offspring sex allocation of Anastatus disparis, a gypsy moth egg parasitoid, on different-sized host species. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2017, 163(3), 281-286.
[47] Liu, P.C.; Wei, J.R.; Wang, J.J.; Liu, J.X.; Dong, L.J. Relationship between the environmental temperatures and development of Anastatus disparis (Ruschka) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) and the sex ratio control of the offspring. Forest. Pest. Dis. 2015, 34, 9-14.
[48] Liu, P.C.; Wei, J.R.; Tian, S.; Hao, D.J. Male-male lethal combat in the quasi-gregarious parasitoid Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). Sci. Rep. 2017, 7(1), 1-8.
[49] Liu, P.C.; Hao, D.J. Effect of variation in objective resource value on extreme male combat in a quasi-gregarious species, Anastatus disparis. BMC Ecology. 2019, 19(1), 21.
[50] Bréque, C.; Surai, P.; Brillard, J.P. Roles of antioxidants on prolonged storage of avian spermatozoa in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2003, 66(3), 314-323.
[51] Chen, H.; Cheung, M.P.; Chow, P.H.; Cheung, A.L.; Liu, W. Protection of sperm DNA against oxidative stress in vivo by accessory sex gland secretions in male hamsters. Reproduction. 2002, 124(4), 491-499.
[52] Spradling, A.C. Developmental genetics of oogenesis. In The Development of Drosophila Edited by: Bate M, Martinez-Arias A. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993:1-70.
[53] Saboe-Larssen, S.; Lyamouri, M.; Merriam, J.; Oksvold, M.P.; Lambertsson, A. Ribosomal protein insufficiency and the minute syndrome in Drosophila: a dose-response relationship. Genetics. 1998, 148, 1215-1224.
[54] Liu, P.C.; Hao, D.J. Behavioural and transcriptional changes in post-mating females of an egg parasitoid wasp species. Roy. Soc. Open Sci. 2019, 6(1), 181453.
[55] Rafaeli, A. Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN): regulatory role and mode of action. Gen. Comp. Endocr. 2009, 162(1), 69-78.
[56] Choi, M.Y.; Vander Meer, R.K. Molecular structure and diversity of PBAN/pyrokinin family peptides in ants. Front. Endocrinol. 2012, 3, 32.
[57] Labeur, C.; Dallerac, R.; Wicker-Thomas, C. Involvement of desat1 gene in the control of Drosophila melanogaster pheromone biosynthesis. Genetica. 2002, 114(3), 269-274.
[58] Blaul, B.; Steinbauer, R.; Merkl, P.; Merkl, R.; Tschochner, H.; Ruther, J. Oleic acid is a precursor of linoleic acid and the male sex pheromone in Nasonia vitripennis. Insect. Biochem. Molec. 2014, 51, 33-40.
[59] Brook, W.J.; Diaz-Benjumea, F.J.; Cohen, S.M. Organizing spatial pattern in limb development. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 1996, 12, 161-80.
[60] Brisson, J.A.; Davis, G.K.; Stern, D.L. Common genome-wide patterns of transcript accumulation underlying the wing polyphenism and polymorphism in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Evol. Dev. 2007, 9, 338-346.
[61] Yang, X.; Liu, X.; Xu, X. et al. Gene expression profiling in winged and wingless cotton aphids, aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2014, 10, 257-267.
[62] Orr, W.C.; Sohal, R.S. Extension of life-span by overexpression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Drosophila melanogaster. Science. 1994, 263, 1128-1130.
[63] Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W.; Gyllenstrand, N.; Thoren, P.A. Colony kin structure and male production in Dolichovespula wasps. Mol. Ecol. 2001, 10, 1003-1010.
[64] Scharf, M.E.; Wu-Scharf, D.; Zhou, X.; Pittendrigh, B.R.; Bennett, G.W. Gene expression profiles among immature and adult reproductive castes of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Insect. Mol. Biol. 2005, 14, 31-44.
[65] Sumner, S.; Pereboom, J.J.M.; Jordan, W.C. Differential gene expression and phenotypic plasticity in behavioural castes of the primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes canadensis. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2006, 273, 19-26.
[66] Corona, M.; Velarde, R.A.; Remolina, S.; Moran-Lauter, A.; Wang, Y.; Hughes, K.A. et al. Vitellogenin, juvenile hormone, insulin signaling, and queen honey bee longevity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007, 104, 7128-7133.
[67] Graff, J.; Jemielity, S.; Parker, J.D.; Parker, K.M.; Keller, L. Differential gene expression between adult queens and workers in the ant Lasius niger. Mol. Ecol. 2007, 16, 675-683.
[68] Edwards, A.C.; Rollmann, S.M.; Morgan, T.J.; Mackay, T.F. Quantitative genomics of aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS. Genet. 2006, 2(9).
[69] Edwards, A.C.; Zwarts, L.; Yamamoto, A.; Callaerts, P.; Mackay, T.F. Mutations in many genes affect aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Biology. 2009, 7(1), 29.
[70] Kim, Y. K. A Drosophila Model for Aggression. In Animal Models of Behavior Genetics (pp. 35-61). Springer, New York, NY. 2016.
[71] Lemaitre, B.; Nicolas, E.; Michaut, L.; Reichhart, J.M.; Hoffmann, J.A. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell. 1996, 86 (6), 973-983.
[72] Medzhitov, R.; Preston-Hurlburt, P.; Janeway, C.A. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature. 1997, 388 (6640), 394-397.
[73] Graaf, D.C.D.; Aerts, M.; Brunain, M.; Desjardins, C.A.; Jacobs, F.J.; Werren, J.H.; Devreese, B. Insights into the venom composition of the ectoparasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis from bioinformatic and proteomic studies. (special issue: the Nasonia genome.). Insect. Mol. Biol. 2010, 19(s1), 11-26.
[74] Werren, J.H.; Richards, S.; Desjardins, C.A. et al. Functional and evolutionary insights from the genomes of three parasitoid Nasonia species. Science. 2010, 327(5963), 343-348.
[75] Tian, C.; Wang, L.; Ye, G.; Zhu, S. Inhibition of melanization by a Nasonia defensin-like peptide: Implications for host immune suppression. J. Insect. Physiol. 2010, 56, 1857-1862.
[76] Kryukova, N.; Dubovskiy, I.; Chertkova, E.; Vorontsova, Y.; Slepneva, I.; Glupov, V. The effect of Habrobracon hebetor venom on the activity of the prophenoloxidase system, the generation of reactive oxygen species and encapsulation in the haemolymph of Galleria mellonella larvae. J. Insect. Physiol. 2011, 57, 769-800.
[77] Edwards, J.P.; Bell, H.A.; Audsley, N.; Marris, G.C.; Kirkbride-Smith, A.; Bryning, G.; Frisco, C.; Cusson, M. The ectoparasitic wasp Eldophus pennicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophiclae) uses instar-specific endocrine disruption strategies to suppress the development of its host Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Insect. Physiol. 2006, 52, 1153-1162.
[78] Price, D.; Bell, H.; Hinchliffe, G.; Fitches, E.; Weaver, R.; Gatehouse, J.A. Venom metalloproteinase from the parasitic wasp Eulophus pennicornis is toxic towards its host, tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracae). Insect. Mol. Biol. 2009, 18, 195-202.
[79] Moreau, S.J.M.; Asgari, S. Venom proteins from parasitoid wasps and their biological functions. Toxins. 2015, 7(7), 2385-2412.
[80] Richards, E.H.; Bradish, H.; Dani, M.P.; Pietravalle, S.; Lawson, A. Recombinant immunosuppressive protein from Pimpla hypochondrica venom (rVPr1) increases the susceptibility of Mamestra brassicae larvae to the fungal biological control agent, Beauveria bassiana. Arch. Insect. Biochem. 2011, 78(3), 119-131.
[81] Richards, E.H.; Dani, M.P.; Bradish, H. Immunosuppressive properties of a protein (rVPr1) from the venom of the endoparasitic wasp, Pimpla hypochondriaca: Mechanism of action and potential use for improving biological control strategies. J. Insect. Physiol. 2013, 59(2), 213-222.
[82] Grabherr, M.G.; Haas, B.J.; Yassour, M.; Levin, J.Z.; Thompson, D.A.; Amit, I. et al. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-seq data without a reference genome. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011, 29(7), 644-652.
[83] Langmead, B.; Trapnell, C.; Pop, M.; Salzberg, S.L. Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome. Genome. Boil. 2009, 10(3), R25.
[84] Li, B.; Dewey, C.N. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011, 12(1), 323.
[85] Soneson, C.; Love, M.I.; Robinson, M.D. Differential analyses for RNA-seq: transcript-level estimates improve gene-level inferences. F1000Res. 2015, 4.
[86] Young, M.D.; Wakefield, M.J.; Smyth, G.K.; Oshlack, A. Gene ontology analysis for rna-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome. Biol. 2010, 11(2), R14.