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Research Article
Chun Xu
UTRGV: The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-6341
Kesheng Wang
WVU: West Virginia University
Corresponding Author
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The trail making test part B (TMT-B) evaluates "executive" functions, memory, and sensorimotor functions. No previous studies were found to examine the longitudinal effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE-ε4) genotypes on the TMT-B scores in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and/or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants. This study used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): 482 participants with AD, 503 with cognitive normal (CN), 1,293 with MCI at baseline and follow-up of four years. The multivariable linear mixed model was used to determine the longitudinal changes in the TMT-B scores. The individuals with 1 or 2 APOE-ε4 alleles revealed significantly higher TMT-B scores (poor cognitive function) compared with individuals without APOE-ε4 allele at baseline and four follow-up visits (all p values < 0.0001). Compared with Whites, non-Hispanic African American and Hispanic populations had higher TMT-B scores (p = 0.0007 and 0.0044, respectively). Furthermore, stratified by diagnosis, the African American CN group had the highest TMT-B scores (p < 0.0001) and the Hispanic AD group had higher TMT-B scores (p = 0.0123) compared with Whites, while both African American and Hispanic MCI groups had higher TMT-B scores compared with Whites (p = 0.162 and 0.0274, respectively). In addition, stratified by racial groups, the subjects with APOE-ε4-homozgous and APOE-ε4-heterozgous showed higher TMT-B scores compared with subjects who carry zero APOE-ε4 allele just in Whites (p = 0.0023 and 0.0003, respectively); whereas there was no difference among APOE-ε4 genotypes in AA and Hispanics. In conclusion, the APOE-ε4 allele was associated with increased TMT-B scores but such associations varied by racial groups.
Keywords
Alzheimer’s disease, TMT-B, APOE-ε4 allele, Mixed model, Racial differences
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A new preprint design is coming!
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This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Research Article
Chun Xu
UTRGV: The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-6341
Kesheng Wang
WVU: West Virginia University
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
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History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
Version 1
Posted 18 Feb, 2021
No community comments so far
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Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
The trail making test part B (TMT-B) evaluates "executive" functions, memory, and sensorimotor functions. No previous studies were found to examine the longitudinal effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE-ε4) genotypes on the TMT-B scores in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and/or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants. This study used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): 482 participants with AD, 503 with cognitive normal (CN), 1,293 with MCI at baseline and follow-up of four years. The multivariable linear mixed model was used to determine the longitudinal changes in the TMT-B scores. The individuals with 1 or 2 APOE-ε4 alleles revealed significantly higher TMT-B scores (poor cognitive function) compared with individuals without APOE-ε4 allele at baseline and four follow-up visits (all p values < 0.0001). Compared with Whites, non-Hispanic African American and Hispanic populations had higher TMT-B scores (p = 0.0007 and 0.0044, respectively). Furthermore, stratified by diagnosis, the African American CN group had the highest TMT-B scores (p < 0.0001) and the Hispanic AD group had higher TMT-B scores (p = 0.0123) compared with Whites, while both African American and Hispanic MCI groups had higher TMT-B scores compared with Whites (p = 0.162 and 0.0274, respectively). In addition, stratified by racial groups, the subjects with APOE-ε4-homozgous and APOE-ε4-heterozgous showed higher TMT-B scores compared with subjects who carry zero APOE-ε4 allele just in Whites (p = 0.0023 and 0.0003, respectively); whereas there was no difference among APOE-ε4 genotypes in AA and Hispanics. In conclusion, the APOE-ε4 allele was associated with increased TMT-B scores but such associations varied by racial groups.
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