Tuberculosis registration rates analysis and prediction based on Exponential Smoothing model: could tuberculosis control milestones be achieved in 2020, 2025 in Henan Province, China?

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-19666/v2

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Research Article

Tuberculosis registration rates analysis and prediction based on Exponential Smoothing model: could tuberculosis control milestones be achieved in 2020, 2025 in Henan Province, China?

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-19666/v2

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published 31 Aug, 2020

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Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy meant that compared with 2015 baseline, the reduction in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) incidence should be 20% and 50% in 2020 and 2025, respectively. The case number of PTB in China accounted for 9% of the global total in 2018, which ranked the second high in the world. From 2007 to 2019, 854,672 active PTB cases were registered and treated in Henan Province, China. We need to assess whether the WHO milestones could be achieved in Henan Province.

Methods: The active PTB numbers in Henan Province from 2007 to 2019, registered in Chinese Tuberculosis Information Management System (CTIMS) were analyzed to predict the active PTB registration rates in 2020 and 2025, which is conductive to early response measures to ensure the achievement of the WHO milestones. The time series model was created by monthly active PTB registration rates from 2007 to 2016, and the optimal model was verified by data from 2017 to 2019. Monthly and annual active PTB registration rates and 95% confidence interval (CI) from 2020 to 2025 were predicted.

Results: High active PTB registration rates in March, April, May and June showed the seasonal variations. The exponential smoothing winter’s multiplication model was selected as the best-fitting model. The predicted values were approximately consistent with the observed ones from 2017 to 2019. The annual active PTB registration rates were predicted as 49.2 (95% CI: 36.0-62.5) and 34.3 (95% CI: 17.7-50.8) per 100,000 population in 2020 and 2025, respectively. Compared with the active PTB registration rate in 2015, the reduction will reach 23.7% (95% CI: 3.1%-44.2%) and 46.9% (95% CI: 21.3%-72.5%) in 2020 and 2025, respectively.

Conclusions: The high active PTB registration rates in spring and early summer indicates that high risk of tuberculosis infection in late autumn and winter in Henan Province. Without regard to the confidence interval, the first milestone of WHO End TB Strategy in 2020 will be achieved. However, the second milestone in 2025 will not be easily achieved unless there are early response measures in Henan Province, China.

Trial registration: Not applicable

Infectious Diseases

Active pulmonary tuberculosis

Registration rate

Prediction

Exponential Smoothing Model

Seasonality

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is a major cause of ill health, one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. The case number of pulmonary TB (PTB) in China ranks the second high in the world, with an estimated incidence rate of 61/100,000 (range from 52/100,000 to 70/100,000) in 2018[1]. PTB is also one of the major infectious diseases in Henan Province, China, where the resident population was 96.05 million in 2018[2]. The annual case number of PTB ranks the second high in infectious diseases in Henan Province[3]. From 2007 to 2019, 854,672 active PTB cases were registered and treated in Henan Province[4], accounting for 7.6% of the countrywide[1]. From 2007 to 2019, Henan province carried out TB prevention and control according to three TB prevention and control programs issued by the provincial government[5-7]. Henan province successively implemented the Stop TB Strategy and the End TB Strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO)[8-9]. The main measures included providing free diagnostic services such as sputum smear and chest X-ray for TB suspects[5], providing TB patients with free basic anti-TB drugs, encouraging application of sputum smear, sputum culture and molecular biological methods to detect TB, carrying out health promotion, etc[6].

Using mathematical models to explore the pattern of incidence had been developed in infectious diseases control. For example, time series analysis was used for hand, foot, and mouth disease and TB[10, 11], autoregressive moving average (ARIMA) mode for hepatitis A and influenza[12, 13], temporal analysis for TB and human immunodeficiency virus (TB/HIV) co-infection[14]. The exponential smoothing (ES) model is a time series analysis method developed on the basis of the moving average model[15]. The ES value of any period is the weighted average of the actual observed value in the current period and the previous value. ES does not abandon the previous data, but gradually reduces the weight of the previous data. Therefore, we used ES model to analyzing the time series characteristics of active PTB registration rates from 2007 to 2019 in Henan Province.

The WHO End TB Strategy means that compared with 2015 baseline, the reduction of PTB incidence should be 20% and 50% in 2020 and 2025, respectively[9]. In order to assess whether the WHO milestones could be achieved in Henan Province, the active PTB registration rates in 2020 and 2025 were predicted in this study.

Data source

The active PTB numbers registered from 2007 to 2019 in Henan Province were extracted from the Chinese Tuberculosis Information Management System (CTIMS)[9]. The definition of active PTB was according to the health standard of the People's Republic of China WS196 - 2017[16]. The statistical tables were derived by month. The numbers of residents in Henan Province from 2006 to 2018 were obtained from Henan statistical yearbook[2]. Assuming that the number of population stayed unchanged during the year, the monthly and annual active PTB registration rates in Henan Province were calculated by the population at the end of the previous years.

Data analysis

This study was based on the active PTB registration rates in the whole province, and no personal information was involved. SPSS version 23.0 was used for analysis and the statistical significant level is α = 0.05.

Variables setting

Two variables were set: time and monthly registration rate. Totally 156 sample values from January 2007 to December 2019 were input into SPSS software.

Modeling and pridiction process

We drew the time series diagram first. When there was a trend term or a period term, made a difference to the original data until it was nearly stable.

The second step was to calculate the autocorrelation function and the partial correlation function of the sample. Autocorrelation diagram and cross-correlation diagram were used to describe the characteristics of time series , and then difference and transformation were carried out. The peak registration rates of active PTB were judged by seasonal decomposition.

The third step was that all models were calculated by expert modeler module in traditional model of SPSS. Seasonal model was considered at the same time. The monthly activity PTB registration rates from 2007 to 2016 were used to fit the time series model.

The model was verified by monthly registration rates from 2017 to 2019. Monthly and annual active PTB registration rates from 2020 to 2025 were predicted.

Model evaluation

The Expert Modeler module in SPSS can automatically filter the best-fitting model according to the set conditions.

The goodness of fitting was measured by stationary R-squared. The Ljung-Box Q statistic was used to evaluate whether the model was correctly specified. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was utilized to test the accuracy. When MAPE is less than or equal to 10%, it means highly accurate forecast[17]. The forecast ability of the model was tested by predicting the monthly active PTB registered rates from 2017 to 2019.The model was used to predict the active PTB registration rates from 2020 to 2025.

The characteristics of registration rates

From 2007 to 2019, the active PTB registration rates in Henan Province showed a decreasing trend from 87.8/100,000 to 49.1/100,000 in Table 1. According to the formula of average development rate[18], the average development rate of active PTB registration rates in thirteen years was 95.3%, that is, the annual decline of registration rates was 4.7%.

Table 1. Monthly and annual active PTB registration rates from 2007 to 2019 in Henan Province, China

	Registration Rate(per 100,000)													Population
	JAN	FEB	MAR	APR	MAY	JUN	JUL	AUG	SEP	OCT	NOV	DEC	Annual	(100,000)
2007	7.6	5.6	9.0	9.2	8.4	8.0	7.4	7.6	6.8	6.5	6.8	5.0	87.8	939.2
2008	6.3	5.9	9.3	9.4	8.7	8.2	7.2	6.8	6.5	7.2	7.0	5.9	88.3	936
2009	5.0	6.5	8.6	8.3	7.5	7.8	6.7	6.6	6.5	6.4	6.0	6.3	82.3	942.9
2010	6.0	4.8	7.4	7.3	7.2	7.3	6.3	6.0	5.7	5.6	6.3	5.6	75.6	948.7
2011	5.2	5.0	7.1	6.7	6.9	6.5	5.8	5.8	5.3	5.4	6.3	5.9	71.8	940.5
2012	4.6	6.6	7.4	7.3	7.2	6.6	5.8	5.9	5.6	5.7	5.8	5.5	73.9	938.8
2013	5.1	4.7	6.8	6.1	6.5	5.9	5.5	5.3	5.5	5.7	5.6	5.7	68.4	940.6
2014	5.2	4.6	6.4	6.3	6.2	6.0	5.4	5.1	5.0	5.3	5.7	6.3	67.5	941.3
2015	5.0	4.1	6.2	5.9	5.7	5.8	5.3	5.2	5.3	4.9	5.3	5.7	64.5	943.6
2016	4.5	4.4	5.9	5.6	5.4	5.4	4.9	5.1	4.9	4.5	5.1	5.2	60.8	948
2017	3.8	4.9	5.6	5.2	5.3	5.4	4.6	4.9	4.8	4.4	5.0	5.0	58.9	953.2
2018	4.0	3.8	5.8	5.0	5.4	5.1	4.5	4.6	4.5	4.3	4.6	4.5	56.1	955.9
2019	4.2	3.6	5.1	4.8	4.5	4.4	4.4	3.8	3.8	3.2	3.6	3.7	49.1	960.5

Time series analysis

The monthly active PTB registration rates from 2007 to 2019 in Henan Province showed a trend of volatility and decline (Figure 1). By differences and transformation including one order difference, one order seasonal difference and the natural log (LN) transformation, the time series showed the stationary (figure 2). It conformed to the requirement of the time series analysis.

After differences and transformation, according to autocorrelation function (ACF), partial autocorrelation function (PACF) and cross correlation function (CCF) analysis (figure 3-5), there were neither correlation between the registration rates nor between registration rates and time. The series was white noise.

Through seasonal decomposition, we got the seasonal factors in each month (table 2). March, April, May and June accounted for high active PTB registration rates.

Table 2. Seasonal factors (%) for the active PTB registration rates from 2007 to 2019 in Henan Province, China

Month	JAN	FEB	MAR	APR	MAY	JUN
Seasonal factors	85.8	84.0	117.5	111.8	111.5	109.1
Month	JUL	AUG	SEP	OCT	NOV	DEC
Seasonal factors	97.6	97.2	94.5	93.1	99.9	98.1

Selection of the model

Through the Expert Modeler, the ES winters multiplication model was selected as the best-fitting model. By one order difference, one order seasonal difference and LN transformation, the model fit statistics and parameters were shown in table 3 to 5.

Table 3. Exponential smoothing model fitting for the active PTB registration rates from 2007 to 2016 in Henan Province, China

Model	Stationary R-squared	R-squared	RMSE	MAPE	MAE	MaxAPE	MaxAE	Normalized BIC
Registration Rate	0.616	0.837	0.455	5.422	0.328	28.604	1.853	-1.457

RMSE: Root mean square error; MAPE: Mean absolute percentage error; MAE: Mean absolute error;MaxAPE: Max absolute percentage error;MaxAE: Max absolute error; Normalized BIC: Normalized Bayesian Information Criterion

Table 4. Exponential Smoothing Model Statistics

Model	Ljung-Box Q(18)
Model	Statistics	DF	Sig.
Registration Rate	12.908	15	.609

Table 5. Exponential Smoothing Model Parameters

Model			Estimate	SE	t	Sig.
Registration Rate Model1	No Transformation	Alpha (Level)	0.057	0.034	1.704	0.091
		Gamma (Trend)	0.001	0.039	0.025	0.980
		Delta (Season)	0.308	0.065	4.731	0.000

Because the dependent variable data were seasonal data, the Stationary R-squared was more representative. The Stationary R-squared of the model was 0.616, the R-squared was 0.837, and the normalized Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was -1.457, which showed that the fitting of the model was good. The MAPE of the model was 5.422%, which indicated that the forecast effect was good. The residual sequence was tested by white noise (Ljung-Box (18) = 12.908, P=0.609). Therefore, the hypothesis based on the independent residual sequence was acceptable. The model had already fully extracted information. It was suitable for the ES model to be used for the prediction.

Of the three parameters of the fitting model, the seasonal parameter (Delta) had statistical significance (P value = 0.000), and the stationary parameter (Alpha) and the trend parameter (Gamma) of time series had no statistical significance (P value=0.091 and P value=0.980, respectively), indicating that there was no horizontal and linear trend in this time series.

Validity of the model

According to the established ES model, the predicted values of monthly active PTB registration rates in Henan Province were replace by the observed ones from 2017to 2019. The mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.328%. The predicted values were basically consistent with the observed ones (Figure 6).

Prediction for 2020 and 2025

The ES model was applied to predict monthly and annual active PTB registration rates from 2020 to 2025 in Henan Province. The predicted values of the annual registration rates can be seen in table 6. The annual active PTB registration rates were 49.2 (95% CI: 36.0-62.5) and 34.3 (95% CI: 17.7-50.8) per 100,000 population in 2020 and 2025, respectively. The fitting and forecast results were shown in figure 7. Compared with the active PTB registration rate in 2015, the reduction will be 23.7% (95% CI: 3.1%-44.2%) and 46.9% (95% CI: 21.3%-72.5%) in 2020 and 2025, respectively.

Table 6. The predicted annual active PTB registration rates from 2020 to 2025 in Henan Province, China (1/100,000)

	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Predicted	49.2	46.2	43.2	40.3	37.3	34.3
95% UCL	62.5	60.2	57.9	55.5	53.2	50.8
95% LCL	36.0	32.3	28.6	25.0	21.4	17.7

95% UCL:95% upper confidence limit; 95% LCL: 95% lower confidence limit

This study showed that the months of higher active PTB registration rates in Henan Province were March, April, May, June. The ES model indicated that there were significant seasonal variations. The similar results were found at the national level and in other provinces. A study showed that from 2004 to 2008, April was the peak month for student TB cases in China, followed by May and March[19]. March to June is the period of physical examination for students in the middle school entrance examination and the college entrance examination, which means a screening for students. This factor may be one of the reasons for the high registration rates from March to June. The seasonality of active TB registration was peaked in March in Xinjiang, China[20]. There were also some studies on the seasonality and trend analysis of TB incidence around the world[21-24]. From 1993 to 2008, 21.4% cases were diagnosed in March, the peak month in the US[25].A study in Singapore believed that the ARIMA model was effective in predicting the short-term trend of TB[26]. Zhang[27]used seasonal ES to predict the number of PTB cases in Shenzhen, in which the smooth R square was 0.68 and the Ljung-Box Q statistic P value was 0.86. It was close to the fitting model of this study.

Ríos et al.[28] from Spain thought that the tubercle bacilli expelled from infected persons in a room with closed windows may increase the risk of exposure of healthy persons in winter and the clinical onset would be in spring. According to this, we thought that the seasonal peak in March in Henan Province may be related to the Spring Festival holiday. During the Spring Festival, all the family members gather together from everywhere to celebrate and seeing a doctor when feeling ill is a taboo. The closed windows in winter, large-scale mobilization, and health-seeking delay would jointly result in the increase and accumulation of PTB cases after the Spring Festival holiday, often in March. On World TB Day every year, many activities were organized in Henan to promote tuberculosis knowledge. This raises public awareness of TB, leading to seeking medical advice. This is one reason why the registration rates increased after March.

Globally, the average decline rate of the TB incidence was 1.6% per year during 2000 to 2018[1]. From annual TB reports of the WHO[1], we can get Chinese annual TB registration rates from 2007 to 2018. The annual decline rate was 2.29% in China. From 2007 to 2019, the active PTB registration rate decreased from 87.8/100 000 to 49.1/100 000 with a 4.7% annual decline in Henan Province. Overall, the decline of incidence rate in Henan Province is greater than that in nationwide and worldwide. Du et al.[29] thought that the decline of TB incidence and prevalence was related to economic development in China. Apart from economic development, we thought that it was related to the application of molecular biological diagnosis in Henan Province in recent years, so that patients can be diagnosed and treated in time

The hypothesis of time series analysis is based on the principle of inertia, that is, under certain conditions, the past trend of the predicted things will continue to the future. The ES model gives larger weight to recent observation values and gives smaller weight to earlier ones. In accordance with the decline trend in recent years, without the adoption of new measures, the predicted active PTB registration rate will reach 49.2 (95% CI: 36.0-62.5) per 100,000 population in 2020 and 34.3 (95% CI: 17.7-50.8) per 100,000 population in 2025 in Henan Province. Compared with the active PTB registration rate in 2015 (64.2/100,000), the reduction will be 23.8% (95% CI: 3.7%-43.9%) and 46.9% (95% CI: 22.0%-71.6%) in 2020 and 2025, respectively.

The missing report rate of infectious disease in medical institutions was 3.18% in 2012 in Henan province, top two were syphilis and TB[30]. Assuming that the missing report rate of active PTB unchanged and keeping the TB control strategy remain unchanged in 2020 in Henan Province, without regard to the confidence interval, the first milestone (20% reduction) of WHO End TB Strategy in 2020 will be achieved.

The point prediction in 2025 was 34.3 per 100,000 population and it had a large range from17.7 to 50.8 per 100,000 population. So, to achieve the second WHO milestone, new measures must be taken. In order to improve the diagnosis[31-34], treatment[35,36] and TB prevention services[37-39], a lot of research have been carried out around the world. A study from Nepal found that active case finding could reduce catastrophic costs[40]. And the WHO milestones can only be achieved within the context of progress towards universal health coverage (UHC)[1]. In 2018, the policy of PTB diagnosis related groups based payment (DRGs) was launched in Henan Province[41]. Patients only need to bear 20% of the fixed cost based on different clinical pathway. This financing policy will help to improve patient's treatment compliance. The End TB Strategy encompasses a package of interventions that fall under three pillars[8]. Since 2020, the establishment of an electronic information system for hospitals, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and primary health institutions will be explored to close gaps between incidence and notification in Henan Province. We will try to establish an infection control model based on primary health institutions to reduce the chance of infection in close contacts as well. We will carry out active screening of key populations and get multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients timely diagnosed and treated . In 2015, the public total awareness rate of TB core information in Henan Province was 72.1%[42], though we need to strengthen public health education. We hope that with our efforts, the second WHO milestone objective will be achieved in 2025 in Henan Province.

The limitations of the study should be acknowledged. Only thirteen years of registration data were obtained and analyzed because the CTIMS was established in 2004. The relatively short length of the series may influence the forecasting efficacy. The predictive effect of long term forecast by the time series may be weak because of the uncontrollable of the change of the factors. Although seasonal variation in TB incidence has been described in several recent studies, the mechanism underlying this seasonality remains unknown. Next, we will conduct further study to describe patterns of seasonality inactive PTB population with different characteristics and try to find the reason of seasonality.

The high active PTB registration rates in spring and early summer indicates that high risk of tuberculosis infection in late autumn and winter in Henan Province. Without regard to the confidence interval, under the premise that the whole TB control environment does not change, the first milestone of WHO End TB Strategy in 2020 will be achieved. However, based on the predicted active PTB registration rates, the second milestone in 2025 will not be easily achieved unless there are early response measures in Henan Province, China. Since 2018, we have taken some new measures, such as UHC. We hope that with our efforts, the second WHO milestone objective will be achieved in 2025 in Henan Province.

Ethical Approval and Consent to participate

Not applicable. This study was based on the active PTB registration rates in the whole province, and no personal information was involved.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of supporting data

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

The study was funded by Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China.

Authors' contributions

Xinxu Li and Yanqiu Zhang contributed equally to this work. Xinxu Li is Co-first author. We designed and formulated the study.

Yanqiu Zhang and Weibin Li drafted the manuscript, analyzed and interpreted the data.

Jianguo Jiang and Guolong Zhang co-supervised the entire concept of the study and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual criticisms.

Yan Zhuang and Jiying Xu helped in revising the data analysis.

Jie Shi and Dingyong Sun participated the discussion of the measures that could be taken.

All authors revised it critically for important intellectual content and approved and read the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all colleagues who gave useful advice and help during the study.

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Tuberculosis registration rates analysis and prediction based on Exponential Smoothing model: could tuberculosis control milestones be achieved in 2020, 2025 in Henan Province, China?

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