The effect of a nutrition program for weight loss during the pre-competition period on the body composition, hydration, and mood profile of elite Greco–Roman wrestlers

The study aimed to investigate the effect of a nutrition program introduced among elite Greco–Roman wrestlers during the weight-loss period before the competition on the athletes’ body composition, hydration, and mood. The experimental group comprised the Greco–Roman Wrestling National Team (U23) of different weights (n = 8) and the control group consisted of substitute athletes (n = 8) with the same weights as the experimental group. To achieve the target weight, the experimental group followed a personalized weight loss program under the supervision of a dietitian, whereas the control group lost weight using their own methods. The athletes completed a mood profile questionnaire, food and fluid consumption, urine density evaluation, anthropometric measurements, and body composition assessments were performed. The athletes who followed a balanced diet under the guidance of a dietician had decreased body mass index, body weight, body fat rates (%), and urine density compared to the athletes who used traditional methods (P < 0.05). Negative changes in the control group and positive changes in the experimental group were observed in the mood profile scores (P < 0.05). There was a higher decrease in variables, including energy (kcal), carbohydrate (g/kg), protein (g/kg), fat (g/kg), and micronutrient consumption, in the control group (P < 0.05). Change in nutritional intake at the macro and the micro level was found to be more balanced among male athletes who followed a regular and planned nutrition program under a dietitian’s supervision. In addition, the experimental group had decreased body fat percentages and urine density and underwent a positive change as confirmed by their mood profile.


Introduction
Wrestling is an individual combat sport at the Olympic level, and participating athletes are grouped into certain weight classes based on their body weight to create equal competition [1,2].Therefore, the majority of athletes seek to maintain their weight within the predetermined limits of their weight class [3].Accordingly, athletes are known to follow rapid weight loss (RWL) as a strategy few weeks before the competition to achieve their target weight [1,4].RWL is defined as losing ≥ 5% of a person's body weight within a week [5].Athletes often resort to traditional methods, including sauna, excessive exercise, and reducing fluid and food intake to achieve RWL [6,7].The replacement of the body fluids lost due to these unhealthy methods takes 24-48 h, whereas at least 17 h are required to replenish the muscle glycogen stores [8].As these methods are associated with losses in athletic performance as well as dehydration and muscle cramps that might have a detrimental effect on health [5], following these methods should be avoided to prevent the risk posed to athletes' health [9].
Athletes follow RWL methods as early as 12 and 14 years of age, and 3-6% resort to such methods several times during a season [5].Although some athletes and coaches are aware of the adverse effects of RWL on performance, they do ignore these effects.Inadequate fluid intake, which causes RWL, and the frequency thereof, induces dehydration [10] as well as fluid loss of 1-3% of the body weight and can have an adverse effect on performance.Furthermore, an undesirable fluid balance may lead to impaired psychomotor performance, prolonged decision-making time, and decreased perceptional capacity [11].This further indicates the need for determining the fluid intake and dehydration levels for protecting the athletes' health and monitoring the progression of their performance.
It was reported that RWL among elite athletes was also associated with negative mood, including tension, anger, fatigue, and confusion [9].Mood alterations are important determinants of athletic performance; therefore, it is necessary to regularly monitor the mood of athletes during the intense training process before the competition [12].
Athletes spend a wealth of energy during training and competition; thus, the consumed energy should be replaced in an adequate and balanced manner as soon as possible [8].Accordingly, athletes need a planned nutrition program to achieve weight that is within the appropriate weight class by preserving their body composition based on scientific methods during the period before the competition.Today, there are new rules governing the weighing process before the start of the competition [13,14].
In addition, athletes should replace the high amounts of energy spent during training and competition in an adequate and balanced way as soon as possible [8].Accordingly, athletes need a planned nutrition program to achieve the range of the weight class by preserving their body composition based on scientific methods during the period before the competition.Today, there are new rules governing the weighing process to be introduced 2 h before the start of the competition [13].
Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that there are a limited number of studies on monitoring weight before a competition, which has multilaterally investigated the effect of dietitian-supervised nutrition programs on body composition, urine density, and mood profile among elite athletes.Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effect of weight loss following traditional methods and under the supervision of a dietitian during the three-week camp period before the commencement of the U-23 World Greco-Roman wrestling championship on elite athletes' nutritional status, body composition, urine density, and mood profile.

Participants
The study population included permanent (n = 8) and reserve (n = 8) athletes, who participated in the U-23 World Championship training camp of the Turkish Greco-Roman wrestling national team.The study was conducted with a total of 16 elite athletes aged between 19 and 23 years who started their weight control at 13.50 ± 2.35 years.The experimental group consisted of 8 athletes from each weight class (59 kg, 66 kg, 71 kg, 75 kg, 80 kg, 88 kg, 98 kg, and 130 kg) who were competing.The control group consisted of reserve athletes from the same weight classes.
All the athletes were physically examined by a physician at the beginning of the study.Written consent was obtained from each athlete, confirming that they were willing to participate in the study.

Study design and procedures
This study was designed as a single-blinded, pre-test-posttest study that included experimental and control groups and was performed during a 23-day period at the Wrestling National Team Camp Center.All the athletes completed a personal information form and the mood profile questionnaire on the first day of the camp where anthropometric measurements were taken, urine samples were collected, and body compositions were analyzed.
All the athletes participated in the same training program, including conditioning in the morning (90 min/day) and technical workout in the evening (60 min/day), during the first 2 weeks (4 days/week) and basic technical workout (90 min/day) during the last week (5 days/week) before the competition under the supervision of the national team coaches.The experimental group followed a nutrition program under the supervision of a dietitian, whereas the control group did not receive the dietitian's support.All the measurements and questionnaires were repeated at the end of the camp.

Nutrient and fluid consumption record
The dietitian completed the food and liquid consumption forms pertaining to the athletes included in both groups for a total of 14 days, including consecutive days of the first and last weeks of the camp.The daily dietary energy and nutrient intake based on the data from the above forms were analyzed using Nutrition Information System (BeBiS 8-Ebispro for Windows, Germany; Turkish version), a food analysis software.Neither athlete was allowed to use any medications or support products during the study.

Nutrition program
Athletes included in the experimental group were required to follow a nutrition program developed by the team dietitian and no other methods were allowed for weight control.The athletes in the control group lost weight by following traditional methods (including sauna, excessive exercise, and reduced fluid and food intake) [6].In the present study, the nutrition programs were personalized for each athlete in consideration of the training program.Upon calculation of daily energy expenditure (Fig. 1), nutrition programs were developed on the basis of a 15-20% energy restriction to meet the weight class criteria.ISSN 2018 data [15] were considered as a reference for carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake, whereas the Nutrition Guide Specific to Turkey 2015 data [16] were used for determining the micronutrient intake.

Anthropometric measurements and assessment of body composition
All the anthropometric parameters of the participants (height, body weight, and skinfold thickness) were measured by a specialist according to the "International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry" [20] protocol.Body length was measured using a stadiometer (SECA, Germany) with a sensitivity rating of 0.01 m, and body weight was measured using an electronic scale (CAS-PB, China) with a sensitivity rating of 0.01 kg.Skin fold thickness was measured at 3 different locations on the body, including subscapular, triceps, and abdominal areas, using a skinfold caliper (Holtain, Crosswell, Crymych, UK).Each measurement was repeated 3 times on the participants' right side and the mean value was obtained [21].Lohman's [22] body density formula, which was found [21] to be valid and reliable (r = 0.82) in predicting body fat percentages in athletes was used to find the body composition using the following formula: [Body Density (BD) = 1.0982 − 0.000815 (triceps + subscapular + abdominal skinfold thickness (mm)) + 0.00000084 (triceps + subscapular + abdominal skinfold thickness (mm)) 2 ].
The following equations by VanItallie et al. [24] were utilized to assess the proportion of fat mass (FM) and fatfree mass (FFM).

Hydration
Athletes provided a urine sample for immediate analysis of the urine specific gravity (USG) using a hand-held refractometer and a pen refractometer (Atago Pen Wrestling Refractometer, Japan) for cross-comparison of the same sample.The measurements were taken on an empty stomach in the morning on the first and last days of the camp (07:00-08:00 am).Hydration status was assessed based on the USG measurements.Hypo-hydration was defined as a USG of > 1.020 (g/ml), whereas severe hypo-hydration was defined as a USG of > 1.030 (g/ml) [10].

Profile of mood states (POMS)
In the present study, the mood state profile of the athletes was assessed using the POMS questionnaire developed by McNair et al. [25] POMS Manual for the Profile of Mood States.San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of POMS were assessed by Selvi and his colleagues [26] who reported that the reliability coefficient of the scale was in the range of 0.81-0.91.The Turkish form of the POMS scale consists of 58 items that describe the current emotional state of individuals [25].The results consistently indicated the following 6 dimensions: "depression-dejection" − 15, "tension-anxiety" − 9, "anger-hostility" − 12, "confusion-bewilderment" − 7, "fatigue-inertia" − 7, and "vigor-activity" − 8. POMS scale is a five-point Likert-type scale with the following responses: 0 = not at all; 1 = a little; 2 = moderately; 3 = quite a bit, and 4 = extremely.According to the scores obtained on POMS, the scores obtained in the vigor-activity subscale indicate a positive mood, whereas scores from other subscales indicate a negative mood.In addition, the total score average of the five sub-dimensions is the vigor-activity sub-dimension is considered as an indicator of negative mood.
The POMS survey was completed twice, including on the first and the last day of the camp.Athletes were asked to state their mood within the last week (the week before the first day of the camp and the last week of camp), including the day the questionnaire was completed.

Statistical analysis
The Number Cruncher Statistical System 2007 (Kaysville, Utah, USA) program was used for the statistical analysis of the data collected in the study.Descriptive statistical methods were described using mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum scores.The fit to a normal distribution was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test.Intra-group pre-and post-test evaluations were performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, while the Mann-Whitney U Test was used for inter-group pre-and post-test evaluations which could not be determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov.A p level of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Effect size (ES) was calculated using Cohen's d test to determine the meaningfulness of the difference.The magnitude of the ES was classified according to the Hopkins' Scale as trivial (< 0.2), small (> 0.2-0.6),moderate (> 0.6-1.2),large (> 1.2-2.0),and very large (> 2.0-4.0)[27].

Analysis results of the intergroup pre-test differences
The participants included in the experimental and control groups had similar body composition, energy intake (kcal), carbohydrate and protein components (g, g/kg), micronutrient consumption values, urine density, and mood profiles along with similar ages (P > 0.05).There were differences between the groups regarding the intake of fat (g), the fat intake per kg (g/kg), and water consumption, unlike the carbohydrate, protein, and fat % values (P < 0.05) (Tables 1, 2,  3, 4 and 5).

Anthropometric measurements and the components of body composition
There was a statistically significant decrease in the body weight; BMI; triceps, subscapular, and abdominal skinfold thicknesses; and body fat percentage and mass and an increase in FFM (kg) in the experimental group (P < 0.05), whereas there was a statistically significant decrease in BMI and FFM (kg) in the control group (P < 0.05) (Table 1).

Nutrition program components
There was a statistically significant decrease in all values (%, g, g, and g/kg) pertaining to energy (kcal), protein (g) and protein (g/kg), CHO, and fat components of the athletes in both the experimental and control groups, whereas there was an increase in the protein (%) (P < 0.05; Table 2).There was a statistically significant decrease in water intake (ml) in the experimental group (P < 0.05; Table 2), whereas the decrease in the control group was not significant (P < 0.05; Table 2).There was a significant decrease in the vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, and potassium intake in both groups (P < 0.05; Table 3).There was no change in vitamin D intake in the experimental group (P < 0.05); however, there was a statistically significant decrease in the control group (P < 0.05; Table 3).

Hydration values
The urine density statistically significantly decreased in the experimental group and increased in the control group (P < 0.05; Table 4).POMS There was a statistically significant decrease in the Fatigue-Stillness and Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) scores in the experimental group along with a significant increase in the Vigor-Activity score (P < 0.05; Table 5).In the control group, there was a statistically significant increase in Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, Fatigue-Stillness, and TMD scores (P < 0.05; Table 5).

Anthropometric measurements and the components of body composition
The decrease in body weight; BMI; triceps, subscapular, and abdominal skinfold thicknesses; and body fat percentage and mass and the increase in FFM (%) benefited the experimental group (P < 0.05).The magnitude of the effect of BMI, triceps, subscapular, and abdominal changes was large (d = 1.2-2.0).Moreover, % Fat, Fat mass (kg), and FFM (%) changes were very large (d = 2.0-4.0).There was no difference in FFM (kg) between the intergroup pre-and post-test results (P < 0.05), and the magnitude of the effect was small (d = 0.303) (Table 1).

Nutrition program components
With large magnitudes of effects (d = 1.2-2.0), the decrease in energy (kcal), CHO (g), protein (g), protein (g/kg), fat (g), and fat (g/kg) intake was higher in the control group (P < 0.05; Table 2).The decrease in CHO (%) and the increase in protein (%) were greater in the control group, and the magnitude of the effect was moderate (d = 0.6-1.2) (P < 0.05; Table 2).In terms of the water (ml) levels, there was no intergroup difference in the pre-and post-test results (P < 0.05), and the magnitude of the effect was trivial (d = 0.125; Table 2).The decrease in micronutrient consumption was higher in the control group (P < 0.05).The effects of the magnitude of the changes in vitamin B6 (mg), calcium (mg), and potassium (mg) levels were moderate (d = 0.6-1.2),Vitamin D (μg), magnesium (mg) and iron (mg) were large (d = 1.2-2.0)and Sodium (mg) was very large (d = 2.0-4.0;Table 3).

Hydration values
There was a statistically significantly higher increase in the urine density in the control group compared to the decrease in the experimental group, and the magnitude of the effect was very large (d = 2.608; P < 0.01; Table 4).

POMS
The decrease in the Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, Fatigue-Stillness, and TMD scores was statistically significant in favor of the experimental group (P < 0.01).The effect of the magnitude of the decrease Tension-Anxiety, Anger-Hostility, Fatigue-Stillness, and Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) was very large (d = 2.0-4.0) and Depression-Dejection was large (d = 1.2-2.0;Table 5).The anthropometric measurements, body composition, macro, and micronutrient values, urine density, and descriptive statistics for pre-and post-test results (mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum values) of mood profile components, and the intra-and inter-group analyses are presented in tabular form (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).

Discussion
The results of our study suggested that elite Greco-Roman wrestlers who followed a dietitian-supported personalized balanced diet during the three-week camp period had decreased body weight, BMI, skin fold thickness, body fat and FM, and urine density and demonstrated a positive change in mood profiles (a medium to the large magnitude of effect) compared to the controls who followed the traditional method.Moreover, the change in the macro-and micro-nutrient intake was more balanced in favor of the experimental group.
The approximate weekly weight loss of athletes during short periods was reportedly 3-7 kg [28].At the beginning of the study, the body weight of the athletes in both groups was found to be similar and exceeded the targeted weight (by 3.5-4.5 kg).Athletes who received dietitian support lost more weight and attained a weight that was very close to the target weight in the competition (− 0.25 kg).Athletes who did not receive dietician support failed to reach their target weight by an average deviation in weight of 2.12 kg.This result is suggestive of the importance of seeking dietitian support in cases where the weight should be lost over a relatively short period among athletes.
Excessive training during the pre-competition period is a traditional method that is followed to ensure RWL among athletes.Cutrufello et al. [29] reported that male wrestlers might lose 1.5 ± 0.2 kg of body weight after 2 h of wrestling training [28].However, it was also reported that the acute weight loss that occurs following training before the weighin on the day of the competition was attributable to fluid loss and was an unhealthy method for RWL [28].It is a remarkable result of our study that although all the athletes underwent the same training program, those that received dietitian support achieved better results concerning achieving their target weight based on weight class.Athletes in the control group, which did not receive dietitian support, did not achieve the target weight based on their weight class, despite visiting a sauna and extra training in thick clothes before the weigh-in.These results are consistent with the results of studies [28] that suggested that RWL was often sought through traditional methods before the competition in combat sports and athletes participating in competitions that necessitate the use of weight classes.Furthermore, it was also emphasized that upon RWL, the athletes might not be able to attain replacement in terms of energy and fluid over a short duration and that their performance might be adversely affected [30].Ultimately, it was suggested that following a weight-control method spanning the entire duration of the annual training period under the supervision of a dietitian would be much more useful for maintaining the athletes' health and improving their performance.
Concerning sports performance, body composition characteristics constitute the primary factor in the development of conditioning programs during the competition season [31].In the present study, the group that received dietitian support had a higher decrease in skinfold thickness as well as in fat percentage (− 1.01%) compared to the group that resorted to the traditional method.Studies on elite athletes reported a body fat percentage range of 7.4-13% [32,33].The weight classes, age categories, and measurement methods may account for the differences in the distribution reported by relevant studies.In the present study, the fat percentage values varied across a wide range owing to weight class differences (8.88-30.98%).On the other hand, the average fat percentage values of the athletes in both groups were similar to the results reported in similar studies [32,33].
Some of the RWL owing to the high amount of energy restriction may manifest in the form of FFM [34].In the present study, the average decrease in FFM level (kg) in both groups suggested that athletes might have undergone RWL over a short duration.Nevertheless, it is remarkable that there was an increase in the percentage of FFM in parallel with the decrease in fat weight in the experimental group compared to the control group.The FFM rate of the athletes who received dietitian support increased (1.04%), whereas the same slightly decreased in those who did not receive support.In similar studies, the FFM rate in athletes who lost weight gradually using a nutrition program increased by 2% in 20 days [35] and by 2.98% in 6 weeks [36]; these results are consistent with the results of our study.Although it is possible to lose FM while potentially maintaining the FFM, the intervention must comply with scientific dietary guidelines [34].Slower weight loss will help better maintain the FFM in athletes.However, it was reported that a protein-rich diet (1.6 to 2.2 g/kg/day) might reduce the FM, while maintaining the FFM [37].
It was reported in a study with young elite athletes that the average daily energy intake was 4958 kcal during the period without any attempt to lose weight [38].In weightclass sports, the daily energy consumption of athletes decreases during weight-reduction periods compared to the normal periods [35,39].The daily energy consumption of both groups of athletes was decreased to induce a change in body composition during the study period; this indicates that the restriction on the energy consumption of athletes who lose weight without dietitian intervention is greater than that of athletes under dietician supervision and that traditional methods fail to regulate energy intake in a balanced manner.
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, i.e. the macronutrients required to provide energy daily, are especially important in meeting the daily energy needs of athletes.The carbohydrate consumption among athletes was suggested to be within the range of 3-4 g/kg before performing short-term high-intensity exercises [38] and 5-7 g/kg before performing medium-intensity exercises [40].Furthermore, a review of the published guidelines on the nutrition of athletes indicated that carbohydrate consumption between 3 and 12 g/ kg was necessary [15].In our study, the energy and nutrient (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) consumption of the athletes included in the experimental group was planned considering their body weight.The pre-and post-test carbohydrate consumption of athletes in the experimental group was 4.24 g/ kg and 3.31 g/kg, respectively, and these values were considered to be sufficient for high-intensity short-term exercises.In contrast, the mean pre-and post-test levels in the control group were 4.56 g/kg and 2.28 g/kg, respectively.In a study that ensured a weight loss of 6% over a 3-day period, Kondo et al. found that the athletes had a carbohydrate intake of 6.9 ± 1.9 g/kg during the normal period and 2.1 ± 1.0 during the weight-control period [39].
A protein intake of 1.2-1.7 g/kg was suggested to be sufficient for athletes, whereas in cases where energy is restricted for weight loss purposes, an increase in the same to 2.0-2.5 g/kg was recommended [40].Published guidelines generally recommend that protein consumption should range between 1.2 and 2.0 g/kg [15].The daily protein intake of the athletes in both groups was similar and within the recommended range (1.2-2.0 g/kg) at the beginning of the present study [15].However, the significant decrease in the post-test protein levels in the control group compared to that at the beginning of the study (1.3 g/kg) might be attributable to the subconscious weight loss program without dietitian intervention followed by the athletes in this group.The protein intake was 1.7 ± 0.4 g in the normal period compared to 0.5 ± 0.2 g during the weight-loss period among the athletes, who lost 6% of their body weight in 3 days by following traditional methods for RWL [38].The radical decrease in protein intake reported in the study by Kondo et al. might have been attributable to the short duration of the weight loss period [39].In the present study, the decrease in protein (g/ kg) consumption in the experimental group was lower compared to that in the control group.This is indicative of the fact that a qualified nutrition program under the supervision of a dietitian will ensure that even the decreases in macronutrient consumption occur in a controlled manner.Moreover, the macronutrient intake of the group that received dietitian support appeared to be in line with the current sports nutrition guidelines [15].
In our study, the decrease in the fat (g/kg) intake (78.1%) in the group of athletes who received dietitian support was higher compared to that in those who did not receive support (54%), but this decrease was within the recommended daily limits for athletes.
An assessment of micronutrient consumption showed that all except for vitamin D and potassium were compliant with the TÜBER 2015 reference values in the experimental and control groups (vitamin D (15 µg-400 IU), potassium (4.7 g/day)) [16].The fact that the potassium intake of the control group was lower compared to the reference values at the end of the camp may be attributed to the imbalances in the energy intake.
One of the irrational nutrition strategies that athletes follow to meet the weight class requires to significantly reducing fluid intake a few days before the competition.In our study, the fact that the duration and frequency of training conducted 1 week before the competition was decreased by half compared to the pre-test values may account for the fact that water consumption was decreased in the athletes from both groups as observed during the post-test evaluation.In our study, the fact that the water consumption of athletes who received dietitian support was lower compared to that at the onset of the study, but higher compared to the control group ensured that the urine density was maintained at optimal levels.Relevant studies that investigated hydration based on urine density on the day of competition in athletes participating in competitions requiring weight classes reported that the hydration status was impaired in groups that lost weight by following traditional methods [41].The fact that better hydration conditions are associated with higher muscle contraction time in athletes can also have a positive impact on performance [42].Another important finding of the present study is that upon the post-test hydration measurements, 25% of the group that lost weight without dietitian support had hypo-hydration and 75% had severe hypo-hydration, whereas all the athletes who received dietitian support during weight loss were within the normal hydration range.These results are suggestive of the fact that the qualified nutrition programs implemented with dietitian support contribute to the healthy control of dehydration in athletes, especially when RWL is required.
Several studies in the relevant literature investigated the relationship of mood profiles with RWL among athletes across different sports [10,43,44].These studies suggested that RWL caused short-term memory loss, decreased concentration, and increased anger, fatigue, and depression scores among athletes [42].It was reported that an average of 5% RWL in boxers and judokas was associated with increased anger, fatigue, and tension scores, and weightlifters also had depression in addition to the above manifestations [10].Negative emotions, including anger, fatigue, tension, depression, and confusion may increase after exercise or RWL over a short period [43].In the present study, dietitian support had a positive effect on the mood profile of athletes.

Conclusions
As a result, it was found that a regular and planned nutrition program under the supervision of a dietitian during the three-week camp period among elite Greco-Roman wrestlers was effective in decreasing body weight, BMI, skinfold thickness, body fat ratio, and urine density, and induced a positive change in the mood profile.It was concluded that the change in energy and micro and macronutrient intake was more balanced among the elite male athletes who were supported by a regular and planned nutrition program specific to each athlete, and a certain extent of positive changes in body composition, mood profile, and urine density was observed.Supporting weight loss over a longer period through nutrition programs provided by athlete nutrition specialists instead of incorrect short-term weight loss methods used in wrestling and similar weight-class sports is important for maintaining and improving athletes' health and performance.Following the wrong strategies during the weight-loss period may be associated with adverse effects on health in the future.The results of the present study generally demonstrated the importance of providing dietitian support for the entire season covering non-camp periods that the athletes attend to the camps with body weight above the limitations of their weight class.

Limitations
The study was designed as a single-blinded study.Although the researchers knew which athletes would be on the national team's permanent list, to determine which athletes would be included in the experiment and control groups, the athletes were not informed.The fact that the athletes did not know the use of different nutrition programs between the experimental and control groups had a limited effect on the conduct of the study.The study was limited to a 23-day training camp period of the Greco-Roman wrestling national team.

Table 1
Anthropometric and body composition characteristics of experimental and control groups BMI body mass index, Values are presented as mean ± SD and min-max (median), *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 a Wilcoxon signed ranks test was performed to compare within groups b Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare baseline differences between Experimental and Control groups c Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare pre-post-test differences between Experimental and Control groups

Table 2
Statistical comparisons of energy and macronutrient consumption of the experimental and control groups a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was performed to compare within group b Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare baseline differences between Experimental and Control groups c Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare pre-post-test differences between Experimental and Control groups

Table 3
Statistical comparisons of the micronutrient consumption status of the experimental and control groups a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was performed to compare within group b Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare baseline differences between Experimental and Control groups c Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare pre-post-test differences between Experimental and Control groups

Table 4
Statistical comparisons of the urine density values of the experimental and control groups a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was performed to compare within group b Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare baseline differences between Experimental and Control groups c Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare pre-post-test differences between Experimental and Control groups * p < 0.

Table 5
Comparison of mood profile scores by groups a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was performed to compare within group b Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare baseline differences between Experimental and Control groups c Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare pre-post-test differences between Experimental and Control groups