Global evolutional trend of safety in coal mining industry: a bibliometric analysis

Mining safety is recognized as one of the factors influencing the mining industry’s long-term viability. Therefore, we did a bibliometric analysis to take stock of safety management in the coal mining industry. This study suggests a three-step strategy, comprising literature extraction and screening, bibliometric analysis, and discussion, to provide an in-depth understanding of the present state and development trend of mine safety research. The findings raise additional concerns which include the following: (i) Coal dust pollution has a direct and indirect impact on the environment. (ii) Most research projects have prioritized technology innovation and development over safety norms. (iii) Most works have come from advanced countries such as China, the USA, the UK, and Australia to the neglect of developing nations, leaving a significant vacuum in the literature. (iv) There are more major safety principles in the food business than in the mining industry, indicating a weak safety culture in the mining industry. Additionally, future research goals are provided, such as creating safer policy guidelines to support technological advancements, constructing effective safety mines, and creating solutions to dust pollution and human errors.


Introduction
The pollution caused by coal dust has both direct and indirect effects on the environment, but research initiatives have given innovation and the development of new technologies by prioritizing safety standards in coal mine industries. Hence, researchers have focused on assessing the hazards and ensuring critical step to mitigate safety risks. Maintaining a culture of safety, because safety culture is the fundamental basis for a safe work environment, wearing personal protective gears and keeping mining equipment's in perfect shape at all times. Henceforward, managing and sustaining particular interest has spiked within the coal industry because of its inherent risk. Each phase of coal production activity is associated with either accident or exposure to particulate matter such as dust, PM2.5, and PM10. These foreign objects are harmful to the respiratory system. This calls for the emergence of safety procedures to curb or minimize the risk. Thus, safe production is a prerequisite and fundamental security for the sustainable growth of the coal industry (Gao et al. 2018;Kumar et al. 2020;Ofori et al. 2023). Despite the rapid advancements in science and technology, industries' safety management and technological capabilities have not significantly improved (Brocal et al. 2019;Kaassis and Badri 2018;Lööw and Nygren 2019). The coal industry remains a high-risk sector. For decades, it has caused irreparable damage to the environment and personnel's health as a result of excessive dust emissions caused by coal mining. The massive volume of coal dust produced during coal extraction, transportation, and storage generates industrial mine dust-related catastrophes and other health implications. By the end of 2018, China has recorded over 800,000 instances of industrial pneumoconiosis, with the coal industry accounting for more than 60% of those cases (Doney et al. 2020;Kurth et al. 2020;Yuyuan Zhang et al. 2020).
Therefore, it has become imperative to take stock of safety technology, such as coal dust suppressants, water sprays, coal seam injections, chemical dust suppressants, and microbial dust suppressant, with the coal industry to understand further the safety protocol and improvement garner over the years. And we would be doing this using the route of bibliometric review. However, despite the huge chunk of scholarly work on various aspects of safety in the coal mining industry, there are still limitations in the bibliometric analysis, contributing to a dearth of knowledge in this field (Boudry et al. 2018;Mao et al. 2018;van Nunen et al. 2018;Yang et al. 2019). Hence, it is critical to have a holistic view of the literature on the coal mine safety industry for several reasons, including (1) organizing and to coordinate the literature on safety technologies in the coal mining industry; (2) exploring methodological approaches addressed in safety technology; (3) prioritizing research needs or gaps; (4) understanding the progression of the literature on prevention and control technologies in coal mining industry; (5) recognizing leading researchers, institutes, and countries in this area; (6) exploring connections between research topics and areas; and, finally, (7) concluding on the impact of safety and control technologies. Therefore, this study has both theoretical and empirical significance.
The remainder of the present study's structure is as follows: the "Methodology" section discusses bibliometric research techniques, data collection methods, and R studio software. The "Discussion" section delves into the statistical and graphical analysis findings, such as publishing patterns and citation distribution; top authors, institutions, and nations; significant works in coal mining safety; and recognized study domains and evolutionary research trends. Finally, the "Conclusion" section summarizes the key findings and discusses the limits of the current study and future research.

Background
The coal industry is evolving drastically due to the introduction of new technologies to promote safety. Due to increasing technological advancement, the severity and frequency of accidents seem to be declining, piquing stakeholders' interest in knowing why. According to the annual accident survey and reports from China's State Administration of Work Safety 2018, 495 severe accidents and 10,546 casualties occurred in the coal mines sector from 2001 to 2018 (Bai et al. 2022) (see Fig. 1). According to the accident investigations, the operators and managers lacked sufficient knowledge of the diverse perspectives of the disasters' causation factors. The subsequent actions and management errors played a significant role in the casualties and destruction. The operation of coal mine safety protocols was also poorly understood by both the managers and the workers. The sophisticated technology for coal mine safety was not fully analyzed.
Therefore, understanding the development and mechanism of safety in coal mine technologies can reduce the risk of protecting the environment, preventing loss, promoting sustainability, and achieving cleaner production.

Safety management in the coal industry
The operation of coal development and exploitation would invariably create environmental harm and have severe ecological and social consequences. Since 1965, there has been a greater emphasis on safety and risk analysis publications. Several subcategories' were distributed during the past 50 years (Khan et al. 2015). However, academics concentrated on technique development from the beginning of the Year formation of process safety. The most route has been the development of new technology advancement to neglect salient safety protocols and procedures (Lyons and McDonald 2023). Artificial intelligence technology has impacted several conventional businesses, including the safety industry. To this end, many companies use intelligent technology in their safety management strategies (Sousa et al. 2022).
The deep integration of contemporary information technology and the coal industry can lead to revolution, modernization, and high-quality development of the coal sector. The construction of modern intelligent, green, safe, clean, and efficient coal mines, as well as the innovation and R&D of intelligent mining technology and mining equipment, have all been significant breakthroughs in the coal industry over the past decade. This has laid the groundwork for the transformation and high-quality development of the coal industry. This is a notable achievement but also raises a lot of eyebrows.

Problems of safety management in the coal industry
Big data, The Web of Things, and machine learning are advanced systems that can automatically analyze safety data, identify hazardous conditions, and even change how organizations make safety decisions (Fang et al. 2020). However, these technologies lack the intuition to reduce and prevent accidents (Ramos-Hurtado et al. 2022). They frequently employ assessment-based approaches to detect risks but are detrimental to reducing risks like worker errors, personal fatigue, or even failure to apply personal protective equipment (Sethu et al. 2022;Soni and Parida 2022).

Causes of human error
Accidents happen due to various variables, such as individuals, equipment, surroundings, and administration. Human error is the common factor in all of the aforementioned situations. The environment in which a person function has an impact on their performance. Even in the most optimistic situations, humans tend to make mistakes, but these mistakes are seen as random. However, some conditions blatantly determine success or failure.
Moreover, abatement of human errors to the lowest possible level is a management opportunity instituted by safety management. As a result, to alleviate the adverse situation of mine safety mishaps as quickly as possible, structural improvements in mine safety must focus on correcting hazardous external mechanical circumstances, unsafe acts of people, and enhancing external safety oversight. An analysis of the literature on the causation and preventative methods of coal mine fatalities reveals that strict safety monitoring, quality management of technical equipment, and raising safety awareness among mine workers to reduce human errors in accidents are the key parameters for improving the coal industry's safe operation.

Exposure to accidents and dust pollution
Several inherent risks are associated with the mining industry: fire outbreaks, falling, chemicals hailing, and dust inhaling (Ofori et al. 2023;Xie et al. 2022). However, for most, coal dust offers the most invasive destruction to the environment. Thus, (i) coal dust compromises safety, (ii) coal dust pollutes the air, and (iii) coal dust disrupts visibility leading to other major accidents. Research suggests areas that high prone to dust pollution have high infant mortality rates and are detrimental to life expectancy rate (Singh and Kumar 2022;Wang et al. 2022a).

Dust pollution
According to studies on underground mines, individual dust management techniques can reduce respirable dust by 25 to 50% (Ji et al. 2016;Paluchamy et al. 2021). Therefore, various control methods that work together to lower exposure hazards are required. These might include techniques for lowering the production of dust and techniques for neutralization, suppression, absorption, and confinement. The need to describe all airborne dust sources, both principal and secondary, and appropriately incorporate control measures into processes for selecting and maintaining equipment and the regular work cycle are stressed in current recommendations for addressing airborne pollutants. Although there are still many unknowns when it comes to limiting dust exposures and preserving the efficacy of controls, using the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial. Many mining countries have established a framework to reduce dust pollution. For instance, according to China's "coal mine safety rules," the maximum permissible rate is within 3.5 mg/m3 and 10 mg/m3. In 2016, these limits were adjusted further down and 2.5 mg/m3, respectively (D. Li et al. 2019). The USA also established a permissible exposure limit of 2 mg/ m3 (Y. Liu et al. 2017). However, the coal dust control technologies used scarcely satisfy the stated standards. According to an examination of compliance dust samples taken over 5 years between 2000 and 2004 by MSHA inspectors and mine operators, 15% and 14% of the samples from the two groups exceeded the exposure limit (Weeks 2006).
Many technologies, including coal seam water injection and water spray, have previously been investigated to reduce coal dust pollution (H. Liu and Wang 2019;Zhigang Liu et al. 2018a, b). Laumann and Ren discovered that a coal seam's water content could be significantly increased to decrease the amount of dust produced when coal is broken. They demonstrated this by increasing the water content by 0.7%, and the dust concentration in the Bulli coal seam was reduced by 30 to 50% (Laumann et al. 2011;T. X. Ren et al. 2011). Liu studied the impact of the coal body's pore structure and permeability on how well water infusion suppressed dust (Zhen Liu et al. 2018a, b). Although coal seam offers the benefit of pre-wetting the coal body, it has the challenge of low permeability, which makes it difficult to accomplish the desired impact.
Currently, water spray dust control technology is the most commonly employed in the coal mining process (Shugang Li et al. 2021;Wang et al. 2017). This technology has helped to improve the underground working environment, protect workers' health, and avoid mine dust accidents. To efficiently reduce coal dust, Klima created a water curtain. He discovered that when the novel device was used, dust concentration at the upwind splitter arm and drum centerline locations was significantly reduced (Klima et al. 2021). Additionally, Ren created a dust removal system to control dust particles by simulating the distribution rules of the spray field along the wind flow in the coal mines (T. Ren et al. 2014). However, while water spray has many benefits, including affordability, ease of acquiring spray mediums, and a simple operation process, it also has the disadvantage of low wettability and excessive water usage (Swanson and Langefeld 2015). Given the aforementioned, much-existing literature Csavina et al. 2012;Rees and Murray 2020;Sarver et al. 2021;Vanka et al. 2022) have tried to examine the mechanisms of industrial mine dust, dust-associated hazards, and mine dust control and prevention mechanisms and have proposed new prevention and control methods for mine dust prevention. However, these technologies still have some limitations (Perret et al. 2017).
According to the research above, coal dust is still a significant hazard to the coal sector, and efficient technologies are required to minimize coal dust pollution to protect coal miners from dangers. This article comparatively assesses mine dust prevention and control technologies, evaluates technical research status and development trends, summarizes the latest research results, and compares the application of dust removal technologies.

Methodology
A bibliometric review is a quantitative route of reviewing existing literature that provides cogent information like the structure and trend of specific topic areas. Additionally, it gives a graphical representation of output with detailing to inform policy. Bibliometric review is an efficient method compared to conventional style literature (Dominković et al. 2022;Ejsmont et al. 2020;Mumu et al. 2021). Numerous software applications are used in the bibliometric exploration, RStudio, UCInet, VOSViewer, SITKIS, CitNetExplorer, CiteSpace, HistCite, Bibexcel, Network Workbench Tool, etc. To create efficient scientometric software, JJ Allaire started RStudio in 2009 (Johnson 2020). R is a programming language for statistical computing and graphics used in the scientific literature on coal mining safety and coal control technologies. The software includes numerous bibliometric mapping capabilities, such as collaboration, topics, and citation-based analysis. The data was gathered on 5 August 2022 from the Web of Science Core Collection, which Clarivate Analytics owns.

Annual scientific production
As a result of the evolving development in the coal mining safety sector, numerous scholarly studies have been conducted on this topic. The scope of this topic will be studied by reviewing 710 research papers from the Mendeley repository. The Scopus index was queried using the following search term TITLE-ABS-KEY ("safety management" OR "safety culture" OR "foam dust removal" AND "coal mining" OR "coal mine" OR "coal suppressant" OR "coal dust" OR "coal pollution" OR "microbial") AND (LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR,1991( PUBYEAR, -2022 in the field of safety management, safety culture, coal mining, coal pollution, dust suppressant, chemical suppressant, and microbial suppressant. Figure 2 shows the growth in scientific research on the industry's development for coal mine safety over the past few years. 1819 authors reported an annual growth rate of 12.45% from 374 source journals specializing in coal mine safety. The growth in annual outputs demonstrates the increased interest among scientific circles in coal mine safety. There were 3.59 coauthors per document who contributed significantly to this topic. Their collaboration analysis reveals the leading scholars and author's social connection to coal mine safety, as shown in Fig. 3.

Country scientific production
Another significant feature of this study is comparing different countries' research output. As a result, more than 91% of articles published came from the top ten nations. Table 1 lists the articles of the top ten research-producing countries based on the main distribution field of safety in coal mining literature. According to the study, academics from two countries have significantly impacted coal mine safety: China (662 articles) and the USA (144 articles). Figure 4 demonstrates global research development on a globe. This data indicates that most developing countries have not conducted many studies in this research field.

Country of the correspondent author
The participation of researchers from various countries indicated that the study was conducted in strong cooperation. Figure 5 shows how researchers worldwide have come together to work on this topic. The data suggest that many co-authors collaborated, which may inspire further study. The corresponding authors' evaluations of single country publications (SCPs), multiple country publications (MCPs), and multiple country publications ratio (MCPR) were also recorded. Of the 317 studies conducted in China, 19 were published as MCP, and 9 of the 41 articles in the USA were published as MCP. Australia published 13 of the 26 articles as SCP, followed by the UK, 14 of the 18 publications as SCP. China and the USA ranked first in both SCP and MCP, as shown in Table 2.

Analysis of correspondence and map of the conceptual structure
The co-word analysis aims to identify relationships and interactions between the topics researched and emerging research trends by assessing word co-occurrences. According to a conceptual structure map depicted in Fig. 6, the lower cluster contains the greatest number of terms, indicating that scholars' focus has been drawn to safety in the coal mining industry.  When multiple correspondence analysis was applied to the keywords plus field, two clusters with a minimum of 50 keywords each were identified in the network. The journal's content was predominantly focused on coal mine safety issues, as seen by the conceptual organization of keywords plus and the authors' keywords, which were obtained from abstracts or titles.

Thematic map
Thematic networks were revealed using a conceptual structure network and keyword co-occurrence analysis. Networks were traced using a two-dimensional matrix that addressed  two types of thematic network measurement. These are the measures of centrality and density. Figure 7 of the thematic map depicts the density on the vertical axis. It represents the proportion of existent edges to feasible edges between clusters of surrounding nodes. With a larger or smaller number of relationships between one node and another, external connectivity serves as a measure of centrality. The centrality and density of a group are illustrated using a theme. The significance of a theme can be inferred from the research field of interest. Thematic maps represent network clusters inside each plot, and their labels are determined by the word with the highest occurrence value. For example, the upper-right quadrant illustrated for motor themes includes topics such as coal, coal mining, animals, food contamination, food safety, and safety management. The lower-right quadrant is devoted to safety-related topics. Emerging themes in the lower-left quadrant include water supply, water quality, risk assessment, and coal mining. Finally, in the upper-left quadrant, some issues are highly specialized, such as coal, coal mines, and accidents.

Temporal analysis of the most frequent keywords
Considering the most frequent keywords linked with the main content of the articles, keyword analysis is essential in identifying major research areas in coal mine safety. For instance, the terms "coal mining," "risk assessment," "safety management," "accidents," and "human" have all been recognized as highly relevant terms in the study works, as shown in Table 3. Additionally, Fig. 8 displays a word cloud list of frequency of appearance during a specific timeframe, such as "safety," "occupational health," "food contamination," "microbiology," "quality control," "coal mine safety," "food control," and "bacteria" were the top ten most often used keywords.

Contributions of countries to the societal structure
The cooperation relationship between countries in the investigated field was studied using collaboration networks analysis to research connected countries using bibliometric software. Figure 10 depicts the countries that contributed scientific research on coal mine safety issues. Australia mainly collaborates with Canada, the Netherlands, Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, etc. Similarly, the close cooperation countries with the Belgium are the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, France, Japan, Uganda, Kenya, etc. Furthermore, Belgium and the Netherlands have the most direct cooperation and research relationship in the coal mine safety industry. See Table 4 (Fig. 11).

Most-cited documents
The highly cited documents provide a basis for understanding the growth and direction of the safety concept within the coal mining industry. Below, we chronicle highly cited papers and try to provide a supporting basis for their relevance.
To recognize the highly cited documents in the field of coal mine safety, we studied the top documents with the most citations. Table 5 lists the top 25 most-cited publications based on the number of citations in the Scopus database. Mensah et al. (2002) had the most citations for their article on "Street foods in Accra, Ghana: how safe are they?" with (238 citations). This research examined the microbial quality of the foods sold on Accra's streets and the risk factors for their contamination. The study discovered that despite poor environmental cleanliness, street foods were nonetheless microbiologically healthy; however, public health officials still need to ensure stronger enforcement of the food sanitation rules. However, considering the effectiveness of using bacteria in coal mines, this study can be replicated in the coal mining industry. Farashahi et al. (2019) used microbiological agents like Bacillus subtilis bacteria to stabilize and prevent coal particles from entering the air. The findings demonstrated a decrease in the amount of coal dust entering the atmosphere, and this approach had progressed substantially to improve safety in the coal mine sector. This provides an incentive for further works to be carried out to substantiate the role a technological innovation like microbial suppression play within the coal mining industry. The study conducted by Howanitz (2005) is the secondmost-cited paper. His research focuses on characterizing error rates on essential performance indicators in laboratory medicine. He suggested that all laboratories consider developing performance indicators and standardizing their scientific designs and error reduction procedures. The coal mining industry can use this work to prevent mistakes made when operating industrial machinery. According to a study by Steiner and Burgess-Limerick (2013), mistakes in the operation of industrial equipment controls are A complimentary technology is the enforcing of the use of personal protection equipment (PPE) which can help reduce the lower minimal inhaler duct within an operation (Adjiski et al. 2019;Kursunoglu et al. 2022;R. Liu et al. 2021). Also, they should be an increase in safety education within this Industry to meet the high standard seen within medical laboratories (Dalyan et al. 2021;Xie et al. 2018). Another shortfall is there is often an absence of standardization in the mining sector leaving it prone to accidents as suggested by (Safa'at 2018). Therefore, policymakers can adopt policy documents from the laboratory department and domesticate them to meet the needs of the coal mining industry.
The third-most-cited work is McMeekin et al. (2006) on information systems in food safety management. He found that simple access to a variety of knowledge relevant to the types of pathogens commonly found in foods and the impact of environmental conditions on those bacteria has undoubtedly greatly helped the capacity to control microbiological food safety risks. However, the reverse is seen within the mining industry as operations are often considered patent and not open source for similar industry players to adapt and improve. This has instigated ad hoc adoption of different safety technology with minimal optimization.
The study by Cao et al. (2017) is the fourth-most-cited article. They investigated the explosive mechanism of coal dust by evaluating explosion severity parameters. It was proposed that the airflow of the dust explosion was more relevant in the secondary explosion of dust in a closed chamber than in a half-closed chamber. However, analytical estimations remain inadequate and challenging due to a lack of experimental data and the complexities involved in selecting many safety related components. To overcome this problem, more data and the development of numerical tools are required. A three-dimensional numerical simulation method   Nishida et al. 2018). This technology has the potential to become a significant tool for the design of safety measures, eventually replacing the usage of standard empirical calculations and charts. The fifth-most-cited work is Brown et al. (2000). The study considered the application of microbiological testing in beef safety systems. They found that microbiological testing for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point purposes must employ the enumeration of indicator organisms rather than pathogen detection. However, Brown et al. (2000) conducted related research in the coal mine safety industry on the enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation technology to reduce coal dust pollution in open-pit coal mines. The result indicated that biological dust suppressant is non-toxic and weakly alkaline based on its corrosive and toxicological qualities. This demonstrates that enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation is a promising method for reducing coal dust in the coal mine safety industry.

Discussion
The primary goal of this research was to examine the subject of safety management within the framework of coal industry research and its formation in the increasing safety protocol in an inherent hazardous sector. The long-term growth of the coal business has always placed a significant emphasis on sustainable development. Although there have been many new developments in the research of mine dust prevention, control technology, and safety management due to the mining industry's ongoing improvement, it is still challenging to adhere to the dust control criteria.
Researchers showed that process safety research is highly popular, as seen by the exponential increase in the number of documents during the last 50 years. Despite the fact that publications on this issue began around a century ago, verifiable research activity was only determined to be regularized in 1965. To prevent catastrophic accidents, experts are largely focused on creating approaches for safety and risk analysis, hazard identification, accident modeling, and safety practices. More precisely, it has been discovered that researchers prefer journal articles that concentrate on developing models and methodologies. According to the development of process safety, these techniques have been employed in the industry over the past three decades and are gaining more and more traction daily. Additionally, it has been noted that process safety is a global issue, and both developed and developing nations are engaged in this field of study. Although China, the USA, and Australia are the most common countries, Australia and China have grown enormously with research publications. This demonstrates a scientific interest in these nations to comprehend their sector's safety issues and provide excellent empirical answers. However, the majority of African countries lack such work. There is less coal mining in the area, which may cause this.
Another intriguing finding was that, according to the literature, more work was done in the food sector than in the coal sector. This raises serious concerns about the lack of scientific progress in the coal sector's safety. Investment in such research aids in assessing the situation and determining the best course of action for sustainable production and development. Other neglected areas that need focus are addressed below.

Mitigating human errors using technology
A major problem plaguing the industry is human error, advanced integrator support systems, such as decision support systems, sensor fault detection systems, operation reassurance systems, operator surveillance systems, smart control systems, condition monitoring systems, automated text analysis systems, and safety accreditation standards should be developed to lessen the effects of human discrepancies in the coal industry. Therefore, using AI technology in the coal industry to ensure safe and dependable operations is particularly important.
• Enhance the coal mine safety regulatory regime, put in place a comprehensive safety governance framework, and set positive yearly coal mine safety goals. • Boost investment in research and technology, emphasizing adopting technological procedures and scientific equipment to increase coal mine automation. • Promote miner safety education and professional coaching programs, decrease human error in mishaps, and shift from passive management to aggressive prevention.

Safety regulations
By enforcing obligatory safety restrictions and subsequently gradually raising the level of overall industry safety, the development and execution of coal mine safety laws aim to decrease the frequency of severe accidents in the coal sector (Mate 2022). Also, they should standardize protocols within the industry, enabling easy benchmarking (Zhu et al. 2022). In addition, many academics have urged the government to improve the safety oversight of coal mines since the adoption and application of safety laws have significantly influenced mine safety production (Shi and Xi 2018;Yao and Zhang 2015). However, we think the government may add another leg by fining and punishing business players who repeatedly violate safety regulations and cause catastrophic accidents. Additionally, a training program for such offenders was established, promoting better adherence to safety and deterrence over time (Schell-Busey 2022). The government may also foster an atmosphere that promotes safety investment and safeguards miners' lawful labor rights and dignity (Dzonzi-Undi and Li 2016), because the advantages of safety standards are closely related to how quickly technological equipment is used and how strictly rules are enforced. Within the acceptable boundaries of resources and safety, the sustainable development framework of coal mine safety promotes prioritizing the fundamental requirements of business development (Eslambolchi et al. 2019).

Conclusion
Safety vulnerabilities are a global concern that results in costly losses. According to Amslak and binti Aminudin (2022), inadequate safety management is responsible for an estimated 1.53 million fatalities worldwide (Collaborators 2020). As a result, worker safety is a major issue since it has enormous social and economic ramifications. As such, our study used a bibliometric analysis to understand prior work that has been done to find gaps and know the trajectory it has found. A survey of coal safety performance papers was given, including information on document categories, nations, institutions, journals, authorship, citation, and keywords. Overall, the quantity of CSP studies has been disappointing. Most research projects have prioritized technology innovation and development over safety norms. (i) Most works have come from advanced countries such as China, the USA, the UK, and Australia to the neglect of developing nations, leaving a significant vacuum in the literature. (ii) There are more major safety principles in the food business than in the mining industry, indicating a weak safety culture in the mining industry. Additionally, future research goals are provided, such as creating safer policy guidelines to support technological advancements, constructing effective safety mines, and creating solutions to dust pollution and human errors. The findings of this study have the potential to help future studies better understand the hotspots related to CSC.
Also an assessment of the current literature found that combining organizational and human elements is critical in developing workplace safety. Employees are the final defense against risks; thus, changing their behavior is critical to avoiding material and personal harm. On the other hand, unsafe activities are typically caused by fundamental problems with companies and their organizational structures, which incline employees to act without regard for safety.
These failures include a lack of guidelines and training programs (Amslak and binti Aminudin 2022; Corcoran 2022), a lack of motivation (Yan Zhang et al. 2022), a lack of work procedures (Wang et al. 2022a, b), imprecisely designed tasks (Brodny et al. 2022), an absence of oversight (Wu et al. n.d.), and unwavering disregard for safety by the supervisors (K. Li et al. 2022a, b;Shuang Li et al. 2022a, b). As a result, the emphasis on accident prevention has changed from technical and human faults to safety management activities and procedures. A safety management system displays an organization's dedication to reducing workplace accidents and illnesses. It is regarded as a predecessor of its safety environment, which is a set of attitudes and convictions held by its workers regarding the organization's importance of safety (Ahamad et al. 2022).
The better an organization's safety management system is, the more risk-averse its employees are and the safer their behaviors (Bhandari and Hallowell 2022). Because a safety management system incorporates a collection of rules and procedures to decrease occupational hazards, instilling good intentions in this system aids in effectively achieving the required degree of security by providing a mechanism to regulate and guide how employees do their tasks (Bhandari and Hallowell 2022). As a result, establishing how a company develops its safety management system is critical, as it has a large direct and indirect influence on its accident rate.

Policy recommendation
The systematic coordination of improvement is consequently necessary for the sustained growth of coal mine safety. This necessitates investing money in new technology and equipment, enhancing the training and oversight of miners' safety, and creating new laws and procedures, among other things. Thus, it is necessary to pay attention to a variety of topics. The information asymmetry problem is challenging to solve because the current regulatory doctrine and regulatory environment emphasize leading administrative supervision with the government as the single subject, ignoring the prominent participation of multiple issues like the media, inhabitants, and NGOs. Therefore, these institutions must promote safety management as a tradition within the coal sector. Also, the study encourages more study between advanced and developing countries which would serve as an opportunity for knowledge-sharing spillover to developing countries.