Advancements in the dominion of fate and transport of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products  in the environment- A Bibliometric study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1992914/v1

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Advancements in the dominion of fate and transport of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the environment- A Bibliometric study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1992914/v1

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published 17 Apr, 2023

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The study on Fate and Transport of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products, PPCPs (FTP) in the environment has received special attention for more than two decades pertaining to a threat to ecology and human health even at low concentrations due to their synergistic effects and long-range transport. The research aims to provide an inclusive map of the scientific background of FTP research over the last 25 years, from 1996 to 2020 to identify the main characteristics, evolution, salient research themes, trends, and valuable directions for future studies. Bibliometric networks were synthesized and analyzed for a total of 577 journal articles extracted from the Scopus database. Consequently, seven major themes of FTP research were identified as follows: (i) PPCPs Category; (ii) Hazardous Effects; (iii) Occurrence of PPCPs; (iv) PPCPs in Organisms; (v) Remediation; (vi) Fate and Transport Governing Processes and (vii)Assessment in the Environment. The themes gave an in-depth picture of the sources of PPCPs and their transport and fate processes in the environment which originated majorly from STP and sediment/soils/groundwater/oceans acting as its major sink. The article provided a rigorous review of the research landscape in the FTP study conducted during the specified years and its prominent highlight pattern may serve basis of real-time guidance to lead future research areas and a tool for policymakers and practitioners to handle the ever-increasing concentration of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in the environment.

Bibliometric analysis

bibliographic coupling

content analysis

text mining

risk assessment

In recent decades, emerging contaminants (ECs) have attracted significant concern globally due to their probable chronic and acute toxicity (Tong et al., 2022). A new class of ECs identified includes pharmaceutical drugs in combination with personal care products, commonly referred to as Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care products (PPCPs) (Zenobio, 2019). PPCPs are an extraordinary, diversified group of organic compounds utilized in human health, veterinary medicine, agricultural practices, and cosmetic care (sunscreens, fragrances, personal hygiene products, and nutritional substances) (Barceló & Petrovic, 2007; Eriksson et al., 2003). These so-called new ECs are highly bioactive, polar, optically active, and present in trace concentrations (Barceló & Petrovic, 2007). PPCPs have drawn attention in recent years due to following reasons: (i) present in large quantities along with their metabolites and transformation products (Daughton & Ternes, 1999; J. L. Liu & Wong, 2013); (ii) pharmaceuticals are developed to perform a biological effect; (iii) PPCPs exhibit similar physico-chemical behaviour as harmful xenobiotics, such as lipophilicity and persistence; (iv) continuous introduction of PPCPs via sewage treatment plants (STPs) and septic tanks (Barceló & Petrovic, 2007); (v) These pharmaceuticals comprises of more than 4000 molecules with varying physical, chemical and biological properties having unique mode of biochemical action (Boxall et al., 2012); (vi) PPCPs are ubiquitous in nature and have been detected in WWTPs, drains, surface water (river, lakes, sea, oceans), sediments, soils (vadose zone and saturated soils, agricultural water), groundwater, drinking water, air, wetlands, sewage sludge, landfills, septic tanks, humans and biota; (vii) difficult to remove using conventional waste water treatment plants, thus re-enter the water cycle and behave as persistent pollutants, hence termed as “pseudo-persistent compounds" (Ellis, 2006); (viii) Present in low concentration, hence may not be ecotoxic when acting singly, but in mixtures may elicit significant toxicity (Cleu, 2003); (ix) The improved analytical methods for the detection has led to an increase in the concern about the fate of PPCPs (Kalyva, 2017); (x) Induce resistant genes to the detoxifying microbes of pharmaceuticals (Al-bahry et al., 2009; Dantas et al., 2008; Y Yang et al., 2011); (xi) Due to partial metabolism in humans and animals, intact parent compounds are excreted to the environment causing post-therapeutic effects on non-targeted organisms (Fent et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2016; Yan et al., 2013).

Pharmaceuticals have been extensively used in huge quantities in the last decade and are not absorbed and completely metabolized by humans, thus ending up in the raw sewage in several manners, either completely unmetabolized, rinsed of the body, or disposed of as discarded medication (Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008). Few PPCPs are conjugated in the body before excretion. These conjugated forms are generally broken down in STPs and they may be transformed back to the parent compound (Karnjanapiboonwong et al., 2011). The PPCPs may also get into the environment via leaching from landfills, wrongful disposal, and industries, the primary source of PPCPs being the STPs (Archer et al., 2017). Their presence in the raw sewage may affect the performance of STPs causing toxicity to microorganisms, affecting marine life, and contaminating groundwater and food crops (Drillia et al., 2005). After being discharged from the STPs, the PPCPs present in sewage cause contamination in the receiving water bodies (J. L. Liu & Wong, 2013). Effluents from WWTPs (reclaimed water) are also used in irrigation to reduce water supply demand, which serves as an introductory pathway for PPCPs in the soil (Chad et al., 2006; Pedersen et al., 2005). The PPCPs adsorbed onto the active sludge in STPs, enter the soil on sludge land application, also the reclaimed wastewater used in agricultural irrigation having PPCPs, gets into the soil and further reaches the groundwater and finally the drinking water (Drillia et al., 2005). The reclaimed wastewater from the STPs used in irrigating crop fields passes through the soil and is subjected to degradation, volatilization, adsorption, and plant uptake (Cardoza et al., 2005; J. Xu et al., 2009). Many gaps remain about the occurrence, fate, and transformation in the complex ecological system due to the diversity and different physicochemical properties in the varying environment (Yuan et al., 2020). The PPCPs starting from their source and reaching their destination may undergo various processes of adsorption, degradation, and volatilization in various media of the environment (W. Chen et al., 2013a). Although PPCPs are present in low concentrations, the continual introduction to the environment may lead to significant environmental concentrations. Research shows that the regular used PPCPs may mimic hormones even at low concentrations (few nanograms per liters) altering the various vertebrate endocrine system pathways, many are persistent and remain in the environment for long without being altered thus posing risk when being discharged in the environment (Drillia et al., 2005).

The detrimental effects of the PPCPs call for an effective treatment system for the removal of these PPCPs before being discharged from WWTPs. While the conventional wastewater treatment processes including sedimentation, activated sludge and flocculation are not efficient in the complete removal of the PPCPs (Castiglioni et al., 2006; Lishman et al., 2006; J. L. Liu & Wong, 2013; Paxéus, 2004; Santos et al., 2007). However, some of the advanced technologies such as membrane filtration, ultrafiltration, ozonation, UV, reverse osmosis, granular activated carbon, and conventional disinfection with chlorine are successful in removing partially some of the ECs, but their application is limited due to high costs (Beltrán et al., 2008; Huang et al., 2011; Matamoros et al., 2007; Roberts & Thomas, 2006). Also, the difference in the physicochemical properties of these PPCPs makes it almost impossible to design a robust treatment system. An alternative is thus required to keep a check on the increasing concentration of PPCPs in the environment. One of the possible alternatives is to conduct routine monitoring of every contaminant, which proves to be spatially and temporally cumbersome, and also expensive (Trinh et al., 2016). Thus, monitoring data cannot be used alone for determining the relative magnitudes of various sources and cannot meet real-time prediction demands for the emergent events, though it provides some understanding of the environmental behavior and exposure routes (Lindim et al., 2016; Song et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2012). Hence, mathematical modeling comes to the rescue which can predict the concentration of the contaminant in various media with good accuracy (Lindim et al., 2017) and also serves as a valuable technique to evaluate the possible effects of applying the alternative management techniques in the ecosystem, thus performing risk assessment studies (Noutsopoulos et al., 2019). Models create a quantitative link between the contaminant's physicochemical properties, emission estimates as well as the measured concentrations of contaminants, thus the model provides insight into physical, chemical, and biological factors which determines the pollutant's behavior in the environment (Riley, 2005), for which we need to have an intensive insight of the fate and transport processes occurring in the environment. Presently, there are many studies conducted for the investigation of source, transport, distribution, transformation, migration, and the risk assessment of PPCPs (Charuaud et al., 2019; H. Yang et al., 2019; Ye et al., 2007). However, most of these studies focus on some aspects and partial processes of the PPCPs, thereby revealing incomplete behavior and dynamics (Ebele et al., 2017; M. Liu et al., 2019). Due to deferring monitoring time, targeted PPCPs, analytical methods, regional characteristics, etc., it is very cumbersome to monitor and quantify the whole life cycle of PPCPs from the human consumption to the destination (Yuan et al., 2020). However, many gaps remain in our understanding of the occurrence, fate, transport, and transformation in the complex environmental system due to the diversity and varying physiochemical properties in varying environments. Thus, the area still needs to be completely explored to quantify the risk due to these PPCPs.

While studying any field, having information on the research trends in the present, past, and future is of prime importance. On implementation of statistical, mathematical, and visualization methods, analysis of bibliometrics is regarded as a powerful tool to analyze publications quantitatively. It benefits the researcher by providing easily comprehendible visual information and provides a brief history of a certain topic or research area. The relationship between journals, countries, and research centers (acknowledged by their affiliations) may also be known by citations and co-citation analysis. The number of times of occurrences of keywords proves to be useful in revealing the present, past, and future trends in the study. The study here deals with a brief introduction about the PPCPs and presents a statistical analysis based on research published in Scopus database journal between 1996 to 2021 intended to identify publication growth and trends, top journals, authors, countries, sponsors, institutions, and keywords involved in the area of FTP.The paper will provide a synopsis of the research trends, hotspots, and a contextual perspective on the FTP study. Also, an attempt has been made for an in-depth FTP study in the environment originating from its source viz. STPs to its sink (sediment/soil/groundwater/oceans etc.). These PPCPs have been detected in the whole ecosystem and are very difficult to treat owing to their complex spatial-temporal behaviour in the environment. Predicting and keeping a check on the ever-increasing concentration of the PPCPs in the environment by numerical modeling comes to the rescue, which requires a critical understanding of the fate and transport processes it is subjected to while being transported in the environment. Advection, degradation, and adsorption seem to be the major processes governing its transport and fate. The paper will prove to be useful before proceeding with forecasting the FTP concentration in the environment. Also, the article may serve as a useful tool in quantifying risk and in policy-making of the PPCPs once they exceed their permissible environment concentration

The Scopus database has been selected for the raw data extraction for the FTP-related studies that were subjected to bibliometric analysis, data mining, and analysis of content using R software, Biblioshiny, MS Excel, and VOS viewer software.

2.1. Raw Data Extraction

To ensure maximum coverage of FTP publications, Scopus was used over Web of Science as a database to extract the related documents from 1996 to 2021. The preliminary selection of documents was based on the Title, Abstract, and Keywords (TITLE-ABS-KEY) using the following terms: (“fate OR “Distribution”) AND transport of (“Pharmaceuticals” OR “Personal Care Products” OR “PPCPs” OR “Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products”) in the (“environment” OR “Soil” OR “Sediment” OR “Water” OR “Sewage” OR “Air” OR “Landfills” OR “Sewage treatment plants”). A pictorial representation of the research framework is shown in Fig. 1. The language of the documents was restricted to English and the type of documents shortlisted were articles and reviews. These criteria resulted in a total of 577 documents.

2.2. Data analysis

The techniques used for analysis are Bibliometric analysis, data mining, and analysis of content. These three analytical methods have been employed in the study to investigate the structure and evolution of the FTP research. Bibliometric analysis is a powerful statistical tool to analyze gobs of published research and scientific article mapping which is being increasingly used in recent years. The bibliometric analysis brace researchers in the identification of research directions in the future. It yields relationships between articles, journals, countries, keywords, citation, and co-citation networks. Various bibliometric parameters are presented to identify research hotspots and statistically map the analyzed bibliometric information pertaining to scientific publications in the last 25 years.

A text mining method is a tool for extricating information from a huge collection of documents in text format and deducing research hotspots, themes, and trends. It characterizes the data based on phrase patterns and connotation structures in the text. Text mining is performed in the study by employing a "co-occurrence" algorithm on the semanticity of the author and index keywords within the dataset. Consequently, the conceptual structure, hotspot, trends, and latent research themes in the FTP research were identified.

Content analysis is conducted to yield an additional in-depth apprehension of the quantitative findings of the analysis done. Using the data clustering technique, data is clustered using a bibliographic coupling, followed by qualitative content analysis on the top fifteen influential articles within each cluster to identify the theoretical orientation of the FTP research.

2.3. Data Visualizations and Interpretation-Tools used

A combination of VOSviewer, Biblioshiny, and MS Office tools was used to analyze the collected information. To be specific, interpretation, visualization, and analysis of bibliometric networks (collaboration networks and co-occurrence networks) were prepared using VOS viewer software. For data mining, VOSviewer and MS excel have been used interactively. R software and Biblioshiny have been exploited for studying the author's performance and constructing the Tree plot and Sankey diagram.

3.1. Research growth trend

The basic information obtained from Scopus on FTP research is tabulated in Table 1. The FTP databases comprise 577 documents from 1996 to 2021 published in a total of 213 data sources. The retrieved documents have an average of 7.18 years from publications, 69.23 mean citations per article and 7.472 average citations per year. A total of 38588 references have been used in the documents. The collected documents have 8106 keywords plus or index-keywords, 1892 author-keywords, 2418 authors, and 2925 author appearances. Among the articles extracted, 18 of them are single-authored, and 2400 authors have appeared in multi-authored documents.

Table 1

Key Evidence of F&T of PPCPs Study Scopus Database
Description	Results
MAIN INFORMATION ABOUT DATA
Timespan	1996:2021
Sources (Journals, Books, etc)	213
Documents	577
Average years from publication	7.18
Average citations per document	69.23
Average citations per year per doc	7.472
References	38588
DOCUMENT TYPES
article	464
review	113
DOCUMENT CONTENTS
Keywords Plus (ID)	8106
Author's Keywords (DE)	1892
AUTHORS
Authors	2418
Author Appearances	2925
Authors of single-authored documents	18
Authors of multi-authored documents	2400
AUTHORS COLLABORATION
Single-authored documents	18
Documents per Author	0.239
Authors per Document	4.19
Co-Authors per Documents	5.07
Collaboration Index	4.29

The number of publications on the fate and transport study of PPCPs during the last 25 years has been shown in Fig. 2. It is apparent that the study on FTP has grown continually and started ascending after 2007. There is a handful of studies before the 2000s, and there is a rise in the research from the early 2000s onwards with the highest number of publications in 2016. The trend growth is an indication that although FTP research is having old roots, significant attention is gained for two decades. The three main phases deduced from the growth trend are the stagnant, fluctuation, and booming phases of the research. Before 2001, there was a stagnant phase as the number of publications per year was reported to be insignificant. The research entered a fluctuating phase from 2001 to 2007, as the number of publications fluctuated smoothly around a general trend upwards. The changes became sharper after 2007 when the research entered a blooming phase as the number of publications rose from 10 in 2007 to 48 in 2021.

The growth trends might be associated beyond scientific interest, particularly, with the catastrophic events that happened to the increasing concentration of PPCPs in the environment, The PPCPs are not easily removed by the conventional water treatment system (Reyes et al., 2021) that has found their way to the environment, therefore tend to accumulate (Deblonde et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2012) and persist in the environment for months and years and cause detrimental effects to the ecosystem (Monteiro & Boxall, 2009).

3.2. Thematic Areas of FTP study from 1996 to 2021

The thematic areas are linked to article classification as seen in Fig. 3. Environmental Science tops the category with 324 articles published followed by, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, medicine, Engineering, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, and Materials Science and Earth and Planetary Sciences with 175, 108, 74, 44, 32, 28, 27, 26 and 20 respectively.

4.1. Bibliometric analysis- Citation analysis of the collected FTP literature

4.1.1. Productive and Domineering articles

The rise in trend of the study of F&T of PPCPs has rapidly influenced novel publications’ mean and total citations. The mean citations per article and total mean citations per year have been depicted in Fig. 3, the citations being rounded to a whole number. The publication year of documents is plotted across the x-axis, mean citations per document across the primary y-axis, and mean citations per year across the secondary y-axis. The mean citation per document in 1996 is 7, which jumped to 112 in 1998 as an article published on the theoretical absorption model for passive diffusion via biological membranes was published in the year with 273 citations (Carmenisch et al., 1998). The mean citations per document again rose to 200 in 2001, and 240 in 2005. After 2005, the mean citations/document followed a general downwards trend and the mean citation/documents decreases to 4 in 2021. It is clear from Fig. 1 that the publication rate went on increasing in recent years, because of which the mean citations/documents declined. The mean total citation/year also seeks a similar trend with the mean citations/document till 2019. Initially, the mean citations/year was 0 which rose to 49 in 2002, and then declined to 9 in 2003, after which it followed almost a stagnant trend; the value of the citation varies from 7,15,5,6,11,7,7,9,8,7,9,9 and 6 from 2004 to 2016, respectively. The value of mean citation/year again rose from 17 in 2017 to 16 in 2020. The key evidence conferred that F&T of PPCPs research documents have 69.23 average citations/document and 7.472 average citations/year/document. The section analyses and demonstrates the highest cited articles in the field of F&T of PPCPs research. The top 20 most cited papers in F&T of PPCPs can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2

Top 20 papers with highest citations in F&T of PPCPs study
	TITLE	Journal of Hazardous Materials	Cited	References
1	Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000: A national reconnaissance	Environmental Science and Technology	6400	Kolpin et al., 2002
2	Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes	Environmental Science and Technology	1140	Westerhoff et al., 2005
3	The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK	Water Research	816	Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008
4	Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment	Emerging Contaminants	726	Ebele et al., 2017
5	Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disruptors in water: Implications for the water industry	Environmental Engineering Science	685	Snyder et al., 2003
6	Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environment, a case study: Höje River in Sweden	Journal of Hazardous Materials	642	Bendz et al., 2005
7	A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States - II) Untreated drinking water sources	Science of the Total Environment	609	et al., 2008
8	Physicochemical profiling (solubility, permeability and charge state.	Current topics in medicinal chemistry	474	Avdeef et al., 2001
9	Vitamin E TPGS as a molecular biomaterial for drug delivery	Biomaterials	442	Zhang et al., 2012
10	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs	AAPS Journal	438	Benet et al., 2011
11	Occurrence, sources, and fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment and soil	Environmental Pollution	437	Li et al., 2014
12	The role of ABC transporters in drug resistance, metabolism and toxicity.	Current drug delivery	425	Glavinas et al., 2004
13	Skin penetration enhancers	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	408	Lane et al., 2013
14	Biodegradable nanoparticles for cytosolic delivery of therapeutics	Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews	395	Vasir et al., 2007
15	Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: A review	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety	382	Bouki et al., 2013
16	Measurement of triclosan in wastewater treatment systems	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry	370	McAvoy et al., 2002
17	Hospital effluent: Investigation of the concentrations and distribution of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment	Science of the Total Environment	351	Verlicchi et al., 2012
18	Antidepressants and their metabolites in municipal wastewater, and downstream exposure in an urban watershed	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry	335	Metcalfe et al., 2010
19	Occurrence, sources and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the groundwater: A review	Emerging Contaminants	331	Sui et al., 2015
20	Fate of diclofenac in municipal wastewater treatment plant - A review	Environment International	317	Vieno et al., 2014

4.1.2. Productivity and dominance of Sources

Based on Scopus data collected, the 577 documents extracted were published in a total of 213 journals. However, 143 journals have had only 1 article published in the area of study. A list of the top 20 journals in the F&T study is provided in Table 3. These top 20 journals published 51.47% of the total documents. "Science of the Total Environment" with 74 articles (34.74%) secures the topmost rank among the journals, followed by "Chemosphere", "Water Environment Research", "water Research" and "Environmental Pollution" published 28, 23, 21, and 18 articles in F&T study of PPCPs, thus accounting for 13.15%, 10.8%, 9.86% and 8.45% of all the publications, respectively. The table also highlights the journals' h index, g index, and m index.

Table 3

Top 20 most productive sources in publishing research in F&T of PPCPs
Rank	Sources	Publisher	Impact Factor	Articles	h_index	g_index	m_index	TC
1	SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT	Elsevier	7.963 (2020)	74	33	64	1.57	4171
2	CHEMOSPHERE	Elsevier	7.086 (2020)	28	19	28	1.12	1385
3	WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH	Water Environment Federation	1.85 (2020)	23	9	13	0.64	230
4	WATER RESEARCH	Elsevier	11.236 (2021)	21	16	19	1.07	2106
5	ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION	Elsevier	8.071 (2020)	18	14	17	1.4	1394
6	ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY	ACS Publications	9.028 (2021)	18	17	18	0.81	9195
7	ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY	Wiley-Blackwell	3.742 (2021)	14	12	14	0.57	1222
8	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS	Elsevier	5.72 (2021)	14	11	14	0.5	873
9	JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS	Elsevier	10.588 (2021)	13	10	13	0.56	1348
10	ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH	Springer Science + Business Media	4.223 (2021)	12	6	10	0.43	393
11	EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES	Elsevier	4.38 (2020)	8	6	8	0.24	560
12	EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS	Elsevier	5.571 (2020)	8	7	8	0.29	310
13	JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE	Elsevier	9.776 (2020)	8	7	8	0.37	679
14	JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES	Elsevier	3.534 (2020)	8	7	8	0.58	123
15	ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS	Elsevier	15.47 (2020)	6	6	6	0.3	971
16	BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN	Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (Japan)	2.23 (2021)	6	5	6	0.29	140
17	DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY	Informa Pharmaceutical Science	3.225 (2021)	6	4	5	0.19	79
18	ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL	Elsevier	9.621 (2021)	6	6	6	0.6	852
19	ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT	Springer	2.513 (2020)	6	5	5	0.36	166
20	EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY	Taylor & Francis	6.648 (2020)	6	5	6	0.29	219

4.1.3. Productivity and Dominance of Countries

According to Scopus data, the 577 articles were published by authors from 66 different countries. However, 12 countries published only one article. Figure 5 represents the country's scientific production in FTP research, where the dark blue color represents the country is on top and the lightest shade of blue represents the country's less involvement in the research. It is observed that USA and China are the leading countries in the FTP study. Table 4 summarizes the top 20 countries involved in the study based on various parameters. The parameters to assess the performance of a country are the total number of articles (NoA) published, possessing single authorship by the country, the number of articles having the first authorship, its H- Index, and the collaboration among the countries, and the citation analysis. The top five productive countries based on the total number of articles published in the research area are the USA (35.01%), China (12.48%), Germany (9.53%), and the United Kingdom (8.67%), and Canada (6.59%). The ranking of a country is based on the Single Authorship (SA) which indicates the number of articles written by a single country and First Authorship (FA) indicating the number of articles having the first author of the country is the USA, China, Germany, UK, and Canada. The H Index (H-I) of the country indicates the country's overall performance by the Scientific Journal Ranking (SJR) in the area of "Environmental Engineering" and does not particularly relate to F&T of PPCPs. The highest productive country according to H Index is the US, China, India, the UK, and Canada. The collaboration among the top 20 countries has been shown in Fig. 6. The thickness of the lines indicates the number the collaborations, the order of maximum collaboration as apprehended from Fig. 6 is USA-China, USA-Canada, USA-Spain, and USA-UK. The countries located in the center imply the highest tendency of collaboration i.e. USA and the countries having marginal positions such as India, and Belgium indicate their secluded research efforts. The highest ranking based on the collaborations (link and total link strength (TLS)) as seen in Table 4 are the US, UK, China, and Germany. The parameter, link in the table indicates the number of collaborations with other countries in the top 20 list, and the total link strength indicates the total number of documents in which the country has collaborated with all other countries involved in the research of F&T of PPCPs. The countries are also ranked based on the total number of citations (TC) of the articles and the normalized citation score (NCS). The NCS is equal to the total citations of a particular country divided by the mean citations of all the articles published in the same year by other countries. The NCS is of paramount importance as it is a correction of the fact that older articles get more time to be cited.

Table 4

Ranking of top 20 countries based on parameters assessing country’s productivity
COUNTRY	NoA	SA	FA	H-I	Link	TLS	TC	NCS
United States	202 (1)	124 (1)	162 (1)	335 (1)	18 (1)	265 (1)	19931 (1)	186.59 (1)
China	72 (2)	40 (2)	58 (2)	266 (2)	16 (2)	114 (2)	4137 (3)	96.73 (2)
Germany	55 (3)	32 (3)	37 (3)	199 (7)	13 (4)	59 (4)	3225 (4)	48.93 (4)
United Kingdom	50 (4)	21 (4)	30 (4)	230 (4)	16 (2)	121 (3)	4319 (2)	77.85 (3)
Canada	38 (5)	19 (5)	28 (5)	208 (5)	12 (5)	43 (6)	2073 (5)	34.34 (7)
Spain	33 (6)	13 (7)	26 (6)	204 (6)	10 (9)	50 (5)	1651 (6)	34.62 (5)
Australia	26 (7)	7 (12)	15 (9)	197 (8)	11 (6)	41 (8)	1353 (8)	34.36 (6)
Denmark	23 (8)	9 (9)	18 (7)	156 (13)	9 (10)	32 (10)	1344 (9)	19.26 (9)
Italy	20 (9)	6 (15)	13 (10)	170 (11)	5 (14)	10 (16)	1294 (11)	22.56 (8)
Japan	20 (10)	13 (7)	13 (10)	165 (12)	5 (14)	10 (16)	568 (14)	12.81 (14)
Switzerland	20 (11)	8 (10)	13 (10)	149 (15)	11 (6)	32 (10)	1523 (7)	16.82 (13)
India	18 (12)	16 (6)	17 (8)	236 (3)	2 (20)	4 (19)	717 (13)	16.92 (12)
Sweden	17 (13)	4 (18)	7 (18)	153 (14)	11 (6)	43 (6)	1337 (10)	17.04 (11)
France	15 (14)	7 (12)	8 (17)	185 (10)	6 (13)	8 (18)	414 (17)	9.40 (17)
Israel	12 (15)	5 (16)	9 (15)	83 (20)	8 (11)	34 (9)	529 (15)	8.24 (18)
Netherlands	12 (16)	3 (19)	6 (19)	186 (9)	5 (14)	11 (15)	506 (16)	11.23 (16)
Singapore	11 (17)	5 (16)	9 (15)	119 (18)	7 (12)	23 (12)	1173 (12)	18.95 (10)
Belgium	10 (18)	2 (20)	5 (20)	136 (16)	3 (19)	4 (19)	262 (19)	6.67 (19)
Poland	10 (19)	8 (10)	10 (13)	104 (19)	5 (14)	14 (13)	285 (18)	12.51 (15)
South Korea	10 (20)	5 (12)	7(13)	176 (17)	5 (14)	12 (14)	213 (20)	17.02 (20)

The growth trend in the research area of the top 5 countries is depicted in Fig. 7. It is observed that since 2000, the USA is dominating all other countries. A few reasons for the increased research in the USA in the context of PPCPs could be due to increased scientific output and environmental awareness and the search for technologies to take care of the harm posed due to the increasing concentration of PPCPs in the environment. The sponsorship information of the research from various countries has been Tabulated in Table 5. The maximum number of sponsors is from the USA followed by China. The dominance of the USA here may be because of the strong support of the government of the USA in monitoring water resources.

Table 5

Top 20 funding sponsors of F&T of PPCPs research projects
Rank	Sponsorship Program	Funded Articles	Country	Type
1	National Natural Science Foundation of China	39	China	Public
2	European Commission	24	Multiple	Public
3	National Institutes of Health	16	USA	Public
4	National Science Foundation	15	USA	Public
5	European Regional Development Fund	14	Multiple	Public
6	Horizon 2020 Framework Programme	10	Multiple	Public
7	Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft	9	Germany	Public
8	Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad	9	Spain	Public
9	Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China	8	China	Public
10	National Institute of General Medical Sciences	8	USA	Public

4.1.4. Dynamic Authors in FTP research

A total of 2418 distinct authors have published in FTP research. The average count of authors per article is 4.19. Among 2418 authors 2100 have published only one document, and 18 documents are single-authored. Information regarding the top 25 authors in FTP research based on the number of articles (NoA) has been tabulated in Table 6 and based on citations have been tabulated in Table 7. The top 20 universities/institutes to which the maximum numbers of authors are affiliated can be seen in Fig. 8, where 40, 38, and 27 authors are affiliated with the University of California, University of Copenhagen, and Ghent University respectively. Also, the affiliation of top authors has been tabulated in Table 6 and Table 7. According to Table 6, Mearns, Alan J. ranks as the dominant author with 10 published articles followed by Rempel-Hester, Mary Ann, Arthur, Courtney D., Barceló, Damià À., and Li, Hui having published 10,9,8 and 8 documents respectively. Referring to Table 7, Barber, Larry B., has the highest citation of 7189, followed by Meyer, Michael T., Furlong, Edward T., Kolpin, D. W., and Zaugg, Steven D. with 7058, 7027, 7027, and 7027 citations respectively. Overall, US and Spain researchers have secured the top 5 positions. Figure 9 depicts the co-authorship network of the top 50 authors in FTP research. It is seen that only 37 authors had collaborations. Table 6 and Table 7 provide co-authorship information of authors including links, total link strength, and normalized citation score. The top 25 authors' production over years can be seen in Fig. 10. The top authors have been active after 2006, the average publication year of the top 25 authors, along with the H-I index of the authors can be seen in Table 6 and Table 7.

Table 6

Top twenty-five most productive authors in publishing research articles on FTP
Author	COUNTRY	AFFILIATION	NoA	FA	citations	Avg Publication Year	Normalized citation score	Link	total link strength	H-I
Mearns, Alan J.	US	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	10 (1)	10	80 (18)	2015.5	1.85 (16)	10 (19)	10 (18)	16 (16)
Rempel-Hester, Mary Ann	US	Ecoanalysts, USA	10 (1)	0	80 (18)	2015.5	1.85 (16)	10 (19)	10 (18)	7 (21)
Arthur, Courtney D.	US	Industrial Economics, Incorporated, Cambridge	9 (3)	0	66 (21)	2016	1.68 (18)	10 (19)	10 (18)	7 (21)
Barceló, Damià À.	Spain	Catalan Institute of Water Research	8 (4)	0	996 (3)	2014.5	18.61 (1)	61 (12)	73 (12)	130 (1)
Li, Hui	US	Michigan State University	8 (4)	1	633 (6)	2012.5	8.94 (8)	95 (8)	142 (6)	42 (10)
Chen, Xin	China	Capital Medical University	8 (4)	0	341 (11)	2014.38	7.74 (10)	46 (14)	76 (11)	6 (23)
Reish, Donald J.	US	California State University Long Beach	8 (4)	0	70 (23)	2014.5	1.37 (20)	10 (19)	10 (18)	17 (14)
Rutherford, Nicolle	US	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	8 (4)	0	59 (22)	2016.5	1.58 (19)	10 (19)	10 (18)	8 (20)
Oshida, Philip S.	US	United States Environmental Protection Agency	7 (9)	0	66 (21)	2014	1.14 (23)	4 (25)	4 (24)	10 (18)
Barber, Larry B.	US	United States Geological Survey	5 (10)	0	7189 (1)	2008.2	13.06 (2)	420 (2)	572 (2)	51 (8)
Xu, Jian	China	Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences	5 (10)	1	424 (9)	2014.2	7.14 (11)	67 (10)	112 (8)	43 (9)
Yu, Gang	China	Tsinghua University	5 (10)	0	411 (10)	2019	11.6 (4)	64 (11)	70 (13)	77 (3)
Morse, Audra N.	US	Michigan Technological University	5 (10)	0	226 (13)	2012.4	3.07 (15)	124 (5)	172 (5)	17 (14)
Wang, Yongjun	China	Shenyang Pharmaceutical University	5 (10)	2	158 (14)	2015.6	3.94 (14)	28 (18)	28 (17)	36 (11)
Pellegrin, Marie Laure	US	HDR, Tampa	5 (10)	0	97 (15)	2011.8	1.34 (21)	144 (3)	179 (3)	9 (19)
Wells, Martha J.M.	US	EnviroChem Services, Cookville	5 (10)	1	97 (15)	2011.8	1.34 (21)	145 (3)	179 (3)	22 (12)
Wang, Bin	China	Shandong University	5 (10)	0	83 (17)	2020	5.28 (13)	30 (17)	39 (16)	52 (7)
Ginn, Thomas C.	US	Exponent, Inc., Alexandria	5 (10)	0	58 (24)	-	-	58 (13)	0 (25)	12 (17)
Morrison, Ann Michelle	US	Exponent, Inc., Alexandria	5 (10)	0	22 (25)	2018	0.9 (24)	10 (19)	10 (18)	4 (24)
Kolpin, D. W.	US	United States Geological Survey	4 (20)	1	7027 (2)	2011.75	11.96 (3)	430 (1)	580 (1)	62 (5)
Snyder, Shane A.	Singapore	Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute	4 (20)	1	757 (4)	2010.75	5.65 (12)	70 (9)	89 (10)	71 (4)
Petrovic, Mira	Spain	Catalan Institute for Water Research	4 (20)	0	648 (4)	2015.75	11.56 (5)	44 (15)	53 (14)	79 (2)
Conkle, Jeremy Landon	US	Texas A and M University- Corpus Christi	4 (20)	1	564 (6)	2013	9.73 (7)	105 (6)	119 (8)	18 (13)
Gan, Jay	US	University of California, Riverside	4 (20)	0	563 (8)	2014.25	9.91 (6)	102 (7)	121 (7)	60 (6)
Li, Zhuoxuan	Denmark	Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen	4 (20)	1	356 (11)	2016	8.22 (9)	38 (16)	43 (15)	1 (25)

Table 7

Top twenty-five most productive authors of most cited articles in FTP research
author	COUNTRY	AFFILIATION	citations	Avg Publication Year	Normalized citation score	Documents	FA	Link	total link strength	H-I
Barber, Larry B.	US	United States Geological Survey, Reston	7189	2008.2	13.06 (2)	5 (3)	0	420 (2)	572 (2)	51 (11)
Meyer, Michael T.	US	United States Geological Survey, Reston	7058	2006.67	11.97 (3)	3 (7)	0	409 (3)	554 (3)	49 (13)
Furlong, Edward T.	US	United States Geological Survey Central Region, Denver	7027	2008.67	11.96 (4)	3 (7)	0	408 (4)	549 (4)	51 (11)
Kolpin, D. W.	US	United States Geological Survey, Reston	7027	2011.75	11.96 (4)	4 (4)	1	430 (1)	580 (1)	62 (7)
Zaugg, Steven D.	US	United States Geological Survey, Reston	7027	2008	11.63 (6)	3 (7)	0	407 (5)	536 (5)	27 (20)
Buxton, Herbert T.	US	United States Geological Survey	6400	2002	6.89 (15)	1 (13)	0	386 (6)	444 (6)	8 (24)
Thurman, Earl Michael	US	University of Colorado, Boulder	6400	2002	6.89 (15)	1 (13)	0	386 (6)	444 (7)	69 (6)
Westerhoff, Paul K.	US	Arizona State University, Tempe	1825	2004	9.23 (11)	2 (10)	1	46 (17)	62 (17)	84 (2)
Yoon, Yeomin	US	University of South Carolina, Columbia	1825	2004	9.23 (11)	2 (10)	0	46 (17)	62 (17)	54 (9)
Wert, Eric C.	US	Southern Neveda Water Authority, Las Vegas	1140	2005	4.75 (20)	1 (13)	0	31 (20)	36 (20)	26 (21)
Barceló, Damià À.	Spain	Catalan Institute of Water Research	996	2014.5	18.61 (1)	8 (1)	0	61 (16)	73 (16)	130 (1)
Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara	UK	University of Bath, Bath	849	2013	7.8 (14)	2 (10)	1	86 (9)	88 (10)	52 (10)
Dinsdale, Richard M.	UK	University of South Wales, Pontypridd	816	2008	5.96 (17)	1 (13)	0	82 (10)	84 (11)	44 (14)
Guwy, Alan J.	UK	University of South Wales, Pontypridd	816	2008	5.96 (17)	1 (13)	0	82 (10)	84 (11)	42 (15)
snyder s.a.	Singapore	Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute	757	2010.75	5.65 (19)	4 (4)	1	70 (15)	89 (9)	71 (4)
Abdallah, Mohamed Abou Elwafa	UK	University of Birmingham	726	2017	10.62 (8)	1 (13)	0	82 (10)	82 (13)	36 (17)
Ebele, Anekwe Jennifer	UK	University of Birmingham	726	2017	10.62 (8)	1 (13)	1	82 (10)	82 (13)	3 (25)
Harrad, Stuart J.	UK	University of Birmingham	726	2017	10.62 (8)	1 (13)	0	82 (10)	82 (13)	61 (8)
Sedlak, David L.	UK	University of California, Berkeley	685	2003	4.49 (21)	1 (13)	0	27 (25)	28 (25)	71 (4)
Petrovic, Mira	Spain	Catalan Institute for Water Research	648	2015.75	11.56 (7)	4 (4)	1	44 (19)	53 (19)	79 (3)
Bendz, David	Sweden	Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linkoping	642	2005	2.67 (22)	1 (13)	1	31 (20)	31 (21)	13 (23)
Ginn, Timothy R.	US	Washington State University, Pullman	642	2005	2.67 (22)	1 (13)	0	31 (20)	31 (21)	36 (17)
Loge, Frank J.	US	University of California, Davis	642	2005	2.67 (22)	1 (13)	0	31 (20)	31 (21)	31 (19)
Paxéus, Nicklas A.	Sweden	UKM, Gothenburg	642	2005	2.67 (22)	1 (13)	0	31 (20)	31 (21)	19 (22)
Li, Hui	US	Michigan State University	633	2012.5	8.94 (13)	8 (1)	1	95 (8)	142 (8)	42 (15)

Table 8

Themes
S.No.	Research Theme	Main Terms	Recent References
1	PPCPs Category	carbamazepine, diclofenac, triclosan, microplastics, antibiotics, fragrance materials, nanoparticles, Xenobiotics, Biocides, Sunscreen agents, UV filters, steroid hormones, Isoflavonoids, Artificial sweeteners (ASs), Antibiotic resistance genes, Phenols	(Astel et al., 2020; Atugoda et al., 2021; Barceló & Petrovic, 2007; Chen et al., 2021; Cleu, 2003; Gan et al., 2013; Gimeno et al., 2018; Guerra et al., 2014; Jennifer et al., 2017; Junaid et al., 2019; Lange et al., 2012; Mearns et al., 2020; Smital et al., 2004; Vecchiato et al., 2018; Y. Y. Yang et al., 2018)
2	Hazardous Effects	Water Pollution, Greywater footprint, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, eutrophication, Persistence, Phytoremediation, Plant Uptake, Endocrine Disruption, Toxicity, DNA damage; Neurotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Carcinogenesis; Mutagenesis; ARGs	(Cui & Schröder, 2016; Donovan et al., 2020; Grgi et al., 2021; Hogeboom et al., 2021; Jennifer et al., 2017; Mearns et al., 2019, 2020; Xu et al., 2017)
3	Occurrence of PPCPs	Drinking water, surface water, wastewater, sediment, sludge, Soil, Sewage, wastewater Treatment Plant, Tissue Residues, Biosolids, Seawater, Groundwater, Septic Systems, Wetlands, plants, reclaimed wastewater	(García-santiago et al., 2017; Henrique et al., 2021; Ivankovi et al., 2021; León et al., 2020; Llamas-dios et al., 2021; Mearns et al., 2020; Picó, Alvarez-ruiz, et al., 2020; Qin et al., 2015; Vecchiato et al., 2017; Y. Yang et al., 2017; Yee et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2021)
4	PPCPs in Organisms	Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, microbes, mammals, planktons, turtles, algae, Rat	Mearns A.J. et al., 2020; Mearns A.J. et al., 2019; Peng F.-J. et al., 2018; Mearns A.J. et al., 2018; Mearns A.J. et al., 2016; Gregori M. et al., 2021
5	Remediation	Ozonation, anaerobic membrane bioreactors, membrane separation, electrochemical oxidation Membrane operation, Electrochemical Oxidation, Advanced wastewater treatment, Tertiary treatment, MBBR, Activated carbon fibe,	Shahid M.K. et al., 2021; Grgić I. et al., 2021; Corominas L. et al., 2021; Tisler S. et al., 2021; Dang C. et al., 2020
6	Fate and Transport Governing Processes	Adsorption, Biodegradation, Biotransformation, Degradation, Desorption, Diffusion, Distribution, Leaching, Photolysis, Transformation, pH, Hydrolysis, Environmental partitioning, Seasonal patterns, Dissolved organic matter	Höhne A. et al., 2021; Schübl M. et al., 2021; Navrátilová M. et al., 2020; Shu W. et al., 2021; Ivanković K. et al., 2021; Wagstaff A. et al., 2021; Llamas-Dios M.I. et al., 2021; Stefano P.H.P. et al., 2021; Zhang G. et al., 2017; Puckowski A. et al., 2021; Biošić M. et al.,2017; Cantwell M.G. 2016; Schimmelpfennig S. et al.,2016; Khan H.K. 2020; Zhang G. et al., 2017
7	Assessment in the Environment	Spatial Distribution, Reactive Transport Modeling, Numerical modeling; QSAR, Adsorption model, Integrated Modleing, Monte-Carlo, wastewater quality modeling; Non-parametric RTD; HYDRUS-1D, Catchment modelling, Multimedia mass-balance models, Compartmental model, VANTOM; Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2), BALTSEM-POP, mass balance, Tandem field and laboratory characterization	Llamas-Dios M.I. et al., 2021; Barkow I.S. et al., 2021; Schübl M. et al., 2021; Cho C.-W. et al., 2019; Höhne A. et al., 2021; McCall A.-K. et al., 2021; Rustenburg A.S. et al., 2016; Lyu S. et al., 2019; Gimeno P. et al.,2017, Jagiello K. et al., 2015; Gao Y. et al.,2015; Wohler L.-2021; Snip L.J.P- 2016; Undeman E 2015; Schimmelpfennig S. et al., 2016; Zhi H. et al., 2017

Table 9

Top three author keywords in each cluster
CLUSTER	Keywords	Occurrence	APY	SY	EY
1	Bioaccumulation	14	2015	2010	2020
	Biomarkers	11	2015	2011	2020
	PHAs	11	2015	2011	2020
2	Adsorption	33	2015	1998	2021
	Biodegradation	8	2015	2008	2021
	Distribution Coefficient	8	2014	2007	2018
3	Risk Assessment	30	2014	2002	2021
	Toxicity	24	2015	2009	2021
	Wastewater	24	2014	2002	2021
4	Nanoparticle	33	2014	2003	2021
	Drug delivery	10	2011	2001	2021
	liposome	5	2011	2001	2014

Table 10

The top 15 dominant articles within the three clusters of FTP research
CLUSTER 1	CLUSTER 2	CLUSTER 3
(Bouki et al., 2013; Fairbairn et al., 2016; Focazio et al., 2008; Igbinosa et al., 2013; Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008; Kolpin et al., 2002; Kusner et al., 1996; W. C. Li, 2014; Metcalfe et al., 2010; Wilkinson et al., 2017; X. Wu et al., 2013, 2015; Y. Y. Yang et al., 2018; Yao et al., 2012; R. Zhang et al., 2013)	(Atugoda et al., 2021; Ebele et al., 2017; C. Li et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2019; Naidu et al., 2016; Pal et al., 2014; Picó, Alvarez-Ruiz, et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2011; Snyder et al., 2003; Sui et al., 2015; Verlicchi et al., 2012; Vieno & Sillanpää, 2014; Westerhoff et al., 2005; C. Wu et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2013)	(Bannan et al., 2016; Benet et al., 2011; Bergström et al., 2016; Camenisch et al., 1998; Dahle & Arai, 2015; Date et al., 2010; Dressman & Thelen, 2009; Evers et al., 2018; Lane, 2013; Neupane et al., 2020; Poonia et al., 2016; Savić et al., 2006; Skocaj et al., 2011; Vasir & Labhasetwar, 2007; Z. Zhang et al., 2012)

4.2. Data mining- Co-occurrence analysis of the keywords

The text mining analysis revealed the studies on FTP studies focused on eight research themes, as shown in Table 7. The identified prepotent themes include PPCPs category, Hazardous effects, Occurrence of PPCPs, PPCPs in organisms, Remediation, Fate and Transport governing processes, and Assessment in the environment, which are presented and discussed in the section.

The first theme is based on the variety of PPCPs present in the environment. The PPCPs include an extraordinary diverse class of chemicals employed in human health, agricultural practices, veterinary medicines, and cosmetic care (Barceló & Petrovic, 2007). The PPCPs can be broadly classified into steroids, personal care products, and non-steroidal pharmaceuticals. The steroids comprise Estrogen, progestogens, Estrogen antagonistic, Androgens and glucocorticoids, Phytoestrogens, and veterinary growth hormones (Jennifer et al., 2017). The non-steroidal pharmaceuticals incorporate agents used in blood and blood-forming organs, Dermatological drugs, antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, anti-depressants, allergy and asthma treating agents (Guerra et al., 2014; Jennifer et al., 2017). Personal Care Products include Disinfectants, Conservation agents, Fragrances, and UV Screens (Jennifer et al., 2017). The synthetic musk fragrances used in inexpensive fragrances, cleaning products, air fresheners, and various hygiene and household products are some PCPs present in the aquatic environment and have received growing attention in recent years (Smital et al., 2004). Artificial sweeteners have been consumed in large quantities in beverages, food, PPCPs, and animal feed (Gan et al., 2013).

These PPCPs are unique emerging contaminants that cause physiological disturbances in humans and toxicity to the ecosystem even if present in trace concentration (Jennifer et al., 2017). Theme 2 pertains to the hazardous effects caused due to these PPCPs. Several PPCPs such as fragrance materials (Vecchiato et al., 2018), artificial sweeteners (Lange et al., 2012), phenols, and their metabolites (Hammam et al., 2015) have the property of long-range transport and persistence. The phenols, a component in the pharmaceutical drug, reveal peroxidative capacity, being toxic to the nervous, digestive, and reproductive systems. Also, being hematotoxic and hepatotoxic causes carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in humans and other organisms (Hammam et al., 2015). Carbamazepine is known to disrupt the expression of the neurotransmitter system in freshwater species (Y. Y. Yang et al., 2018). Diclofenac, a well-known pharmaceutical responsible for the drastic reduction of the vulture population exceeded the environmental quality standard in the river (Gimeno et al., 2018). Veterinary antibiotics cause water pollution and are associated with human health and environmental risks (Wöhler et al., 2021). The increasing demand for UV filters/sunscreen used as PCPs has led to its abundance in various geographic locations leading to an ecotoxicological threat (Astel et al., 2020). The UV filters present in environmental mixtures are identified to be the prime driver of mixture toxicity since they protract antibiotic contamination of aquatic plus engineered environments (Grgi et al., 2021). Some UV filters get adsorbed on microplastics and cause neurotoxic effects, induce oxidative damage and stress as well as accelerate genotoxicity with exposure time (Donovan et al., 2020). The excessive use of antibiotics in the environment leads to high levels of antibiotic resistance genes (Xu et al., 2017). Owing to the hydrophilic nature of PPCPs, they tend to adsorb onto plastic surfaces, hence found to co-exist with microplastics (Atugoda et al., 2021). PPCPs tend to persist in the environment and bioaccumulate (Cui & Schröder, 2016), biomagnify, and causes endocrine disruption and eutrophication (Mearns et al., 2019, 2020).

The PPCPs enter the ecosystem via. industrial, urban transport, and agricultural activities including municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), animal feeding operations, hospitals, and pharmaceutical manufacturers (León et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021) which then find their route to the whole ecosystem, be it drinking water (Yee et al., 2021), surface water, wastewater, sediment, sludge, soil, sewage, wastewater treatment plants, tissue residues, biosolids, seawater, groundwater, septic systems, wetlands, plants, reclaimed wastewater and landfills (Ramakrishnan et al., 2015). The studies pertaining to the occurrence of these PPCPs in the environment are categorized in the occurrence of the PPCPs theme. These PPCPs contaminates surface water along with groundwater, but mostly present in higher concentration in surface water indicating the generality of wastewater discharges into the streams which then acts as the main pollutant source (Conkle et al., 2010; Llamas-dios et al., 2021; J. L. Wilkinson et al., 2017). The PPCPs from wastewater treatment plants find their way to surface water (Zhao et al., 2021), then have been identified in sediments (León et al., 2020), and then soils at various geographical locations (Henrique et al., 2021). Reclaimed wastewater for the purpose of irrigation also serves as a contamination route of soil (Qin et al., 2015) and groundwater and then bio transfer to various living organisms until they finally get to human receptors (García-santiago et al., 2017). The PPCPs have been detected in the hyporheic zone, where surface and groundwater meet (Anja, 2021). The PPCPs exhibiting long-range transport may travel and reach the seawater (Vecchiato et al., 2017). Septic tanks may also contribute to the contaminants reaching the surface water and shallow groundwater (Y. Yang et al., 2017).

Along with the environment, these PPCPs have been detected in living organisms including birds, fishes, microbes, mammals, planktons, turtles, algae and invertebrates (Peng et al., 2018), rats, and nonhuman primates (Mearns et al., 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020; Peng et al., 2018). This has been grouped under the theme- PPCPs in organisms.

The concern of harm caused to the ecosystem due to these contaminants, various treatment technologies are available, which is covered in the sixth theme. Using an advanced oxidation process, many of the PPCPs can be removed completely (Shahid et al., 2021). The anaerobic membrane bioreactors and the microalgae/fungal strains are also promising methods of PPCPs removal (Shahid et al., 2021). The combination of electrochemical oxidation and membrane separation turns out to be efficacious in removing PPCPs (Shahid et al., 2021). Advanced wastewater treatment technologies such as UV C radiation proves to be useful in degrading antibiotics and minimizing UV filter effects (Grgić et al., 2021). The ethylene and propylene oxide used in the PPCPs shows a high removal rate in Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) and conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (Tisler et al., 2021). However, effective water treatment technologies for PPCPs are still lacking, and the conventional treatment system comprising the tertiary treatment still needs to be upgraded (Corominas et al., 2021; Dang et al., 2020). Artificial groundwater recharge and bank filtration are prime, effective, and low-cost techniques for the treatment of surface water and microbes, and organic and inorganic contaminants removal (Heberer et al., 2004).

The sixth theme, fate, and transport processes concentrate on the governing mechanisms of transport and the fate of PPCPs from their source to sink. The pH and dissolved organic matter affect the FTP in wastewater treatment plants (Y. L. Zhang et al., 2014). After being released from the source, PPCPs is exposed to various processes such as sorption to soil and sediments, abiotic photolysis and hydrolysis, and biotic degradation (Bio et al., 2017; Khan et al., 2020; Shu et al., 2021) and biotransformation (Navrátilová et al., 2020). Transport of pharmaceuticals occurs via water channels where aquatic colloids and sediments play a major role in acting as a sink for these pollutants (Khan et al., 2020). The PPCPs are ionizing chemicals that are dissociated, ion trapped, has electrical interactions with biota and organic matter in surface water (Trapp et al., 2010). The in-river degradation and deconjugation, the effect of acidity and polarity in the contaminant's partitioning to suspended particulate matter, photochemical degradation, biotransformation, and dilution are potential fate processes in multiple river systems (J. Wilkinson et al., 2017). The hydrophobic ECs have the highest concentration and frequency of detection which may be because hydrophobic compounds have a higher retardation factor compared to hydrophilic contaminants which are easily transported by the flow of water resulting in a widespread and homogeneous distribution (Llamas-dios et al., 2021). The hydrophilic contaminants have a higher concentration in the lower basin and tend to accumulate in the groundwater (Llamas-dios et al., 2021). The Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) plays an important role in the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in pure and natural water (Carmosini & Lee, 2009; G. Zhang et al., 2017), by forming contaminant-DOM complexes affecting the environmental transport of PPCPs (Hernandez-Ruiz et al., 2012). Season plays a major role in the concentration of PPCPs detected in the surface water (Cantwell et al., 2016). The ability of PPCPs to be retained in the surface layer of soil depends upon the concentration of PPCPs already present, soil characteristics, pH, solubility and pK_a of PPCPs, and soil organic content (Hari et al., 2005; Henrique et al., 2021; Revitt et al., 2015; Wegst-Uhrich et al., 2014). The FTP of ionizable organic contaminants in the subsurface is influenced by soil pH, concentration, clay and organic matter type (ion exchange capacity), soil's strength as a base or acid (acid dissociation constant), the lipophilicity (n-octanol water partition co-efficient), soil aeration, temperature, moisture content, emission mode (continuous or episodic), the pattern of pharmaceutical use (Lees et al., 2016). At low pH, some PPCPs have high retention, which may be due to electrostatic cation exchange and interaction of π-π electron donor-acceptor at pH 3, and cation exchange at high pH 5 and 7. The PPCPs enter the soil via reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, their adsorption may be governed by colloids such as clay, which act as significant transport of PPCPs in the subsurface (Xing et al., 2016). The use of biosolids (reclaimed sewer sludge) as crop fertilizer is an additional parameter contributing to the widespread distribution of hydrophobic contaminants (Llamas-dios et al., 2021). The application of biosolids increases the retardation of PPCPs in soils and treated effluents increase the mobility of weakly acidic PPCPs in biosolids-amended soils due to an increase in the soil solution pH (Borgman & Chefetz, 2013). The sandy loam and loamy sand soils amended with biochar produced at a higher temperature (700°C) is an effective measure to reduce the mobility of some PPCPs (Vithanage et al., 2014). Volatilization and leaching are not significant processes of FTP in soil (W. Chen et al., 2013; Gros et al., 2019). The transport of PPCPs in soil and ultimately to groundwater is influenced by sorption which is dependent on pedotransfer functions including soil pH, hydrolytic acidity, exchangeable acidity, base cation saturation, and cation exchange capacity, clay content, organic carbon content (Kodešová et al., 2015). Prediction of potential groundwater contamination can be done using predicted sorption co-efficient along with pharmaceutical half-lives and other imputes including soil-hydraulic, climatic, and hydro-geological (Kodešová et al., 2015). Wetland employed for ECs treatment has adsorption as the major process governing FTP and long-term removal pathways of some pharmaceuticals (Conkle et al., 2010). The parameters of the processes can be determined either using batch tests, at the site, or using column experiments (Schübl et al., 2021).

Since effective treatment of PPCPs is still lacking, modeling the fate and transport of PPCPs can be an alternate method to control the PPCPs in the environment. The effective modeling techniques have been covered in the seventh theme. The FTP can be assessed numerically using a non-parametric residence time approach in combination with sorption and degradation models (Anja, 2021). The factors affecting the FTP can be determined using computational modeling by using Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship techniques and multimedia mass-balance models (Jagiello et al., 2015). To investigate the spatial and temporal behavior of PPCPs, many modeling software has been adopted, including MODFLOW and PHT3D, having ORTI3D as a user interface in the surface water (Barkow et al., 2021). Also, GREAT-ER (Geography-referenced Regional Exposure Assessment Tool for European Rivers) model and PhATE (Pharmaceutical Assessment and Transport Evaluation) model (spatial and temporal variability) are employed to predict the in-stream concentration of pharmaceuticals (Capdevielle et al., 2008). PhATE uses a mass balance approach for predicting the screening-level concentration of pharmaceuticals and evaluates the suitability of existing fate information of pharmaceuticals (Anderson et al., 2004). For toxicity, risk assessment, property prediction of PPCPs, and fate modeling, QSAR (Quantitative activity relationship) is utilized by the toxicological and chemical regulatory agencies for the decision-making framework in risks (Roy et al., 2016). The ecotoxicological risks due to the veterinary pharmaceuticals in soils are estimated to be less in terrestrial organisms, but induce negative effects in crops (Gros et al., 2019). The routine application of the modeling methodology in the environmental assessment of risk would enable the prediction of the physicochemical properties and long-range transport, thus the fate of PPCPs (Jagiello et al., 2015). The FTP of PPCPs from livestock to soil and then surface water can be administered using the Integrated modeling approach (IMA) where VANTOM, Veterinary Antibiotics transport model fate, and transport which is fed into PESERA, Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment model (Hogeboom et al., 2021). Models that simulate multimedia such as BALTSEM-POP simulate hydrodynamic conditions, biogeochemical cycling, contaminant F&T, water exchange, and interaction between climate forcing (Undeman et al., 2015). Tandem field along with laboratory characterization will better capture the transport and risk assessment of PPCPs (Zhi et al., 2021).

4.2.1. Author Keywords of F&T of PPCPs

The co-occurring author keywords in FTP Scopus databases from 1996-to 2021 have been analyzed in VOSviewer. The analysis of author keywords serves as an indication of research trends and data visualization purposes. Keywords occurring a minimum of three times in the articles are selected and analyzed. Subjected to data polishing, some of the general keywords such as “study”, “PPCPs”. “review”, “article”, “applications” etc. were removed from the analysis, and keywords with similar meanings, singular and plural words were merged such as WWTPs, wastewater treatment plant or wastewater treatment plants. Figure 11 represents the co-occurrence network displaying the importance (weight) and connection of the imported author keywords. The analysis classified the keywords into four major clusters, colored in red, green, blue, and yellow. Cluster 1, as indicated in red is comprised of keywords such as “degradation”, “biodegradation” “biotransformation”, “photolysis”, “leaching”, “phytoremediation”, focusing basically on the processes governing FTP.The other keywords in Cluster 1 are "drinking water", "groundwater", "sediment", "septic system", "soil", "surface water", and "wastewater" referring to the occurrence of PPCPs. Cluster 2, colored in green comprises keywords such as "birds", "fish", "invertebrates", "mammals", and "planktons", implying the presence of PPCPs in organisms. Also, some other keywords in cluster 2 are "bioaccumulation", "biomarkers", "biomagnification", "ecological risk assessment", and "endocrine disrupters" hinting at the detrimental effects due to the PPCPs. Cluster 3 in blue, consists of keywords such as “carbamazepine”, “diclofenac”, “fragrance materials”, “microplastics”, “triclosan” etc. referring to the types of PPCPs detected and studied. Cluster 4 colored in yellow consists of “water pollution”, “toxicity”, “wastewater treatment”, “modeling”, “risk assessment” etc indicating the remedial measures for the PPCPs.

4.2.2. Index Keywords of F&T of PPCPs study

Index keywords are used to define the text of articles, the text being selected from pre-determined information called a controlled vocabulary used in bibliographic repositories. Index keywords hold up the essence of the theme of an article. The section explains the analyses of the co-occurrence of index keywords co-occurrences in FTP Scopus databases from 1996 to 2020. The index keywords on FTP are chosen based on thirty co-occurrences, and 119 keywords meet the threshold. The density visualization of index-keywords co-occurrences is shown in Fig. 12. The tree plot of the top 30 index keywords used in FTP documents is shown in Fig. 13. Firstly, the FTP documents used the index keyword “drug” was used 266 times (7%), “environmental monitoring”, “water pollutant”, “pharmaceutical preparations”, “water pollutants”, “non human”, “risk assessment” used 198 (5%), 180 (5%), 159 (4%), 158 (4%), 157 (4%) and 154 (4%) respectively.

4.2.3. Sankey Diagrams: Three Field Plots on FTP

Sankey diagrams are used to depict material or energy movement in various protocols and networks. They employ quantitative descriptions to describe connections, flows, and transitions. Sankey diagrams are directed and weighted graphs with weighted features to keep the flow going. The addition of influx weights at each node equals the outgoing ramifications. Also, Sankey diagrams are employed to visualize systems, and conversations may be investigated. The Biblioshiny three-field plot is used to visually determine the relationships among countries, keywords, sources, affiliations, cited authors, leading authors, and author keywords. The larger the rectangle, the more the interaction between multiple components. Figure 14 depicts the diagram for research in FTP literature on the relationship between keywords (left), author (middle), and source (right).

4.3. Content Analysis- Bibliographic Coupling

The bibliographic coupling of the articles was conducted to perform a qualitative content analysis of the articles. This resulted in articles divided into three main clusters of FTP research. The fifteen most significant articles within each cluster including, the occurrence of PPCPs in the environment, the processes governing the fate and transport of PPCPs, and the physio-chemical properties of PPCPs are scrutinized to perform the qualitative content analysis in the FTP research.

The fifteen most dominant articles in the last 25 years, making up this cluster on “Occurrence and distribution of PPCPs in the environment” are relatively recent, comprising one article in 2002, two articles in 2008, one in 2010, four in 2013, one each in 2014 and 2015, two in 2016, and one each in 2017 and 2018. Science of the Total Environment with four articles has the maximum representation in this cluster, followed by three in Environmental Pollution and one each in Journal of Hazardous Materials, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Environmental Science and Technology, Chemical Engineering Journal, Water Research, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, The Scientific World Journal, Environmental Reviews and Environment International. With variable affiliations and appearances from different countries, various authors are also noticed, with Zang D.Q., Yang Y-Y., Wu X., Tran N.H., Heberer T., Fairbairn D.J. being the dominant authors appearing twice in the cluster. The articles in the cluster are focused on the occurrence and distribution of PPCPs in the surface waters (Bendz et al., 2005; Fairbairn et al., 2016; Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008; Kolpin et al., 2002; Metcalfe et al., 2010; J. Wilkinson et al., 2017b; R. Zhang et al., 2013), drinking water (Focazio et al., 2008), groundwater (Y. Y. Yang et al., 2018), in the soils (Igbinosa et al., 2013; W. C. Li, 2014; Singh et al., 2018), in sediments (Fairbairn et al., 2015), in WWTPs (Bouki et al., 2013; Tran et al., 2013), in wetlands (Ross et al., 2004) and biosolids from WWTPs which gets into agricultural soils (Carter & Chefetz, 2019) and then crops (Wu et al., 2013, 2015; Renault et al., 2012). The reclaimed water used for agricultural purposes is loaded with untreated PPCPs which seeps into groundwater contaminating the latter (Qin et al., 2015).

Cluster 2 mainly focuses on the documents based on the "processes governing fate and transport" study, and the "environmental risk assessment" due to these PPCPs. The first group is inclined toward the fate and transport study of PPCPs in the environment (Atugoda et al., 2021; Ebele et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019; Vieno & Sillanpää, 2014; Westerhoff et al., 2005), and the prime process of FTP study i.e., sorption (Wu et al., 2016) and degradation (Yu et al., 2013). Abiotic and biotic processes govern the FTP in the environment (Petrie et al., 2018). Photolysis is the main fate process in the surface water, biodegradation in the wastewater and soil (Durán-álvarez et al., 2015), and bio-degradation and/or chemical transformation in the WWTPs (Subedi & Kannan, 2015). The WWTPs are one of the major disposal pathways for PPCPs (Richardson & Ternes, 2011). The PPCPs present in the liquid phase in WWTPs can be effectively removed by sorption to suspended particulate matter or sludge, transformation, or biodegradation on increasing the sludge retention time (Jeppsson & Gernaey, 2014; Subedi & Kannan, 2015). In the aquatic environment, sorption and degradation (Biodegradation and photodegradation) are prime processes determining the contaminant fate, where sediments and aquatic colloids act as major sinks (Khan et al., 2020). The presence of nitrates, carbonates, and dissolved organic matter accelerated the photolysis of some PPCPs in freshwater (Petrie et al., 2018). Dissolved oxygen (DO) also plays a major role in the photo transformation of PPCPs (G. Zhang et al., 2017). The FTP in the water-sediment matrix is governed by the contaminant's physio-chemical properties (vapor pressure, solubility, and lipophilicity), environmental situations (temperature, pH, irradiation, and redox situation), and the existing microbial community (C. Wu et al., 2010; Luo et al., 2014). The volatile PPCPs exhibit both long-range and short-range (local) contamination, thus causing a threat to the polar regions as well (Mandaric et al., 2019). Atmospheric deposition and photo transformation are the main processes governing FTP in the air (McLachlan et al., 2010). The soil properties and aerobic conditions govern the fate of PPCPs (Koba et al., 2016), and adsorption, degradation, and migration (Sui et al., 2015) serve as the main governing parameters in the subsurface. The persistence of PPCPs and their metabolites in the soil leads to the contamination of groundwater causing adverse effects on humans as it is a major source of drinking water supply in many countries (Koba et al., 2016; Sui et al., 2015). The sources of PPCPs contamination in the groundwater include contaminated surface water, wastewater, septic tanks, landfills, sewer leakage, and livestock breeding (Sui et al., 2015). The second group of Cluster 2 is dominated by risk assessment studies due to these PPCPs (Picó et al., 2020; Verlicchi et al., 2012). The recent trend for managing contaminants having different physicochemical properties is to follow a risk-based approach. A decision analysis framework that evaluates different remediation options by combining health risks (individual, population, residual) and different costs to deliver the most cost-effective process serves as an alternate remedial measure for the contaminants (Naidu et al., 2016).

The articles related to physicochemical properties of pharmaceuticals and their carrier post-consumption in humans/animals are dominant in the third cluster. Oral intake of pharmaceuticals for humans is a favorable route to the target site of action, however, water-insoluble drugs are incapable of permeating the gastrointestinal (GI) tract which requires a carrier/ transporter/ drug delivery vehicle to deliver them effectively without being degraded using this route (Poonia et al., 2016). Hence several drug delivery vehicles are researched to be of prime importance in drug metabolism, distribution, adsorption, and excretion (Bergström et al., 2016; Evers et al., 2018). The environmental fate of these carriers of pharmaceuticals e.g. CeO₂ nanoparticles is dependent on their physicochemical properties (Dahle & Arai, 2015). Additionally, various properties of PPCPs such as log solubility in water (Bannan et al., 2016), Log P, polar surface area, hydrogen bond donors, and several hydrogen bond acceptors (Benet et al., 2011) have been discussed. The metabolism of the drugs owing to post-consumption by humans and their physiological fate are also discussed (Date et al., 2010), their diffusivity through the biological membrane (Camenisch et al., 1998; Neupane et al., 2020), and the human gut wall (Dressman & Thelen, 2009). The distribution coefficient between the immiscible aqueous and non-aqueous phases measures the degree to which the small molecules prefer one phase over another at a particular pH (Ortwine et al., 2016). The most lipophilic molecules are least soluble in water (Box & Comer, 2008). Water solubility is the governing factor of drug access to biological membranes (Faller & Ertl, 2007). These pharmaceuticals enter the environment via the excretion of humans/animals and pose several risks to the ecosystem. Ionization, intrinsic solubility (log S), and lipophilicity (log P) have a significant impact on the transport properties of pharmaceuticals (Box & Comer, 2008). Knowledge about the fate of pharmaceuticals is limited to some compounds, very few lab experiments under controlled conditions mimicking the natural environment have been conducted and only a few data sets are available focusing on field studies (Li et al., 2016). Thus, sufficient data gaps exist regarding pathways of degradation and transformation processes which makes it difficult to understand the fate of these compounds in a natural complex systems (Khan et al., 2020)

Based on the insights provided by the bibliometric, text mining, and qualitative content analysis conducted, the implication for future studies is presented in the section. After attentive consideration, four lines of research are identified as potential gaps in research and directions for future studies to better position the FTP research agenda in line with the PPCPs

The detrimental effects due to the PPCPs have paved a path for future researchers to design a robust treatment system for the complete removal of the PPCPs, which lacks in both the developed, developing, and under-developed countries. COVID-19 has led to a surge in the usage of PPCPs either as medication or precautionary measures e.g. sanitizer (Dindarloo et al., 2020) reaching the WWTPs. These PPCPs have entered the drinking water supply via groundwater which is an alarming situation for humans, as though present in trace amounts its continuous introduction has reported high concentrations in the various niche of the world (Ebele et al., 2017). Also, the property of persistence and bioaccumulation calls for immediate action. Thus, there is an urgent call for a sturdy treatment system otherwise which may result in what the world has witnessed in the form of extinction of various species from the earth and many disturbances in the whole ecosystem.
The escalated use of antibiotics gives rise to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) (Koch et al., 2021). The advent of resistance amongst bacteria and the distribution of resistant genes may lead to an increase in potentially pathogenic and resistant organisms and excessive growth of exogenic pathogens (Rashid et al., 2012). The novel ARB, COVID-19, may be a result of ARG enrichment and microflora disturbance which caused it to spread all over the world. The escalating amount of ARGs and ARBs would lead to the evolution of microbial structure via ecological niches occupation, thus enhancing the enforcement of target selection which may cause an imbalance in the microbial ecosystem (Zhongli Chen et al., 2021). Along with the bacterial ecosystem, humans have been affected due to the emergence of ARBs and ARGs. The COVID-19 infected patients have shown a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the body which may lead to severe health issues in the future (Ahmed et al., 2022). There is a call for strict compliance in the usage of antibiotics and employment of antibiotic stewardship programs at private or public institutions is recommended.
There is a scarcity in the assessment of FTP in a multimedia environment. The transformation of the PPCPs from their release and during the transport and finally to their destination has not been investigated in the true sense for the majority of the PPCPs. Also, the synergistic effect of the contaminants co-existing in the environment is unexplored. Thus, the researchers have a good opportunity in the field to explore the fate and transport of the PPCPs
Several models are developed to simulate the fate and transport processes in a single compartment (air, water, soil, groundwater, STPs, etc.) or combination. The models may be employed in risk assessment and future contaminant concentration prediction. This may serve used in policymaking and as an alternative to control the PPCPs in the environment. Sadly, there is hardly any study considering all the media in one single model and mimicking the actual scenario existing in the field from the release of PPCPs to its fate. Therefore, there is a high opportunity in the field.

The study aimed to provide an inclusive map of FTP research over the last 25 years by (i) mapping the evolution of the research over years; (ii) identification of main themes and trends; (iii) suggesting a possible direction for future research. To achieve this, a mixed-method approach was followed by conducting bibliometric, text mining, and content analysis on a total of 577 peer-reviewed journal articles extracted from the Scopus database, published from 1996 to 2020. The results obtained unfolds three major clusters of FTP research, including the Occurrence and distribution of PPCPs in the environment, processes governing fate and transport, environmental risk assessment, and physiochemical properties of Pharmaceuticals. The seven domineering research themes of FTP comprises of PPCPs Category, Hazardous Effects, Occurrence of PPCPs, PPCPs in Organisms, Remediation, Fate and Transport Governing Processes, and Assessment in the Environment.

The research after careful review highlights the important fate and transport processes occurring in the environment from its sources to sink which calls for an urgent need for a robust treatment system for these emerging contaminants after the COVID-19 pandemic which would otherwise lead to a disastrous future for the whole ecosystem. The other alternative measure is to have a numerical model which would predict the ever-increasing concentration of the PPCPs and also serve as an input in risk assessment studies and policy making for these contaminants.

This research is bound to have its limitations too. Firstly, the research themes of our dataset are based on the bibliographic coupling of articles. Using other data clustering techniques, such as co-citation analysis of articles, is recommended to further develop and compare the results. Secondly, only Scopus database is considered in this study. Extracting valuable data from other well-known scientific databases, such as WoS, could provide more information in future bibliometric analyses. And finally, we restricted our search to the English language, hence recommended harmonizing the research findings.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article. The detailed excel sheet files used are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author contribution

Maliha Ashraf: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software,

Writing – original draft. Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad: Conceptualization and Supervision, Writing – review and editing. Sumedha Chakma: Conceptualization and Supervision, Writing – review and editing. All the authors read and approved the final version of manuscript.

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Advancements in the dominion of fate and transport of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the environment- A Bibliometric study

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

2.1. Raw Data Extraction

2.2. Data analysis

2.3. Data Visualizations and Interpretation-Tools used

3. Primary Data Statistics

3.1. Research growth trend

3.2. Thematic Areas of FTP study from 1996 to 2021

4. Data Analysis

4.1. Bibliometric analysis- Citation analysis of the collected FTP literature

4.1.1. Productive and Domineering articles

4.1.2. Productivity and dominance of Sources

4.1.3. Productivity and Dominance of Countries

4.1.4. Dynamic Authors in FTP research

4.2. Data mining- Co-occurrence analysis of the keywords

4.2.1. Author Keywords of F&T of PPCPs

4.2.2. Index Keywords of F&T of PPCPs study

4.2.3. Sankey Diagrams: Three Field Plots on FTP

4.3. Content Analysis- Bibliographic Coupling

6. Implications For Research: Research Hotspot And Directions For Future Studies

7. Conclusions

Declarations

References

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Journal Publication

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