DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.11073/v1
The population of older people aged≥65 years is predicted to grow from 524 million in 2010 to approximately 1.5 billion by 2050 in an exponential trend (1). A high percentage of this drastic growth is expected to occur in urban areas (2). Studies have revealed the influence of the environment on older peoples’ health, physical activity, and well-being at the neighborhood and public space scales. Hence recent attention has been paid in making public spaces suitable for the active aging and aging in place of the population (3).
Open and green spaces provide social interaction opportunities and generate a sense of community. They also promote social engagement, physical activity, relaxation, and interaction with nature (4). These places are accessible most of the time for the majority of the public with low cost (5). Research is needed to create valid and reliable tools for assessing elder-friendliness of urban places to be used at baseline and follow-up so as to be able to evaluate improvements over time (6). However, a considerable gap exists between research run on age-friendly assessment methods and the evolving local community initiatives (6). Elder-friendly studies highlight the importance of local surveys to precisely obtain information and incorporate them into local attributes through the application of grounded approaches (7).
It is, therefore, essential to develop population-specific tools to collect information on older people’s expectation of public spaces. The objective of this study is to develop and determine the psychometric properties of a tool for measuring elder-friendly urban spaces according to older people’s preferences. This step is a critical prerequisite for developing elder-friendly urban spaces to promote active aging cities.
According to the guidelines introduced by WHO, an age-friendly city encourages active aging by optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security to enhance the quality of life (8). WHO has proposed 6 determinants for the concept of active aging in cities: (1) health and social services, (2) behavioral, (3) personal, (4) physical environment, (5) social, and (6) economic determinants (9). "Active aging" is perceived as the desire and ability of older people to integrate physical activity into their daily routines and engagement in economic and socially productive activities (10).
There are many different methods to assess the age-friendliness of urban spaces (6). Current methods of assessing older peoples’ view of the built environment can be categorized into 3 groups. Observational audit tools typically aimed to capture descriptive and objective data on specific street-level attributes such as presence and qualities. The second method is a well-established tradition of perceived-environment measures through surveys to collect self-reported data (11, 12). Lastly, spatial qualitative methods use a more heterogeneous group of tools, comprising techniques such as photo-voice, walk-along interviews, or virtual reality experiments, as exemplified in a recent review of qualitative studies (11, 12).
The objective of this study was to develop and determine the psychometric properties of the developed questionnaire for measuring age-friendly urban spaces according to older peoples' preferences. Developing the questionnaire and its validation is done in two phases (Figure 1).
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The objective of the first phase was to develop the overall scheme of the questionnaire based on grounded theory (GT) and context characteristics. The extraction and design of the items and phrases of the initial questionnaire consisted of three steps: (1) adopting the GT (qualitative research and extracting appropriate phrases through content analysis technique), (2) conducting desk study and extracting the phrases and (3) designing the initial questionnaire.
The objective of the second phase was to validate the questionnaire developed in phase 1 by assessing the validity of the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire and assessing reliability through structural validity, split-half analysis, and Cronbach's α coefficient in SPSS 22. Validity analysis was checked by 3 indicators of content, construct, and face validation according to Waltz and Bausell content validity index and Lawshe content validity ratio (13, 14). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Board of Iran University of Medical Sciences.
The purposeful sampling is used to have maximum variation in the age, sex, literacy, physical and mental health status, and socioeconomic status with a high presence in neighborhoods' community centers with registered local information in the health department of the community center in Tehran's neighborhoods. Since the participants in the GT study were selected from older people living in Tehran. The inclusion criteria were (1) age over 65 years, (2) local residents in neighborhoods, (3) willing to participate in the study and (4) providing consent.
The interviews were carried out in 54 older participants who are presents in urban outdoors 3-5 times a week. They were chosen from different public spaces such as parks, streets, and squares in different neighborhoods with different socio-economic classes which have active community centres to collect the elders' health information from June to August 2018 (Table 1). The duration of the interviews was 20 to 45 minutes depending on the participant’s level of interest and cooperation (Table 1).
Moreover, a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with 12 older peoples (7 women and 5 men) among interviewees was held for trustworthiness in the City Council of District 10 in Tehran Municipality in August 2018.
Table 1- Participants' socio-demographic status who attended the interview.
During the semi-structured interviews according (Appendix 1), the participants were asked the following questions: How do you like this place to be? What qualities should this place have so that you would want to spend more time in it? The subsequent questions were asked according to the participants’ responses to these two initial open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's coding supervised method by the research team's experts (15). The last five interviews and the FGD were conducted after reaching theoretical saturation for more certainty and validity.
The credibility of data was assured through peer checking and member checking . Peer checks were conducted via weekly research team meetings during which the emerging data were discussed and reviewed and analyzed the data among research group. Member checks occurred by providing a summary of the analyzed interviews and extracted codes to participants so the research team could be asked and incorporated their feedback and ideas for corrections. In addition, the quality of public places was appraised through observational field studies by applying the urban design techniques to assess public spaces' qualities for instance Jan Gehl's toolbox (16). Thus, conformability was observed by considering the opinions of other researchers and transferability by fully describing all the stages of the procedure (17).
The relevant literature was reviewed to validate the extracted subcategories. In this process, all of the extracted codes are assessed by similar concepts in the literature of this domain (Table 2).
The extracted items and gathered data from desk study are used to guide item development. The developed questionnaire consisted of three scales: place (functional dimension), place (preferred dimension) and process (environments). All items used in the questionnaire were locally experienced items by the elder (Table 2).
The questionnaire was initially designed in the Persian language and then checked by two experts in Persian literature to assure cultural appropriateness. In addition, the questionnaire was piloted on a group of 18 older people, and modifications were made prior to the study.
Table 2- This table depicts the extracted items from GT and literature reviewed during phase 1.
As an initial instrument, the questionnaire of the frequency of use was devised based on a 5-point Likert-type scale (almost always, often, sometimes, seldom, and never) (Table 3). The reasons for selecting this scale were its pivotal role in building the older peoples' preferences in public spaces and its focus on dynamic interactions between people and the environment (18).
Table 3- This table shows the scales, items, and the number of items presented in the questionnaire.
After pilot testing and revisions of the questionnaire, a second pilot test was run on the intended respondents for initial validation among 42 elder people participated in the qualitative phase. After considering validity and reliability, the final version of the questionnaire was given to the specified sample of 350 respondents in two neighborhoods.
In this section three concepts of content, face, and construct validity are considered to investigate the questionnaire validity.
Lawshe’s method was adopted for content validity analysis by calculating the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) (19). The questionnaire items were evaluated by a group of nine experts in landscape architecture, urban design, planning, and gerontology. The experts rated items either as essential, useful, or not necessary. A dichotomy was then devised from the 3-point rating scale into essential, useful, and not necessary. The revised binomial probability distribution for Lawshe’s critical values was applied in excluded items rated as not necessary (14). A scale content validity index (S-CVI) was calculated for each scale by averaging the CVR for all the retained items in the scale (20, 21). If CVI is higher than 0.9, it indicates excellent content validity at the scale level (22).
Initially, 18 older people were asked whether there was any ambiguity in items of the questionnaire, and if any, the items were modified. In the quantitative phase, the impact score (frequency in importance) was evaluated by nine experts considering difficulty, inappropriateness, and ambiguity of the phrases. Qualitative face validity was determined by a panel including three urban designers, three urban planners, two gentralogists and one epidemiologist. These specialists evaluated the level of difficulty, inappropriateness, and ambiguity of the phrases. Their comments were used in the questionnaire.
The impact score was calculated for each question to determine the quantitative face validity (Equation 1) (21). For each of the 41 questions, a 5-point Likert scale was used to determine impact score. This scale range included strongly agree (score 5), agree (score 4), no idea (score 3), disagree (point 2), and strongly disagree (score 1). After completing the questionnaire by the target group (by 12 participants of FGD and 9 health expert), the face validity of the item was calculated by using the impact score equation (Equation 1). The impact scores equal to or greater than 1.5 are considered appropriate (23).
Equation 1: Impact Score = Frequency (%) × Importance value
To examine the construct validity and internal consistency of the final questionnaire, a random sample of 350 older people (≥ 65 years old) from different public spaces in the selected district was invited to participate in answering the questionnaire in summer of 2018. The time needed to complete the questionnaire was 30–40 minutes. Construct validity was determined by the Kaiser–Meyer– Olkin (KMO) value. The Bartlett's test of sphericity was used to test the sampling adequacy and the strength of correlations between each scale item, respectively (24).
We applied Partial least squares (PLS) to test the conceptual model. PLS is useful in structural equation modeling for applied research projects, especially when the participants are limited with skewed data distribution (25). To measure the validity in PLS, the 3 indicators of Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Fornel and Larker methods were adopted (26). Fornel and Larker introduced the AVE criterion in 1981 to measure convergent validity and claimed that the critical number is 0.5. Any output of more than 0.5 indicates acceptable convergence (27). The AVE criterion indicates the shared average variance between any structures and the indices thereof, and the more the correlation, the greater the goodness-of-fit. Convergent validity was applied as the substantial criterion as the goodness-of-fit measuring model in PLS.
We evaluated the reliability of the questionnaire through internal consistent split-half reliability, composite reliability (CR), and item reliability.
The split-half method as an improvement method is used when it may not be possible to use the same test twice and to get an equivalent form of test especially among old people (27). The items of a test were divided into two matched halves and, then, the score of the first half questions and that of the second half are calculated (28). The split-half method cannot be applied with heterogeneous questionnaires, as the division of the questionnaire will not yield equivalent forms. In this situation (heterogeneous questionnaires), one may repeat questions throughout the questionnaire, while only the original question is kept in the final form (29).
In this study to divide the measuring instrument into two halves, the correlation coefficient was calculated between scores of odd numbered and even numbered items based on Equation 2. Coefficient α represents the average of all possible split-half estimates.
Equation 2: Reliability coefficient = (Correlation Coefficient * 2) ⁄ (Correlation Coefficient + 1)
A more up-to-date PLS criterion named “composite reliability” is applied in relation to coefficient α, as this criterion is introduced in1974 (29). Here, the validity is measured in accordance with the correlations within, not in an absolute sense. Accordingly, both of these criteria are applied to measure validity in PLS more accurately. In case the CR volume for each structure is higher than 0.7, appropriate internal stability is assured for the measuring methods (30).
Factor loading is calculated through analyzing the correlation values of a structures' indices in PLS. The obtained volume ≥0.5 indicates that the variance between the structure and its indices are greater than its measuring error variance and that the validity of the measuring model is acceptable (31).
In the first step, participants' objective and subjective preferences were considered in a psychological process. Statements describing the preferences of older people were extracted from the interviews. At the initial stage, a total of 98 statements were extracted. After assessing contextual overlapping and closeness, they were reduced to 65 concepts, 15 subcategories, and three categories (Table 2 and Appendix 2).
In the next step, the related terms were searched in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Sage, Wiley online, Springer, and Scopus. In total, in this context, 25 measuring tools were found while "Age-friendly Cities Checklist of Essential Features” and "AARP Livable Communities" had the most appropriate statements (32). From these two questionnaires, eight appropriate concepts corresponding to the extracted qualities of the subcomponents were extracted.
Then, we combined all as 73 concepts (65 from the interviews and 8 from the literature review) and were assessed again for closeness, similarities, and relativeness. Factors with conceptual similarity and overlaps were eliminated, reducing the concepts to 40 statements. The environmental properties of the older people were categorized and the questionnaire with a Likert-type scale response was constructed as follows:
· Statements in the first person singular, with a true and false response range. For instance, the signs and the buildings' façade in the neighborhood assist me to find my way (strongly disagree, somewhat disagree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat agree, strongly agree).
· Statements in the first person singular, with a range from none to many. For example, the path on the sidewalk from my home to the bus/ subway is comfortable (always, very frequently, rarely, very rarely, never).
· Statements in second person singular such as the possibility of seeing friends per week (very high, above average, average, below average, and very low).
· Question statements such as how clean is the air and is it good for taking a walk? (Excellent, above average, average, below average, and very poor).
Finally, a 5-scale questionnaire was developed to assess and validate the temporal stability (always, very frequently, rarely, very rarely, and never) (Appendix 3).
A total of randomly selected 350 older people from public spaces of Tehran 10th municipality region. Their mean (SD) age was 76.3± 9.2 years, and 61.3% of the total participants were male, 73.5% were married, and 27.2% had not finished high school (Table 4).
Table 4- Summary of participants’ demographic information for the questionnaire validation phase.
The Lawshe method of content validation was used to validate the questionnaire and showed the content index and validity ratio of 0.82 and 0.79, respectively. According to Lawshe, the minimum acceptable CVR is 0.78 and CVI ≥0.82 (8). However, if a question has a value <0.78 and the mean of judgments > 1.50, it is acceptable. Moreover, face validity with the impact score of 1.8 is considered appropriate (Table 5).
Table 5- This table shows the content validity of domains used in the questionnaire
The construct validity of all the respondents was analyzed using CFA. To extract the underlying factors, the principal component analysis was run through varimax rotation. The sampling adequacy and sphericity were tested using KMO and Bartlett's test, respectively. The findings indicated strong significance for Bartlett's test (x = 9951 and p < 0.001). Moreover, the KMO value was measured to be 0.88, indicating that the correlations among the items of each scale were sufficiently strong for the factor analysis (14, 25).
The AVE and Fornel and Larker methods were applied to measure validity, and the findings are presented in table 6. In this study, the AVE for all variables was more than 0.5, which showed the convergent validity (CV) (Table 6) (25, 33).
Table 6- This table shows the validity of AVE on older people preferences and place attributes
As observed in tables 7 and 8, all relationships were statistically significant because of their absolute value, which was less than 1.69. The factor loadings and the path coefficients, 0.4, showed that the analyzed variables had acceptable validity (Table 7 and 8).
Table 7- The factor loading calculated for the subcategories of PF, PP, and PE
Table 8- The results of factor loadings and path coefficient for the place and older people preferences and three dimensions of PF, PP, and PE
The third method for assessing validity is Fornell - Larker's method, which analyzes convergence validity. Results showed that the AVE value for the main matrix diameter was more than its lower number of the main dimension, thus convergent validity was confirmed (33) (Table 9).
Table 9- This table shows the discriminant validity of Fornell-Larcker test for the main domain of the questionnaire
The composite reliability (CR) was measured in PLS (Table 10 and 11). Results showed that the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.81, the Spearman-Brown coefficient 0.72, and the Guttman split-half coefficient 0.73, suggesting high stability and internal consistency of the items. In this context, scores were calculated and the correlation between scores for both measurement times was determined using the Spearman correlation coefficient, revealing 0.85 at p < 0.001. As the observed results were less than thus appropriate stability was approved for all variables (Table 10 and 11).
Table 10 -Cronbach Alpha for the extracted dimensions
Table 11- Reliability indicator tested for older people preferences and place attributes
Variables DiscussionThis study reported the development and validation of an older people-friendly public space tool as a measure based on the perceived and preferred outdoor urban environment in a special context. This type of instrument fills important research and implementation gaps to define the older people needs and expectations of active living. The study highlighted that this developed tool would be suitable for the assessment of public spaces based on adults' preferences. Results of the present study indicate that public spaces evaluation scale incorporate density, amenities (access to services), safety aesthetic (design), landscaping, comfort, cleanness, security (from crime), security (fear of falling), security (fear of getting lost), aesthetic (image), social environment, cultural environment, sense of belonging, and life satisfaction. These indicators are useful in assessing the older peoples’ perception of age-friendly environments in urban neighborhoods in Tehran. Public places are important for older people’s health and thus it is important to understand which aspects of built and social environments are essential in improving the use of public spaces with the view of promoting active aging and aging in place. Creation of elder-friendly active living cities has increasingly been recognized as an important health policy strategy and require robust new methods that are suitable for intersectoral actions and transdisciplinary approaches (Sallis et al, 2006). Implementation of such methods promotes the participation of adults in public spaces and their involvement in urban planning and design (Buffel et al, 2012). The scales and dimensions for all the constructs measured in the questionnaire met the standard criteria for excellent content validity (27). CVR and CVI validity indices were in line with the existing literature (21). The results of construct validity revealed an appropriate correlation between extracted items; however, the multidimensionality of different scales was observed. The observed dimensions or subscales were in parallel with the content of the urban design guidelines examined. The experiences about density, amenities (access to services), safety (traffic), aesthetics (design), landscaping, comfort, and environmental cleanness (visual, air, noise, pollution) were measured through place function dimension. Adherence to security (crime), security (fear of falling), security (fear of losing/wayfinding), and aesthetics (image) was evaluated using place preference scale. Social environment, cultural environment, sense of belonging, and life satisfaction were measured using process scale. Also, age, gender, marital status, occupation, and education were measured using person statues scale (34). The findings are compatible with those of previous studies, as all of those attributes that can compromise the basic qualities of public spaces are partially dependent on characteristics of the physical environment. However, they are also influenced by “soft” aspects of the environment and can significantly add or detract from the incentives and subjective experience of a particular public space. Furthermore, the findings of this study fit well with the 4 main features of Pikora conceptual framework for assessing environmental determinants of active travel functionality, safety, aesthetics, and destinations, and reviews (35). WHO defines age-friendly outdoor spaces as public spaces that have the following criteria: clean and pleasant; sufficient green spaces and landscape; well-maintained and safe; well-maintained pavements; free of obstructions; non-slip pavements; comfortable for wheelchairs; accessible and safe design for traffic and pedestrians at intersections and pedestrian crossings; street lighting; and police patrols and community education (36). "Livable Communities: An Evaluation Guide" claims that walkable communities improve active aging. The required indicators are designing high-quality sidewalks and their maintenance, traffic signals, pedestrian amenities, safety and security (lighting, sight Lines, eye/ear isolation, entrapment areas, escape routes, sense of ownership/maintenance, and police services) (8). Analysis of item-to-total correlation confirmed that each item belonged to its corresponding subscale. The internal consistency analysis with Cronbach’s α revealed an acceptable level of internal consistency for the total scales and subscales identified through factor analysis for PF, PP, and PE domains. Although certain subscales have moderate alpha values, the Cronbach’s α, within 0.5 and 0.8 range, has been reported in the literature (37). Furthermore, the moderate Cronbach’s α for items in each scale or subscale indicates that items are interrelated with little redundancy (34). Thus, each item in each scale measures something different. The low inter-item correlation indicates lower homogeneity, which is preferable, particularly for application in areas of motivation and personality, and is the case in this questionnaire (38). In terms of temporal stability, the scores for all the retained items in the different scales and subscales indicated a level of good to excellent stability (38). The results for the temporal stability of the current scales corresponded to the reliability results of the age-friendly public spaces of WHO checklist and livable communities (6, 39). Age-friendly community initiatives have excellent opportunities to combine the advantages of qualitative and quantitative methods to conduct a baseline assessment that is comprehensive and representative of the diverse older adult population. Therefore, this study has provided the first validated psychometric tool for assessing older peoples' preferences in public spaces as elder-friendly public places in Iran. The results indicated that the developed scales are valid and reliable to measure the corresponding constructs on a constant basis. This tool includes items that are interrelated within each scale or subscale, as measured by Cronbach’s α statistic, with little redundancy. This tool measures the type and level of the likability of public places in the older peoples' perspective. Further, it can measure the environmental potential to encourage older people to spend more time in outdoor spaces. In summary, through analyzing older peoples' experience we have developed tools to measure the possibility and concreteness of elder-friendly environment at micro, meso, and macro scales. The extracted components from qualitative studies have led to developing a psychometrical tool to measure the validity and stability of elder-friendly public spaces based on the older peoples' experience fit for local communities. We have shown the robustness of this method by systematically examining the validity and reliability thus such methodology can be adopted in various communities in understanding of how best to create elder-friendly urban spaces to promote active aging. Conclusions It is conluded that the Elderly-Friendly Urban Spaces Questionnaire (EFUSQ) can be adopted in various communities in understanding of how to create elder-friendly urban spaces to promote active aging. List of abbreviationsAVE: Average variance extracted CFA: Confirmatory factor analysis CR: Composite reliability CVR: content validity ratio CVI: content validity index FGD: Focus Group Discussion GT: Grounded Theory KMO; Kaiser–Meyer– Olkin PLS: Partial least squares WHO: World Health Organization DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate This research was approved by the Iran University of Medical Sciences Ethical Review Board (Ethics Code Number; IR.IUMS.REC.1397.148). All participants agreed to be interviewd in this study and verbal consent was obtained. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and material An anonymized dataset is available by request from corresponding author. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding There is no funding in this study. Authors' contributions AL and RA carried out interview and focuse groups discussion. AL and HRB performed all statistical analyses, interpreted the results, and wrote the paper. PKM contributed to interpret the results and revising the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements All the authors wish to express their gratitude to department of Cultural & Social & affairs located in Distric 10 of Tehran Municipality
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Table 2- This table depicts the extracted items from GT and literature reviewed during phase 1.
Table 3- This table shows the scales, items, and the number of items presented in the questionnaire.
Table 4- Summary of participants’ demographic information for the questionnaire validation phase.
Table 5- This table shows the content validity of domains used in the questionnaire
Table 6- This table shows the validity of AVE on older people preferences and place attributes
Table 7- The factor loading calculated for the subcategories of PF, PP, and PE
Table 8- The results of factor loadings and path coefficient for the place and older people preferences and three dimensions of PF, PP, and PE
Table 9- This table shows the discriminant validity of Fornell-Larcker test for the main domain of the questionnaire
Table 10 -Cronbach Alpha for the extracted dimensions
Table 11- Reliability indicator tested for older people preferences and place attributes
AppendicesAppendix 1- Survey questions in phase 1
Appendix 2- Concepts and Subcategories of Age-Friendly Public Spaces by Interviewees
Appendix 3- Older people-Friendly Public Space Questionnaire
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