Effects of different short-term tillage managements on soil microbial biomass turnover in the double-cropping rice field of southern China

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Effects of different short-term tillage managements on soil microbial biomass turnover in the double-cropping rice field of southern China

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1995677/v1

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Soil microbial biomass were usually regarded as a sensitive indicators in varied of soil fertility and soil quality, and its turnover in paddy field were mainly influenced on by applied with different tillage managements. However, the effects of different short-term (7-years) tillage managements on soil microbial biomass turnover in paddy field under the double-cropping rice system were still need to further investigate. Therefore, the varied of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) contents, flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in the double-cropping rice field of southern China with different tillage practices were studied. The tillage experiment set up four treatments: conventional tillage and straw returning (CT), rotary tillage and straw returning (RT), no-tillage and straw returning (NT), and rotary tillage with all straw removed from paddy field as a control (RTO). The results showed that SMBC and SMBN contents at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field with CT, RT and NT treatments were significantly increased, compared with RTO treatment. Compared with RTO treatment, SMBC and SMBN contents at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field with CT treatment increased by 28.99%, 33.31% and 17.84%, 16.52%, respectively. Flux of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field with CT and RT treatments were significantly higher than that of RTO treatment. This results indicated that flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field with CT, RT treatments were significantly higher than that of RTO treatment. Compared with RTO treatment, flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field with CT treatment increased by 65.49%, 39.61% and 114.91%, 119.35%, respectively. SMBC and SMBN contents, flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm layer were higher than that of 10–20 cm layer in paddy field with the same tillage treatment. Therefore, applied with rotary tillage or conventional tillage and straw returning were beneficial managements for increasing soil nutrient and soil productivity under the double-cropping rice system in southern of China.

tillage

soil microbial biomass carbon

soil microbial biomass nitrogen

microbial biomass turnover

Soil microbial biomass (SMB) were usually regarded as a sensitive indicators in varied of soil fertility and soil quality, including soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and so on ¹. It were generally believed that SMB content were regarded as an early indicators in varying of soil quality and soil fertility for that it were sensitive to external environment change ¹. SMB content (soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN)) were closely related with soil environment ², which were obviously influenced on by applied with different field managements, such as crop, tillage, residue, fertilizer treatment and so on ^3–4.

It were usually believed that SMB content were closely related with its turnover in agricultural soil, which were obvious changed under different tillage managements conditions ^5–6. Some results indicated that SMB content with conventional tillage (CT) treatment were significantly lower than that of no-tillage (NT) treatment ^7–8. However, other results found that there were no obvious differences in SMB content between NT and CT treatments ⁹. Some results indicated that soil microbial were an significantly processes in increasing C and N converted into soil organic matter (SOM) with different tillage management under rice cropping system conditions ¹⁰. SMB contents (SMBC, SMBN) and its microbial processes at surface soil layer with plough treatment were obvious lower than that of NT treatment, while the reverse results at deeper soil layer were found ¹¹. Many studies had conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage practices on SMBC and SMBN contents in field ¹², but less information about SMB microbial processes in field were obtain ¹³. Therefore, there is still need to further study the change of SMB content and its turnover in the double-cropping rice field under different tillage and straw returning conditions.

At present, the mainly rice planting pattern in southern of China was double-cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) system (early rice and late rice) ¹⁴. In recently, rice straw returning into paddy field combined applied with rotary tillage or NT treatments were accepted by people in this region, which it were beneficial for increasing soil quality and soil nutrient for rice growth, thus obtain higher rice yield ¹⁵. In the previous study, our results demonstrated that SOC and SMB contents at 0–20 cm layer in paddy field were significantly changed with different short-term tillage managements ¹⁶. However, the effects of different short-term (7-years) tillage managements on SMB contents and its turnover at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers in paddy field under the double-cropping rice system were still need to further investigate. We hypothesized that: (i) SMB content in paddy field were changed by taken tillage and straw returning managements, (ii) flux and turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN in paddy field were increased under taken tillage and straw returning conditions. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (1) to analysis varied of SMB content at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with different tillage practices, (2) to investigate flux and turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN in the double-cropping rice field under taken different tillage conditions.

2.1 Field site

This field tillage experiment were located in Ningxiang City (112°18′ E, 28°07′ N) of Hunan Province, China. The detail information about field site were described as by Tang et al. (2019) ¹⁶.

2.2 Experimental design

This field experiment were begin in 2015, and set up four tillage treatments: (1) conventional tillage and straw returning (CT), (2) rotary tillage and straw returning (RT), (3) no-tillage and straw returning (NT), (4) rotary tillage with all straw removed from paddy field as a control (RTO). Each tillage treatment in paddy field were laid out with three replications based on randomized complete block design. Early rice and late rice were using Xiangzaoxian 45 and Xiangwanxian 13 as material during field experiment period, respectively. The other more detail information about field managements practices were described as by Tang et al. (2019) ¹⁶.

2.3 Soil sampling collect

Soil sample in paddy field were conducted at late rice maturity stage in October 2021. Soil sample close to rice plant were collected at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field. Correspondingly, one composite soil from ten points was sampled from each plot. Thus, three soil composite samples were collected for each tillage treatment. Soil samples were transported to laboratory and then air dried at room temperature condition, and sieved through 2-mm mesh sieve for soil chemical measure in laboratory.

2.4 Soil laboratory analysis

2.4.1 Soil bulk density

Soil bulk density at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field with different tillage treatments were measured by using metallic cores of known volume, the more detail information about methods were described as by Blake and Hartge (1986) ¹⁷.

2.4.2 Soil microbial biomass content

Soil microbial biomass (SMBC and SMBN) contents were investigated by using fumigation-extraction method, the more detail information about this methods were described as by Wu et al. (1990) ¹⁸.

2.4.3 Flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN

Flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN of each soil sample were calculated according to the following equation:

Flux of SMBC (SMBN) (g m^− 2 a^− 1) = (SMBC (SMBN) × BD × depth coefficient)/ Turnover time

Flux turnover rate of SMBC (SMBN) (a^− 1) = Sum of dynamic decrease (or increase) of SMBC (SMBN) in a year / Average value of SMBC (SMBN) in a year

Flux turnover time of SMBC (SMBN) (a^− 1) = 1/ Flux turnover rate of SMBC (SMBN)

Where depth coefficient every 10 cm of sampling depth was 1.

2.5 Statistical analysis

Each investigated indexes with all tillage treatments were expressed as mean and standard error. And data of each measured indexes among different tillage treatments mean were analysis by using one-way analysis of variance (Anova) according to 5% probability level. All the data of each measured items in this present paper were analysis with SAS 9.3 software package ¹⁹.

3.1 SMBC and SMBN contents

This results showed that soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) content were obvious affected on by applied with short-term tillage treatments (Fig. 1, a). SMBC content at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with CT and RT treatments were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of RTO and NT treatments. SMBC content at 0–10 cm layer with NT, RT and CT treatments were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of RTO treatment. But there were no significantly (p > 0.05) difference in SMBC content at 0–10 cm layer in paddy field between RF and NT treatments. This results proved that SMBC content at 10–20 cm layer were lower than that of 0–10 cm layer under the same tillage treatment condition. Compared to RTO treatment, SMBC content at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with CT treatment increased by 28.99% and 33.31%, respectively.

Soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) content at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with RTO treatment were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of NT, RT and CT treatments. There were no significantly (p > 0.05) difference in SMBN content at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field between CT, RT and NT treatments. This results proved that SMBN content at 10–20 cm layer were lower than that of 0–10 cm layer under the same tillage treatment condition. Compared to RTO treatment, SMBN content at 0–10 cm layer with NT, RT and CT treatments increased by 11.12%, 13.16% and17.84%, respectively. SMBN content at 10–20 cm layer with NT, RT and CT treatments increased by 8.69%, 11.95% and 16.52%, compared with RTO treatment, respectively (Fig. 1, b).

3.2 Flux of SMBC and SMBN

This results showed that flux of SMBC at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with CT and RT treatments were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of RTO and NT treatments. There were no significantly (p > 0.05) difference in flux of SMBC at soil 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers between RT and CT treatments. The results indicated that flux of SMBC at 10–20 cm layer were lower than that of 0–10 cm layer under the same tillage treatment condition. Compared to RTO treatment, flux of SMBC at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with CT and RT treatments increased by 20.20%, 11.00% and 23.01%, 18.43%, respectively (Fig. 2, a).

Compared to RTO treatment, Flux of SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with NT, RT and CT treatments were significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced. There were no significantly (p > 0.05) difference in flux of SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers between NT, RT and CT treatments. The results indicated that flux of SMBN at 10–20 cm layer were lower than that of 0–10 cm layer under the same tillage treatment condition. Compared to RTO treatment, flux of SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with NT, RT and CT treatments increased by 5.24%, 6.20%, 8.41% and 4.20%, 5.78%, 7.99%, respectively (Fig. 2, b).

3.3 Flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN

This results indicated that flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN were obvious affected on by applied with different tillage practices (Fig. 3a, b). Compared with RTO treatment, flux turnover rate of SMBC at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with NT, RT and CT treatments were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). There were no significantly (p > 0.05) difference in flux turnover rate of SMBC at 10–20 cm layer between RT and CT treatments. The results proved that flux turnover rate of SMBC at 10–20 cm layer were lower than that of 0–10 cm layer under the same tillage treatment condition. Compared to RTO treatment, flux turnover rate of SMBC at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with NT, RT and CT treatments increased by 16.20%, 49.30%, 65.49% and, 14.94% 33.77%, 39.61%, respectively (Fig. 3a).

This results proved that flux turnover rate of SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with RTO treatment were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of NT, RT and CT treatments (Fig. 3b). The order of flux turnover rate of SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with all tillage treatments were showed that RTO < NT < RT < CT. The results proved that flux turnover rate of SMBN at 10–20 cm layer were lower than that of 0–10 cm layer under the same tillage treatment condition. Compared to RTO treatment, flux turnover rate of SMBN at 0–10 cm layer with NT, RT and CT treatments increased by 1.37, 1.99 and 2.15 times, flux turnover rate of SMBN at 10–20 cm layer with NT, RT and CT treatments increased by 1.40, 2.00 and 2.19 times, respectively.

The results indicated that flux turnover time of SMBC at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with NT, RT and CT treatments were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of RTO treatment. There were no significantly (p > 0.05) difference in flux turnover time of SMBC at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in paddy field between RT and NT treatments. The results proved that flux turnover time of SMBC at 10–20 cm layer were higher than that of 0–10 cm layer under the same tillage treatment condition. Compared to RTO treatment, flux turnover time of SMBC at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with NT, RT and CT treatments decreased by 12.05%, 21.88%, 49.55% and 13.45%, 22.27%, 42.86%, respectively (Fig. 4, a).

The results indicated that flux turnover time of SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with NT, RT and CT treatments were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of RTO treatment. There were no significantly (p > 0.05) difference in flux turnover time of SMBN at soil 0–10 cm layer in paddy field between NT and RT treatments. The results proved that flux turnover time of SMBN at 10–20 cm layer were higher than that of 0–10 cm layer under the same tillage treatment condition. Compared to RTO treatment, flux turnover time of SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers with NT, RT and CT treatments decreased by 17.92%, 27.17%, 46.82% and 11.76%, 20.81%, 42.99%, respectively (Fig. 4, b).

4.1 Effects of tillage managements on soil microbial biomass content

Soil microbial biomass (SMB) were usually regarded as an early indicators in changing of soil fertility and quality ², which were obviously affected by taken different tillage and residue managements. In this study, this results proved that SMB (SMBC and SMBN) contents in paddy field with application of straw returning treatments (NT, RT and CT) were higher than that of without straw input treatment (RTO), these results were accord with hypothesis 1 that SMB contents were changed by taken tillage and straw returning practices. The reason maybe suggested that Chinese milk vetch and straw returning into paddy field were provided carbon substrate for soil microbial activities, and soil carbon and nitrogen conversion rate were promoted under combined applied with tillage conditions, these results confirmed by the previous results ²⁰. In this study, our results proved that SMBC and SMBN contents in paddy field with RT and NT treatments were lower than that of CT treatment (Fig. 1), which were agree with previous found ¹², the reason were suggested that straw were return into plough soil layer in paddy field with conventional tillage practices, providing higher soil nutrient and available carbon substrate for soil microbial growth and multiplying. Secondly, rice root activities and exudation were enhanced with conventional tillage practice, and added larger number of root residue returning to paddy field. Meanwhile, our results demonstrated that SMBC and SMBN contents with NT treatment were lower than that of RT treatment, suggested that straw were return into 0–10 cm soil layer with rotary tillage practice when the depth of tillage was 8–10 cm, the straw decomposing and providing higher soil nutrient and carbon substrate for soil microbial growth and multiplying ²¹.

In this study, our results proved that compared with 10–20 cm layer, SMBC and SMBN contents at 0–10 cm layer in paddy field were significantly increased, the reason were suggested that straw and chemical fertilizer were incorporation into 0–10 cm soil layer combined with conventional tillage or rotary tillage, and 10–20 cm soil layer were little disturbed in the present study. On the other hand, straw and chemical fertilizer provide abundant of soil available nutrients for rice root growth and soil microbial activities.

4.2 Effects of tillage managements on flux of SMBC and SMBN

Some results demonstrated that flux of SMBC and SMBN were obvious influenced on by taken different tillage and straw returning managements ¹¹. In this study, our results proved that flux and turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN in paddy field with RT and CT treatments were higher than that of NT and RTO treatments, these results were accord with hypothesis 2 that flux and turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN in paddy field were increased under taken tillage and straw returning conditions. The reason maybe suggested that straw and chemical fertilizer were incorporated into plough soil layer with conventional tillage or rotary tillage practices, providing higher soil nutrient and available carbon substrate for soil microbial growth and multiplying. On the other hand, soil active organic pool and metabolism of soil microorganisms were promoted, therefore, transformation and supply capacity of soil organic nutrient were improved. Meanwhile, this results demonstrated that flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN in paddy field with NT treatments were higher than that of RTO treatments, which were suggested that straw decomposing and providing soil available nutrient and carbon substrate for soil microbial multiply ²¹.

In this study, our results demonstrated that flux turnover time of SMBC and SMBN in paddy field with RT and CT treatments were lower than that of NT and RTO treatments, which were agree with previous results ²², the mainly reason were suggested that straw were return into plough soil layer in paddy field protective effect on microorganisms and decomposition rate of microorganisms were enhanced combined applied with tillage management ²³. Secondly, SOC and soil nutrient contents were increased under taken conventional or rotary tillage and straw returning conditions ²⁴. Therefore, it were benefit for decreasing loss rate of carbon and nitrogen, increasing soil fertility by taken conventional or rotary tillage and straw returning practices. Meanwhile, our results indicated that flux turnover time of SMBC and SMBN in paddy field with NT treatment were lower than that of RTO treatment, suggested that straw decomposing and providing soil available nutrient and carbon substrate for soil microbial activities, and flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN were enhanced. As a result, applied with tillage and straw returning practices not only improve soil active organic pool, but also promote speed of soil microorganisms metabolism, improve transformation and supply capacity of soil organic and nitrogen nutrients.

In this study, our results demonstrated that flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm layer were higher than that of 10–20 cm layer in paddy field, but flux turnover time of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm layer were lower than that of 10–20 cm layer in paddy field, the reason were mainly suggested that soil ecology environment at 0–10 cm layer were improved with tillage (conventional tillage or rotary tillage) and straw returning into paddy field practices, rice activities and exudation were also improved. Secondly, straw and chemical fertilizer were returning into 0–10 cm layer in paddy field with tillage practices, providing higher soil nutrient and available carbon substrate for soil microbial growth and multiplying, transformation and supply capacity of soil organic nutrient were improved ²⁴. Therefore, flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm layer were improved, and flux turnover time of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm layer were decreased.

Our results demonstrated that SMBC, SMBN contents and its flux of turnover rate at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers under double-cropping rice system were increased by applied with tillage and straw returning practices. Consequently, combined applied with rotary tillage or conventional tillage and straw returning practices were an effective measures for increasing SMBC and SMBN contents at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers in a double-cropping rice field. Compared to without straw returning practices, flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers were increased under short-term applied with tillage and straw returning practices. Under the same tillage condition, SMBC and SMBN contents, flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm layer in paddy field were higher than that of 10–20 cm layer, but flux turnover time of SMBC and SMBN at 0–10 cm layer in paddy field were lower than that of 10–20 cm layer. Therefore, applied with rotary tillage or conventional tillage and straw returning practices were beneficial managements for increasing soil fertility of double-cropping rice field in southern of China.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2022JJ30352), Innovative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022CX75), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872851).

Availability of Data and Materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

Author Contribution

Haiming Tang wrote this manuscript text, Kaikai Cheng and Xiaoping Xiao prepared Figure 1, Lihong Shi and Weiyan Li prepared Figure 2-3, Li Wen and Chao Li prepared Figure 4. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Effects of different short-term tillage managements on soil microbial biomass turnover in the double-cropping rice field of southern China

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Materials And Methods

2.1 Field site

2.2 Experimental design

2.3 Soil sampling collect

2.4 Soil laboratory analysis

2.4.1 Soil bulk density

2.4.2 Soil microbial biomass content

2.4.3 Flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN

2.5 Statistical analysis

3. Results

3.1 SMBC and SMBN contents

3.2 Flux of SMBC and SMBN

3.3 Flux turnover rate of SMBC and SMBN

4. Discussions

4.1 Effects of tillage managements on soil microbial biomass content

4.2 Effects of tillage managements on flux of SMBC and SMBN

5. Conclusions

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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