Comparing oblique lumbar interbody fusion with lateral screw fixation and percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (OLIF-PETD) and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation complicated with lumbar instability

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the early clinical effect of oblique lumbar interbody fusion with lateral screw fixation and percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (OLIF-PETD) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability.

Methods

A total of 22 patients with lumbar disc herniation and lumbar instability from August 2018 to August 2020 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The general information, perioperative indicators and complications were recorded. The clinical outcomes and radiological outcomes were evaluated before the operation, seven days after the operation, and at the last follow-up. Vertebral fusion and degree of multifidus muscle injury were evaluated at the last follow-up.

Results

In this study, OLIF + PETD showed shorter incision length compared to the MIS-TLIF (P < 0.001). In the two groups, the clinical outcomes and radiological outcomes were significantly improved compared with the preoperative (P < 0.001). At the seven days after the operation and the last follow-up, the VAS of OLIF + PETD group was lower than that of MIS-TLIF group (P < 0.05). OLIF + PETD could give superior outcome in restoring disc height (P < 0.001), but the fusion segment angle of OLIF + PETD group was larger compared to the MIS-TLIF group seven days after the operation and at the last follow-up (P < 0.05). In addition, the fusion rate was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05), but OLIF + PETD could avoid the multifidus injury (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Compared to MIS-TLIF, OLIF-PETD can achieve satisfactory decompression effects and fusion rates with less multifidus injury and postoperative low back pain, which may be an alternative choice for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation combined with lumbar instability.

Introduction

Lumbar disc herniation is an important cause of low back pain and lower limb pain in the clinic. This kind of patient is often complicated with lumbar instability, which leads to low back pain and unilateral lower limb symptoms. Traditional lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability is often treated with posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). These two operations cause great damage to the normal stability structure of the lumbar spine and may cause intractable low back pain after the operation and affect the effect of fusion^[1]. In recent years, with the vigorous development of minimally invasive spinal technology, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) has been gradually carried out in the clinic, with the advantages of less trauma, satisfactory decompression effect and high fusion rate. It has achieved good clinical results in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, lumbar instability and other lumbar degenerative diseases^[2]. However, recent studies have reported that there is no significant improvement in the VAS score and ODI score after MIS-TLIF compared with open TLIF^{[3, 4]}. The early clinical efficacy of MIS-TLIF is still controversial.

Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) was introduced by Silvestre^[5] et al in 2012 and has been applied to lumbar spinal stenosis, lumbar instability and other degenerative diseases in recent years with satisfactory clinical results. Posterior percutaneous pedicle screw fixation, as a routine internal fixation method after OLIF, has reliable clinical efficacy but is time-consuming and expensive^[6], lateral screw fixation was performed through the same surgical approach, without additional incision and avoiding injury to the posterior bony structure and paraspinal muscles of the lumbar spine. However, OLIF achieves indirect decompression by expanding the height of the intervertebral space and the area of the intervertebral foramen. Its limited degree of decompression and its inapplicability to the L₅-S₁ segment limit its application to a certain extent. Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PETD) was performed through the endoscopic transforaminal approach. The Kambin safe triangle working area was used for foraminal expansion formation, and the protruding nucleus pulposus tissue was removed. A large number of recent articles have confirmed the effectiveness of PETD in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation and concluded that the incidence of perioperative complications of PETD is low^[7]. Therefore, PETD was used in our hospital to compensate for the limited degree of indirect decompression caused by OLIF, and lateral screw fixation was performed for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation combined with lumbar instability, with satisfactory early clinical efficacy.

This study retrospectively analyzed the case data of patients with lumbar disc herniation complicated by lumbar instability treated by OLIF+PETD and MIS-TLIF in our hospital from August 2017 to August 2019 and compared the clinical efficacy and radiological parameters of the two surgery, aiming to ① evaluate the clinical efficacy of OLIF+PETD in the treatment of patients with lumbar disc herniation complicated with lumbar instability, ② evaluate the decompression effect of OLIF+PETD in patients with lumbar disc herniation complicated with lumbar instability, ③ explore the stability of lateral screw fixation, and ④ provide more reference for the selection of surgery for such patients.

Clinical Data And Methods

1.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion Criteria: ① The patient was diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation complicated with lumbar instability (L₂-L₅): lumbar hyperextension and flexion lateral radiographs with sagittal displacement＞4 mm or intervertebral angle greater than 10°^[8], the symptoms involve lumbago and back pain combined with unilateral lower limb nerve compression symptoms, and strict conservative treatment is ineffective, requiring surgical intervention, ② OLIF with lateral screw fixation and PETD or MIS-TLIF was used for treatment, ③ The main outcome measures were clinical efficacy and radiological measurement.

Exclusion Criteria: ①Complicated with spondylolisthesis or lumbar spondylolisthesis (Meyerding Grade≥2), ②Complicated with a history of lumbar surgery, ③Complicated with spinal tumor, tuberculosis, infection, vertebral fracture or deformity, ④Complicated with severe osteoporosis.

1.2 General data of patients

According to the above inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 22 patients admitted to our hospital and receiving surgical treatment from August 2018 to August 2020 were included in this study, including 14 males and 8 females. Patients aged 41-72 years (58.3±2.9 years) were divided into two groups. OLIF with lateral screw fixation and PETD was the OLIF+PETD group, including L₃-L₄ in 2 cases and L₄-L₅ in 8 cases. The control group received MIS-TLIF with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation, including 12 patients, including L₃-L₄ in 1 case and L₄-L₅ in 11 cases. All patients had symptoms of low back pain, accompanied by lower limb pain or numbness. All patients underwent X-ray, CT three-dimensional reconstruction and MRI examinations before surgery. The patients were followed up for 12-22 months, with an average of 16 months.

1.3 Surgical method

1.3.1 OLIF+PETD

The PETD procedure was performed first, with the patient lying prone on the operating table under local anesthesia. Under G-arm fluoroscopy, the lateral side of the midline after incision was approximately 10-12 mm, the guide needle was punctured at the upper articular process of the vertebral body, and the angle of 15-30° was the safe area. The skin was cut 8 mm, the incision was expanded with an expander and a working channel, and the working sleeve was inserted successively. Intervertebral foramen plasty was performed with a ring saw, and a spinal endoscope was inserted. Different types of nucleus pulposus forceps are used to remove the herniated nucleus pulposus. At the same time, bipolar radiofrequency ablation (SPINENDOS, Germany) was used for hemostasis and to form the annulus fibrosus. After decompression, the endoscopic working sleeve was removed. The incision was covered with a sterile dressing and secured. (Figure 1)

The patient was then placed in the right decubitus position under general anesthesia for OLIF. Under G-arm fluoroscopy, the intervertebral space and anterior edge of the responsible vertebral body were located. A transverse incision of approximately 5 cm was made on the responsible vertebral space plane. Subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia were cut layer by layer, and the external oblique muscle, internal oblique muscle and transverse abdominis muscle were bluntly separated. The peritoneum was pushed forward in the retroperitoneal space between the abdominal aorta and the psoas major muscle, exposing the intervertebral space and the lateral side of the vertebral body. The insertion channel will be properly extended to open the intervertebral space. The anterior 1/3 annulus fibrosus was incised, and nucleus pulposus forceps and reamers were used alternately to remove intervertebral disc tissue. After discectomy and exposure of the bony endplate, a suitably sized cage was inserted and filled with allogeneic bone and bone repair materials. The position of the interbody fusion cage was satisfactory under G-arm fluoroscopy. A hole was made in the lateral side of the responsible vertebral body, and a multiaxial universal screw was screwed, with the screw passing through the contralateral cortex as far as possible. G-arm fluoroscopy was performed again, and the longitudinal connecting rod and tail cap were placed (Figure 2). A drainage tube was placed inside the incision, the incision was closed, and the sterile dressing was wrapped and fixed.

1.3.2 MIS-TLIF

Under general anesthesia, the patient was placed in the prone position. Under G-arm fluoroscopy, the pedicle of the responsible vertebral body was marked on the body surface. After routine disinfection of the surgical area, a puncture needle was used to locate the vertebral space on the line of the pedicle marker point on the side of the disc herniation (under the G-arm). A longitudinal incision of approximately 4 cm was made, the skin, subcutaneous tissue and lumbar fascia were cut, a high-frequency electric knife was used to stop the bleeding, and a cannula was inserted step by step to establish the working channel. The lower articular process of the upper vertebral body and the upper articular process of the lower vertebral body were removed by a bone knife, and the outer lower part of the upper vertebral body and the outer upper edge of the lower vertebral body were removed by a bone biter. Exposure of nerve roots and dural sac. The annulus fibrosus was incised, the nucleus pulposus was removed, and the ligamentum flavum was removed for decompression. The endplate was processed, and a cage was inserted, which was filled with autogenous bone and bone repair materials. G-arm fluoroscopy showed that the cage was in a satisfactory position. Under the G arm, the pedicle screw guide needle was placed bilaterally, the hollow universal screw was screwed, and the prebent connecting rod was placed. The tissue bleeding was treated thoroughly, the wound was washed, the negative pressure drainage tube was indwelled, the wound was closed layer by layer, and the sterile dressing was wrapped and fixed.

1.4 Outcome Measures

1.4.1 Demographic data: Age, sex, and intraoperative parameters, including fusion level, operative duration, incision length, length of hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, and complications.

1.4.2 Clinical efficacy evaluation:

① Visual analog scale (VAS): Assess the overall pain in the waist, lower extremities, and surgery. VAS scores were independently filled in by patients after the doctor's brief explanation, with 0 being no pain and 10 being very pain.

② Japanese Orthopedic Association assessment of treatment score (JOA): Lumbar function was assessed at preoperative and postoperative follow-up. The total lumbar JOA score was 29, including symptoms, physical signs and bladder function. JOA improvement rate = (follow-up score — preoperative score)/(29 — preoperative score)×100%.

③ Oswestry disability index (ODI): The subjective function of the lumbar spine was assessed with a total score of 100, including pain degree, daily living, self-care ability, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sexual life, social activities, travel, etc. ODI = each score/total score×100%.

1.4.3 Degree of lumbar multifidus muscle injury

The multifidus muscle cross-sectional area (MF-CSA) of the affected side was measured before the operation and at the last follow-up on the MRI axial image of the lumbar vertebrae. The innermost fascia close to the outer edge of the spinous process and lamina was taken as the lateral boundary of the multifidus muscle, fat infiltration was excluded, and ImageJ software was used for measurement (Figure 3). Atrophy rate = (preoperative CSA — last follow-up CSA)/preoperative CSA × 100%.

1.4.4 Radiological measurement^[9]

①Lumbar spine lateral X-ray measurement indexes were as follows. Disc height (DH): The anterior vertebral height (AH) and posterior vertebral height (PH) of the fusion segment were measured in lateral X-ray, DH (mm)=(AH+PH)/2 mm, lumbar lordosis angle (LA): LA was measured on lateral X-ray with two measurement lines parallel to the L1 and S1 upper endplates, fusion stage angle (FSA): the angle between the upper endplate of the upper vertebral body and the lower endplate of the lower vertebral body of the fusion segment was measured by lateral X-ray (Figure 4). 

②Lumbar spine computed tomography (CT) measurement indexes were as follows. Foraminal height (FH): the shortest distance between the lower edge of the upper vertebral pedicle and the upper edge of the lower vertebral pedicle, measured on lumbar CT sagittal image, foraminal cross-sectional area (F-CSA): measured on lumbar CT sagittal image, the area of the nerve root outlet region after excluding soft tissues such as discs, joint capsule and surrounding bone structures for the foraminal area (Figure 5).

③Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement indexes were as follows. Sagittal spinal canal diameter (SSCD): measured on MRI sagittal image of the lumbar spine, it is the anterior and posterior length of the spinal canal at the central level of the intervertebral space excluding the anterior intervertebral disc and posterior fat tissue, ligamentum flavum and other soft tissues, axial spinal canal diameter (ASCD): the length of the spinal canal in the horizontal direction measured on axial MRI images of the lumbar spine after excluding bony structures and soft tissues such as intervertebral discs, ligamentum flavum and fat tissue in the spinal canal, spinal canal cross-sectional area (SC-CSA): measured on axial MRI images of the lumbar spine, also excluding the bony structures and soft tissue such as intervertebral discs, ligamentum flavum and fat tissue in the spinal canal (Figure 6).

Radiological measurement data were measured using ImageJ software.

1.4.4 Fusion assessment at the last follow-up

A CT scan was performed at the last follow-up, and interbody fusion was divided into three levels according to BSF grading^[10]. BSF-1: vertebral collapse, loss of vertebral space height, vertebral slippage, loosening of internal fixation or obvious absorption and subsidence of bone graft, visible light transmission around the fusion apparatus, BSF-2: continuous bone trabeculae connecting upper and lower endplates were seen in the fusion apparatus, and transparent bands were completely transverse, BSF-3: there were fully continuous bone trabeculae connected to the upper and lower endplates of the vertebral body inside or outside the fusion apparatus, and extensive osteogenesis existed at the horizontal position. BSF-2 and above are considered to indicate bony fusion.

1.5 Statistical analysis

SPSS 22.0 for Windows software was used for statistical analysis. The measurement data in accordance with a normal distribution are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. The VAS score, ODI index, JOA score and radiological measurement indexes of the two groups were compared with the analysis of variance of repeated measurement. If the spherical test was not satisfied, the Greenhouse‒Geisser method was used for correction. The general data, perioperative index, JOA score improvement rate, multifidus muscle atrophy rate and fusion rate between the two groups were compared with independent sample t tests. The α value of the test level is 0.05 on both sides. The counting data were expressed as rates, and the rank sum test or Fisher’s exact probability method was used for comparisons between groups. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

2.1 General data and perioperative indicators

There was no significant difference in age, sex, operation segment, operation duration, hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss or postoperative drainage between the two groups. The total incision length in the OLIF+PETD group was significantly shorter than that in the MIS-TLIF group (P < 0.001, Table 1).

2 Clinical efficacy evaluation

There were significant differences in the VAS score and ODI index at each time point in the two groups (P=0.000). There was an interaction between the VAS score time and the group (F=5.330，P=0.009). With the extension of time, the decrease was greater in the OLIF+PETD group, and the VAS score in the OLIF+PETD group was lower than that in the MIS-TLIF group at 7 days after operation and at the last follow-up (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between groups (F=3.359, P = 0.082, Table 2). There was no interaction between ODI index time and group (F=1.185, P=0.327), and there was no significant difference between groups (F=0.674, P = 0.421, Table 2).

There were significant differences in JOA scores at each time point in the OLIF+PETD group and MIS-TLIF group (P<0.001). There was no interaction between time and group (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in JOA score between the two groups (P > 0.05, Table 2). There was no significant difference in the improvement rate of JOA score 7 days after operation and the last follow-up between the two groups (P > 0.05, Table 2).

2.3 Degree of lumbar multifidus muscle injury

At the last follow-up, the rate of lumbar multifidus muscle atrophy in the OLIF+PETD group was 4.1±0.5% and that in the MIS-TLIF group was 20.8±3.6%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001, Table 3).

2.4 Radiological evaluation

The lateral X-ray films of lumbar showed that there were significant differences in the DH at each time point in the OLIF+PETD group or MIS-TLIF group (F=280.363, P=0.000), there was an interaction between time and group (F=16.836, P=0.000), and the increase in DH was greater in the OLIF+PETD group with the passage of time (figure 7). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups. The DH in the OLIF+PETD group was higher than that in the MIS-TLIF group 7 days after the operation, but there was no significant difference before the operation and at the last follow-up (P > 0.05, Table 4). The difference in LA at each time point in the OLIF+PETD group or MIS-TLIF group was statistically significant (F=128.416, P=0.000), there was an interaction between time and group (F=1.930, P=0.173), and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (F=0.342, P=0.565, Table 4). The difference in FSA at each time point in the OLIF+PETD group or MIS-TLIF group was statistically significant (F=72.579, P=0.000), there was an interaction between time and group (F=11.955, P=0.000), and the decrease in FSA was greater in the MIS-TLIF group with the passage of time (figure 7). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups (F=5.069, P=0.036). The FSA in the OLIF+PETD group was higher than that in the MIS-TLIF group 7 days after the operation and at the last follow-up, but there was no significant difference before the operation (P > 0.05, Table 4).

According to lumbar CT measurements, there were statistically significant differences in bilateral FH and F-CSA at each time point in the MIS-TLIF group or OLIF+PETD group (P<0.001), there was no interaction between time and group (P>0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05, Table 4).

Lumbar MRI measurements showed that there were statistically significant differences in SSCD, ASCD and SC-CSA at each time point in the MIS-TLIF group or OLIF+PETD group (P<0.001), there was no interaction between time and group (P>0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05, Table 4).

2.5 Degree of interbody fusion at last follow-up

At the last follow-up, 1 case in the OLIF+PETD group was BSF-1 grade (without fusion), and the fusion rate was 90%. In the MIS-TLIF group, 1 case was BSF-1 grade (without fusion), and the fusion rate was 91.7%. There was no significant difference in the fusion rate between the two groups (P>0.05, Table 5). The fusion degree of a patient with OLIF+PETD at the last follow-up was shown in Figure 8.

2.6 Complications

One of the 22 patients had postoperative complications. The patient had low back pain combined with radiating pain in the left lower limb for two years, was diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation combined with lumbar instability (L_4-5) and was treated by OLIF+PETD in our hospital. The lower back pain and radiating pain in the left lower extremity were relieved after the operation, but numbness in the lower extremities still existed, and left thigh weakness and discomfort in the front of the thigh appeared. It was considered to be caused by intraoperative stretching of the psoas major muscle. The patient was given symptomatic treatment, such as nutritional nerve, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, and asked to take the initiative to perform lower limb functional exercise in bed. The above symptoms disappeared after one week. One year after the operation, the symptoms of pain and numbness were significantly relieved in the outpatient follow-up.

Discussion

In recent years, the methods of spinal fusion have increased, and minimally invasive technology is booming in the field of spinal surgery. MIS-TLIF was first proposed by Foley^[11], which to some extent reduces the traction and peeling of paraspinal muscles caused by conventional posterior lumbar surgery and reduces the incidence of complications related to the open surgical approach. Wang^[12] et al reported that lumbar degenerative diseases such as segmental instability are potential indications of MIS-TLIF. Recently, however, Zhao^[4] et al reported that there was no significant difference in the VAS score and ODI index one month after MIS-TLIF compared with open TLIF, which was also proven by Li^[3] et al. This may be because MIS-TLIF does not substantially avoid injury to the lumbar multifidus muscle. During the operation, the compression of the channel and long-term traction caused damage to the capillaries in the muscle, caused obvious ischemic changes, and aggravated the injury of the multifidus muscle^[13]. The OLIF avoids the dissection of back muscles and damage to the bone structure by accessing the lumbar disc through the space between the aorta and psoas muscle and ensures the stability of the posterior column structure. This study shows that the rate of multifidus muscle atrophy at the last follow-up in the MIS-TLIF group was 20.8±3.6% and that in the OLIF+PETD group was 4.1±0.5%, so OLIF+PETD can avoid injury to the multifidus muscle during surgery. He^[14] et al. also demonstrated that percutaneous pedicle screw fixation caused atrophy of the multifidus and erector spinae. Meanwhile, the VAS score of low back pain in the OLIF+PETD group was 2.4±0.5 at 7 days after the operation and 0.9±0.6 at the last follow-up, which were significantly lower than those in the MIS-TLIF group.

The OLIF is suitable for patients with various lumbar degenerative diseases who need to re-establish intervertebral stability and restore intervertebral space height, among which lumbar instability is a good indication. The larger fusion cage used by OLIF can obtain a larger contact area with the endplate and better stability than the fusion cage used by MIS-TLIF. By effectively restoring the height of the intervertebral space, the posterior ligament and soft tissue are tightened, and the displacement of the vertebral body is reduced to a certain extent. At the same time, indirect decompression is achieved by expanding the height of the intervertebral space and the area of the intervertebral foramen. However, due to the limited decompression effect, its application is limited to some extent. The PETD inserts the working channel directly into the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramen approach. Under direct endoscopic vision, the protruded or free lumbar intervertebral disc tissue can be removed, and the intervertebral foramen can be enlarged at the same time. The intervertebral foramen approach also has many advantages, such as protection of the posterior ligament and bone structure, less postoperative instability, facet joint disease and narrowing of the intervertebral space^[15]. In addition, there is no chronic neuro edema or fibrosis that may be caused by interference with the epidural venous system. Epidural scar formation occurs in more than 10% of patients after open discectomy, however, this common sequela, which can lead to clinical symptoms, was not observed in PETD^[16]. Therefore, PETD combined with OLIF can effectively ensure the effect of decompression and has significant advantages in small incision, low risk of postoperative trauma, short hospital stay and less blood loss^{[7, 17]}. Recently, Yang^[18] et al retrospectively analyzed 19 patients with adjacent segment degeneration who were treated with PETD+OLIF or PLIF. The results showed that compared with the PLIF group, the PETD+OLIF group had a shorter operation time and less intraoperative bleeding. The postoperative VAS score of the PETD+OLIF group was lower than that of the PLIF group, and better clinical efficacy was achieved.

Stand-Alone OLIF only uses a fusion cage without internal fixation. Biomechanical experiments show that the lateral fusion cage can provide good stability, but subsidence of the fusion cage easily occurs in the later stage of follow-up^[19]. Tempel^[20] et al retrospectively analyzed 297 patients who underwent stand-alone OLIF and found that the subsidence of the fusion cage was an important predictor of postoperative revision, so the application of a lateral fusion cage combined with internal fixation could further increase the stability of fusion. Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation is routinely used in MIS-TLIF and OLIF techniques, and they are considered to be the standard internal fixation methods for the strongest spinal fixation^{[21, 22]}. However, the application of this kind of internal fixation will increase the total operation time and expenditure of patients. Considering that additional posterior internal fixation is required after the insertion of the interbody fusion cage through the oblique lateral approach, it takes a great deal of time to reposition, locate the body surface and prepare the patient. Although it has been reported that placing pedicle screws in a lateral recumbent position can reduce the operation time, the risks outweigh the benefits^[23]. In addition, the injury of paraspinal muscles caused by posterior fixation greatly reduces the attractiveness of pedicle screw fixation. Therefore, we need an applicable fixation option, which can minimize iatrogenic injury, total operation time and medical cost, as a supplementary internal fixation after OLIF. Liu^[24] reported that OLIF combined with lateral vertebral screw fixation greatly reduced the operation time, intraoperative blood loss, radiation exposure and soft tissue injury and achieved one-stage interbody fusion through a single incision.

Recently, Xu^[25] reported lateral vertebral screw fixation after microsurgical nerve decompression via the OLIF approach, and the clinical effect was good. Wang^[26] et al reported that OLIF combined with lateral screw fixation can correct both coronal and sagittal deformities in patients with moderate degenerative spinal deformities. Huang^[27] et al reported that compared with MIS-TLIF, OLIF significantly improved the VAS and ODI of patients with single-segment lumbar degenerative diseases and had significant advantages in the recovery of segmental lordosis and coronal imbalance. The results of this study showed that the clinical efficacy of the two groups was significantly improved 7 days after the operation, and the last follow-up VAS score, ODI index, JOA score and improvement rate were significantly improved. In addition, during the postoperative follow-up, the VAS score of patients in the OLIF+PETD group was lower than that in the MIS-TLIF group, and injury to the multifidus muscle was avoided, indicating that OLIF+PETD has practical clinical value in clinical efficacy. X-ray results showed that although there was no significant difference in intervertebral space height between the two groups at the last follow-up, OLIF's unique interbody fusion cage had certain advantages in the improvement of DH immediately after operation, which was supplemented by direct decompression of PETD to ensure the decompression effect. At the same time, the CT and MRI results showed that the bilateral FH, F-CSA, SSCD, ASCD and SC-CSA were significantly improved 7 days after the operation and at the last follow-up, which also showed that the effect of OLIF+PETD was similar to that of MIS-TLIF in decompression. With regard to the effect of fixation and fusion, the finite element analysis of Guo^[22] based on a three-dimensional scanning model showed that the ability of lateral screw-rod internal fixation to limit the isotropic range of motion of lumbar vertebra was less than that of pedicle screws but better than stand-alone OLIF, especially in the direction of flexion and extension, while the improvement of cage stress by the lateral screw-rod technique was not as good as that of the pedicle screw technique but was significantly better than that of stand-alone OLIF. The results of this study showed that compared with the bilateral pedicle screws used by MIS-TLIF, the lateral screw fixation used by OLIF+PETD had a less significant effect on the improvement of the FSA at 7 days after operation and at the last follow-up. This may be due to the lack of sagittal stability and the ability to restore the normal sequence provided by lateral screw fixation, but the fusion rate reached 90% at the last follow-up, which proves to some extent that it can guarantee the fusion rate.

In clinical application, it should be noted that although lateral screw fixation takes into account both preserving the range of motion and improving the stress of the fusion cage to reduce the possibility of subsidence, in terms of the stability of the operative segment, lateral screw fixation may be suitable for patients with normal bone mineral density and body mass index. In addition, in the process of screw placement, the tail of screws should be avoided to protrude the bone surface of the vertebral body, which may cause complications caused by peripheral vasculature, nerve injury and chronic stimulation of the psoas major muscle. Moreover, compared with MIS-TLIF, OLIF+PETD can be used in patients with a history of posterior lumbar surgery, including open laminectomy and lumbar structural deformities, and the skin of the back is not suitable for posterior surgery. Under the premise of not increasing the operation time, a good surgical effect was achieved.

The limitations of this study are as follows: ① the number of cases is small, and a larger sample size is needed to study and demonstrate, ② the follow-up time is short, and the long-term effect still needs further clinical study. ③ all the cases come from a single medical center, which may cause some limitations, ④ without finite element analysis and evaluation, the stability of biomechanics still needs to be further studied.

In summary, OLIF with lateral screw fixation combined with PETD and MIS-TLIF can achieve satisfactory clinical results in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability. After the operation, the VAS, JOA and ODI were significantly improved, the DH and LA were significantly improved, and spinal canal decompression was sufficient and effective. However, compared with MIS-TLIF, OLIF with lateral screw fixation combined with PETD has a smaller incision, less damage to the posterior bony structure, ligaments and muscles of the lumbar spine, relieves postoperative chronic low back pain, and has certain advantages in intervertebral space stretching. Therefore, OLIF with lateral screw fixation combined with PETD may be an alternative choice for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation with lumbar instability.

Declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study was reviewed by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Shanxi Bethune Hospital (Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences) and ethical approval was obtained (No. SBQKL-2022-007). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All experimental protocols were approved by Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Shanxi Bethune Hospital (Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects or their legal guardians.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials: The datasets and materials supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Competing interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Funding: Not applicable.

Author’s contributions: CD was involved in data collection, statistical analysis and writing-original draft preparation; HYF, XM and CC performed the operation and contributed to the follow-up of patients; JM contributed to data collection and revision of the manuscript; LS was involved in conceiving the thesis, designing the research, and critically reviewing the content of the manuscript. All authors have approved the manuscript for submission.

Acknowledgements: Not applicable.

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