Preparation and characterization of self-cleaning cotton fabric loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO2

In this article, amino functionalized TiO 2 (TiO 2 /KH550) was obtained in a mild reaction between 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and TiO 2 with the aid of concentrated ammonia solution. 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) amino) sodium benzenesulfonate (SAT) was synthesized and characterized by 1 H NMR and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Self-dispersive and reactive TiO 2 (TiO 2 /KH550/SAT) was prepared by nucleophile substitution reaction between TiO 2 /KH550 and SAT. Finally, cotton fabrics loaded with different amounts of TiO 2 /KH550/SAT were achieved by pad-dry-cure method. The chemical structure, dispersion and thermal performance of TiO 2, TiO 2 /KH550 and TiO 2 /KH550/SAT were investigated by FT-IR, zeta potential and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The crystalline phase, morphology, chemical composition and optical absorption property of cotton fabrics were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). Moreover, the anti-ultraviolet, self-cleaning and washing fastness properties of cotton fabrics were investigated. It has been found that TiO 2 /KH550/SAT demonstrated excellent dispersion stability in aqueous even after standing for a month. Cotton fabrics loaded with TiO 2 /KH550/SAT possessed adorable anti-ultraviolet performance, highly ecient and durable self-cleaning activity as well as appreciable washing fastness property. The mechanism and possible reactions for the preparation of self-cleaning cotton fabrics loaded with TiO 2 /KH550/SAT were proposed.


Introduction
With the development of industry and improvement of living standard, a large amount of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage have been discharged into nature, which seriously aggravates environmental pollution.Enormous efforts have been devoted to degrade organic pollutants in green and sustainable way.Therefore, photocatalytic technology has become a research hotspot (Akpan and Hameed 2009;Dong et al. 2015;Tsang et al. 2019).Common photocatalysts, such as TiO 2 (Panniello et al. 2012;Chen et al. 2020), ZnO (Rahman et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2017), g-C 3 N 4 (Mamba and Mishra 2016;Wen et al. 2017), and so on, provide a promising way for environmental remediation.Among them, TiO 2 is considered as an ideal candidate due to its low-cost, chemical and thermal stability, biological compatibility as well as excellent photocatalytic activity (Song et al. 2017;Mohapatra and Nayak 2018;Guo et al. 2019).It primarily displays three crystalline phases: anatase, rutile, and brookite.Among these crystalline phases, anatase has been known to have the highest photocatalytic activity (Zhang 2014).
Rutile is thermodynamically stable, and anatase and brookite will irreversibly convert to rutile under heating conditions (Hanaor and Sorrell 2011).Previous works have reported that mixed-phase TiO 2 has more superior photocatalytic activity than pure anatase or rutile phase TiO 2 (Zhang et al. 2010;Ruan et al. 2013;Chaudhari et al. 2016).For instance, the mixed-phase TiO 2 photocatalyst was prepared through hydrothermal method, and exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure phase TiO 2 (Li et al. 2015).
Likewise, TiOSO 4 and peroxide titanic acid were used as titanium source to synthesize mixed phase TiO 2 composed of rutile and anatase by a hydrothermal method, and exhibited the best photocatalytic activity at the rutile ratio of 41.5% (Wang et al. 2018).
Photocatalyst loading on the ber with large surface can be reused directly.Moreover it endows the fabric with self-cleaning, anti-ultraviolet and anti-bacterial properties (Mahdieh et al. 2018;Nazari 2019).Therefore, the fabric loaded with photocatalyst has attracted numerous attentions in recent years.
Traditional routes for preparing the fabric loaded with photocatalyst include dip-pad-dry method (Pakdel and Daoud 2013;Lee et al. 2014), impregnation method (Shirgholami et al. 2015;Solovyeva et al. 2020), hydrolysis-condensation technique (Montazer and Seifollahzadeh 2011;Behzadnia et al. 2014) and solgel coating (Pakdel et al. 2013;Mishra and Butola 2018).The PET fabric loaded with TiO 2 was prepared by TiCl 4 hydrolysis and deposition, and exhibited adorable self-cleaning activity (Peng 2012).Zheng et al. presented a sol-gel process for preparing self-cleaning Bombyx mori silk loaded with anatase TiO 2 , which has excellent degradation effect on red wine stains (Zheng et al. 2014).Ahmad et al. prepared photoactive cotton fabric coated with reactive blue 21/TiO 2 sol through dip-pad-dry-cure route, and the obtained fabrics displayed commendable UV protection and self-cleaning properties (Ahmad et al. 2019) .Nevertheless, these technologies have been hampered by poor durability owing to the weak Van der Waal between photocatalyst and ber.In addition, photocatalysts employed in these methods tend to agglomerate in solution or on ber surface, leading to the reduction of the photocatalytic activity.In terms of these questions, some polar functional groups are introduced on the photocatalyst and fabric surface through pretreatment technology (Wang et al. 2017;Wei et al. 2018).Qi et al. obtained carboxylated SnO 2- x /GO through the introduction of 3, 4-dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid, which could bind with cotton fabric (Qi et al. 2019).Zhang et al. synthesized amino-capped TiO 2 using tetrabutyl titanate and amino polymers via two-step sol-gel, and further prepared the functional cotton fabric through hydrothermal method (Zhang et al. 2019).
In this contribution, 1 H NMR and FT-IR were conducted to exam the structure and composition of SAT.
Self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 was exploited and characterized by FTIR, zeta potential and TG.The self-cleaning cotton fabrics loaded with different amounts of self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 was prepared and characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS and UV-Vis DRS.The effect of selfdispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 content on the UV protection property and self-cleaning activity of cotton fabric, and the durability of the self-cleaning activity of the cotton fabric were investigated.The mechanism and reactions for the preparation of self-cleaning cotton fabric loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 were explored.
2.2 Modi cation of biphasic TiO 2 by KH-550 KH-550 (0.1 g) and ammonia (0.5 mL) were dissolved in ethanol solution (50 mL) containing deionized water and anhydrous ethanol (1:9).Biphasic TiO 2 (0.2 g) was added to the above-mentioned mixture with ultrasonic oscillating for 30 min and stirring for 24 h at room temperature.The modi ed TiO 2 was collected by centrifugation and washed three times with deionized water and anhydrous ethanol, respectively.It was dried at 60 ℃ for 24 h and ground to obtain TiO 2 /KH550 powder.
2.3 Synthesis and characterization of 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) amino) sodium benzenesulfonate (SAT) Cyanuric chloride (TCT, 2 mmol) was completely dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) with the help of agitation to form a transparent solution, which was placed in low temperature reactor (0 ℃). Anhydrous K 2 CO 3 (4 mmol) and sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate (SSA, 2 mmol) were added to the above solution in sequence, and kept reaction for 180 min at 0 ℃.The residual tetrahydrofuran was removed by rotary evaporation and K 2 CO 3 was fully dissolved by the addition of deionized water.After static duration for 2 h at low temperature, SAT was collected by centrifugation at 10000 rpm, washed ve times with anhydrous ethanol, and dried in vacuum oven at 60 ℃ for 24 h.Qone-WNMR-I-AS400 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Q.One Instruments, China) and NEXUS-670 fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (NICOLET, America) were used to characterize structure and composition, respectively.

Preparation of self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2
TiO 2 /KH550 (0.5 g) and SAT (0.6883 g) were consecutively dispersed to acetone (20 mL) with stirring until pH was adjusted to 5~6 using K 2 CO 3 solution (1.25 mol/L).The reaction was kept for 3 h at 40 ℃ with stirring.Finally the self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 (TiO 2 /KH550/SAT) was collected by centrifugation, washed three times with anhydrous ethanol, and dried at 45 ℃ for 24 h.2.5.Characterization of TiO 2 , TiO 2 /KH550, TiO 2 /KH550/SAT Nanoparticle size, polymer dispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were measured by Zetasizer nano-zs laser particle size analyzer (Malvern, England) to evaluate dispersion stability.The prepared samples (0.3 g) were dispersed in deionized water with sonicating for 30 min, and then diluted with deionized water to uniform dispersion, which stood for an hour and one month, respectively.Aqueous dispersion of nanoparticles was observed by taking photos before and after standing to evaluate dispersion stability.NEXUS-670 fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (NICOLET, America) and Q5000 thermogravimet analyzer (TA, America) were applied to characterize chemcial composition and thermal property, respectively.
2.6.Finishing of cotton fabric by TiO 2 /KH550/SAT An appropriate amount of TiO 2 /KH550/SAT (0.05 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g) and NaCl (0.05 g) were placed in a beaker containing deionized water (30 mL), which was sonicated for 30 min to acquire uniform dispersion.Then Na 2 CO 3 (0.45 g) and cotton fabric (1 g) were placed in the dispersion and the beaker was placed in a shaking water bath at 90 ℃.After reaction for 120 min the nished cotton fabric was washed three times with water and dried at 60 ℃ for 24 h.The obtained cotton fabrics were denoted as TiO 2 -0.05 cotton fabric, TiO 2 -0.1 cotton fabric, TiO 2 -0.2 cotton fabric and TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric, separately.

Characterization of cotton fabric
Phase structure and surface morphology were analyzed by X'Pert3 Powder XRD (PANalytical, Holland) and Nova Nano SEM 450 (FEI, America), repectively Chemical composition was determined by ESCALAB 250Xi XPS (ThermoFisher Scienti c, America).Optical absorption spectrum was recorded on a TU-1901 UV-vis DRS (PERSEE, China).

Property test of cotton fabric
Self-cleaning activity was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO).One drop of MO (1 g/L, 0.2 mL) was dipped onto cotton fabric surface, which was irradiated with 300 W PLS-SXE300 Xenon lamp (PerfectLight, China) and their photographs at different intervals (0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h, 24 h) were taken to observe the color change of fabric surface.
Washing fastness of the nished cotton fabric was investigated by photodegradation of MO after different washing cycles (1, 3, 5, 10) in deionized water (50 mL) under stirring with glass rod for 3 minutes (Gao et al. 2019;Qi et al. 2019).
UV protection was tested on a YG(B)912E (Darong, China) antiultraviolet tester of textile.

1 H NMR analysis
The 1 H NMR spectrum of the synthesized SAT is presented in Fig. 1.The data was as follows: 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.22 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H).Among them, the resonances of the imino group appeared at about 11.22 ppm.The resonances of the benzene ring appeared at 7.64 ppm and 7.58 ppm, respectively.The 1 H NMR spectrum demonstrated that SAT was successfully synthesized and consistent with the FT-IR result.

FT-IR analysis
The FT-IR spectra of SSA, TCT and SAT are shown in Fig. 2. As shown in Fig. 2a, the absorption peak appearing at 3486 cm -1 was corresponding to the stretching vibration of N-H bonds in SSA.The absorption peaks centered at 1604 cm -1 and 1432 cm -1 were derived from the stretching vibration of C-C bonds in benzene ring.In addition, the characteristic absorption peak at 1176 cm -1 was attributed to the vibration of the sulfonic acid groups.From Fig. 2b, the absorption peaks at 3446 cm -1 , 1497 cm -1 and 1269 cm -1 were assigned to the skeleton vibration of triazine ring.A peak near 848 cm -1 observed was ascribed to the characteristic absorption peak of C-Cl bones.The absorption peak at 787 cm -1 was generated by 1,4-diphenyl substitution.In Fig. 2c, the characteristic absorption peaks appearing at 3346 cm -1 and 1573 cm -1 were indexed to stretching vibration of N-H bonds and C-C bonds, respectively.The absorption peaks at 1517 cm -1 and 1405 cm -1 could be accounted for skeleton vibration of triazine ring.
Besides, the absorption peaks at 1189 cm -1 and 833 cm -1 were assigned to sulfonic acid groups and C-Cl bones, respectively.A peak near at 796 cm -1 was corresponding to 1,4-diphenyl substitution.These absorption peaks indicated that SAT was successfully synthesized by the reaction of TCT with SSA.Fig. 3 presents the typical FT-IR spectra of TiO 2 , TiO 2 /KH550 and TiO 2 /KH550/SAT.For TiO 2 in Fig. 3a, the vibration peaks at 3422 cm -1 and 1629 cm -1 were derived from stretching vibration and bending vibration of the hydroxyl groups adsorbed in the water.The peaks at 400-800 cm -1 were corresponding to Ti-O-Ti bridging stretching and Ti-O stretching vibration.For TiO 2 /KH550 in Fig. 3b, the vibration peak at 2924 cm -1 was assigned to the C-H stretching vibration in methylene groups.The absorption peaks at 1036 cm -1 and 988 cm -1 could be accounted for the existence of Si-O bonds and Ti-O-Si bonds, respectively, which proved the successful reaction between KH550 and TiO 2 .For TiO 2 /KH550/SAT in Fig. 3c, the characteristic absorption peak of N-H and stretching vibration peak of methylene groups were observed at 2900~3300 cm -1 .The absorption peak centered at 1626 cm -1 and 1568 cm -1 could be accounted for C=N bonds in the triazine ring and C-N bonds, respectively.The peak at 1520 cm -1 was indexed to the C-C stretching vibration in the benzene ring.The absorption peak at 1206 cm -1 was ascribed to the vibration of the sulfonic acid groups, and absorption peak at 704 cm -1 belonged to C-Cl bonds.All these veri ed that SAT reacted with TiO 2 /KH550 to obtain self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 .

Dispersion stability analysis
Table 1 shows the particle size, zeta potential and PDI of TiO 2 , TiO 2 /KH550 and TiO 2 /KH550/SAT.It can be seen that the particle size of TiO 2 /KH550 and TiO 2 /KH550/SAT was larger than that of TiO 2 due to the coating of organic molecules on TiO 2 surface .The zeta potential of TiO 2 /KH550/SAT (-35 mV) was higher than 30 mV, indicating stable dispersion in water.Fig. 4 shows the photos of TiO 2 , TiO 2 /KH550 and TiO 2 /KH550/SAT aqueous dispersion before and after standing for one hour and one month, respectively.As shown in Fig. 4a, TiO 2 , TiO 2 /KH550 and TiO 2 /KH550/SAT were evenly dispersed in water after ultrasonic oscillation for 10 min.After standing TiO 2 and TiO 2 /KH550 precipitated at the bottom of the container and there was a clear boundary between the sediment and the supernatant as shown in Fig. 4b and Fig. 4c.However, there was no obvious sediment after inversion of TiO 2 /KH550/SAT aqueous dispersion, demonstrating that the prepared TiO 2 /KH550/SAT could be stably dispersed in water.

TG analysis
Fig. 5 depicts the TG patterns of TiO 2 , TiO 2 /KH550, and TiO 2 /KH550/SAT.When the temperature was under 25~200 ℃, the weight loss of TiO 2 , TiO 2 /KH550, and TiO 2 /KH550/SAT was estimated as 0.809%, 0.780%, and 1.179%, respectively.This could be attributed to the evaporation of water molecules adsorbed on the particle surface.When the temperature went up to 300~600 ℃, the weight loss of TiO 2 was almost negligible.However, TiO 2 /KH550 lost about 2.767% of the weight, which may due to the thermal decomposition of organic molecules in KH550.The weight loss of TiO 2 /KH550/SAT was as high as 25.832%, which was primarily attributed to the thermal decomposition of organic molecules in SAT and KH550.6a, the XRD pattern of TiO 2 displayed the diffraction peaks at 25. 3°, 27.3°, 37.9°, 48.3°, 54.0°, 54.9° and 62.7°, which could be assigned to (1 0 1), (1 1 0), (0 0 4), (2 0 0), (1 0 5), (2 1 1) and (2 0 4) crystal planes of TiO 2 , respectively.The lines well matched the normal values reported by JCPDS (anatase No. 21-1272 andrutile No. 21-1276).As shown in Fig. 6b, the diffraction peaks of 2θ=14.4°,16.4°, 22.6°and 33.9°were characteristic peaks of (1 0 1), (1 1 0), (0 0 2) and (0 4 0) crystal planes of cellulose, respectively, which are consistent with those in the XRD standard card for cellulose (Tran Thi and Lee 2017).As shown in Fig. 6c, the pattern of TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric presented characteristic peaks of cellulose and TiO 2. The diffraction peaks of cellulose at 14.4°, 16.4°, 22.6°and 33.9°became slightly wider and weaker resulting from the loading of smaller TiO 2 particles with lower crystallinity (Shateri Khalil-Abad et al. 2009;Lou et al. 2014).All these con rmed the successful load of biphasic TiO 2 on cotton fabric.Cotton ber appeared as a at ribbon with irregular natural convolutions, and the surface was smooth without any particles in Fig. 7a and Fig. 7b.The SEM images in Fig. 7c and Fig. 7d showed the TiO 2 -0.3 cotton ber also had a twisted-ribbon longitudinal form as that for cotton ber.However, it was noted the particles were uniformly distributed on the surface of TiO 2 -0.3 cotton ber, indicating that the dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 has succeeded in loading onto cotton fabrics.Apart from C and O elements from cotton fabric, Ti element was supposed to derive from TiO 2 , and N elements were traced back to SAT and KH550, which veri ed the TiO 2 has been successfully loaded on cotton fabric.

Self-cleaning activity and wash fastness property analysis
The self-cleaning activity and washing fastness property of as-prepared cotton fabrics were evaluated through evaluating the color removal from the stained fabric with MO.Fig. 10 gives the appearance of cotton fabrics before and after washing dripped with MO solution for different sunlight irradiation time.As shown in Fig. 10a, the indistinctive fading of cotton fabric without the presence of self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 was attributed to the self-photodegradation of MO.To the contrast, the colors of cotton fabrics loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 decontaminated obviously, indicating that self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 endowed the cotton fabrics with self-cleaning activity.Cotton fabrics decolorized to different extent with the increase of irradiation time.After irradiation for the same time, the cotton fabrics became paler with the increase of self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 content.After irradiation for about 20 h, the color of TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric basically disappeared, which showed the best photodegradation of MO and self-cleaning activity.As shown in Fig. 10b, after being washed 1, 3, 5, 10 times, TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric still achieved excellent cleaning effect for 24 h irradiation under Xe lamp irradiation.The covalent bonding generated between cellulose macromolecules and self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 rmly combined each other together, thus exerted a signi cant in uence on the washing fastness of cotton fabric loaded with selfdispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 .The schematic of self-cleaning of cotton fabric loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 is illustrated in Fig. 11.The bandgaps of anatase TiO 2 and rutile TiO 2 were 3.2 eV and 3.03 eV (Pfeifer et al. 2013).The electrons in the valence band (VB) of the biphasic TiO 2 were activated to the conduction band (CB) under light illumination.Owing to the difference in the band potentials, the photogenerated electrons transferred from the rutile CB to the anatase CB.Simultaneously the photogenerated holes migrated from the VB of anatase to the rutile VB, resulting in the formation of anatase and rutile heterogeneous interfaces (Li et al. 2014).The oxidation potential of the photo-induced holes was higher than that of hydrogen (1.36 eV) and ozone (2.07 eV) and hence the formed electron-hole pairs had strong redox ability (Lan et al. 2013).In the photocatalytic reaction, the OH − and H 2 O molecules on rutile TiO 2 nanoparticle surfaces can capture the photo-produced holes and transform to hydroxyl radicals(•OH).Moreover, the electrons in the conduction band of anatase TiO 2 reacted with oxygen molecules to form peroxyl radicals(•O 2 − ).These photo-produced •OH and •O 2 − can further oxidize and degrade organic contaminants .

UV protection property
The protection property of as-prepared cotton fabrics was studied by measuring UVA, UVB and UPF values shown in Fig. 12.As can be seen, cotton fabric without the presence of self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 had high UVA and UVB values and low UPF value, which was not bene cial for the UV protection.After being loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 , UVA and UVB values of cotton fabrics obviously decreased and UPF value increased by a large margin.Therefore, the UV protection property of cotton fabric loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 was enhanced.
Moreover, it was concluded the larger amount of self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 brought better UV protection to cotton fabric.TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric achieved the maximum UPF value (62.07), indicating the optimal UV protection property.
3.11.Mechanism and reactions for the binding of self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 with cotton fabric The mechanism and reactions for the binding of self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 with cotton fabric are proposed in Fig. 13.Self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 (TiO 2 /KH550/SAT) with negative charge was achieved by introducing sulfonic groups and chlorine atoms, respectively.Cyanuric chloride (TCT) was selected due to the various activities of three chlorine atoms at different temperature ranges (El-Faham et al.;Ma et al. 2019).In detail, the amino functionalized TiO 2 (TiO 2 /KH550) was obtained in a reaction between silane coupling agent KH550 and biphasic TiO 2 with the existence of concentrated ammonia solution.Afterwards, SAT was synthesized by the reaction of one chlorine atom in TCT and the amino group in sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate (SSA) at 0 °C.Subsequently, TiO 2 /KH550/SAT was prepared by the nucleophile substitution reaction between the amino group in TiO 2 /KH550 and one chlorine atom in SAT at 40 ℃.Finally, TiO 2 /KH550/SAT was loaded on cotton fabric as a result of the reaction of one chlorine atom in TiO 2 /KH550/SAT and hydroxyl group in cotton fabric under alkaline condition at 90 ℃.

Conclusion
Self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 was successfully prepared in a three-step method, and was further loaded onto the cotton fabric by the traditional pad-dry-cure method.Results showed that selfdispersive and reactive biphasic TiO

Fig
Fig. illustrates the XRD patterns of TiO 2 , cotton fabric and TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric.As illustrated in Fig.

Fig. 7
Fig.7shows SEM images of cotton fabric and TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric with two different magni cations.

Fig. 8
Fig. 8 shows XPS survey of cotton fabric and TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric.It revealed that two elements, C and O, were detected in cotton fabric, while C, O, Ti and N elements were captured in TiO 2 -0.3 cotton fabric.

Fig. 9
Fig. 9 the UV-Vis DRS of cotton fabric and cotton fabrics loaded with amounts of different dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 .It was observed that the cotton fabric hardly had any light absorption capability.All the cotton fabrics loaded with dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 exhibited strong absorption of ultraviolet in the range of 200~360 nm.The ultraviolet absorption capability ascended with the increase of the self-dispersive and reactive TiO 2 content.All this well explained that the self-dispersive and reactive TiO 2 played a decisive role in increasing the ultraviolet absorption for the nished cotton fabrics.
2 displayed excellent dispersion stability.Cotton fabric loaded with self-dispersive and reactive biphasic TiO 2 possessed adorable ultraviolet protection property, exceptional self-cleaning activity and excellent washing fastness performance.The cotton fabric (1g) loaded with self-dispersive reactive biphasic TiO 2 (0.3 g) in the study featured the best ultraviolet protection and self-cleaning properties.The proposed mechanism for the preparation of self-cleaning cotton fabrics may provide a new insight for the preparation of functional textiles.Declarations Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist Funding Information: No Author contribution: Chunxia Wang, Zhenming Qi contributed to the conception of the study; Kuang Wang, Jialong Tian performed the experiment; Chunxia Wang, Kuang Wang, Zhenming Qi contributed signi cantly to analysis and manuscript preparation; Kuang Wang, Jiayi Chen performed the data analyses and wrote the manuscript; Dawei Gao, Xiaolei Song, Yu Ren helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions.Data Availability: All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.Animal Research (Ethics): Yes Consent to Participate(Ethics): Yes Consent Publish (Ethics): Yes References