Table (1). Composition and calculated analysis of the experimental diets (as fed basis).
Ingredients (%)
|
RGM
|
Control diet
|
2.5RGM
+0.5B
|
2.5RGM+1.0B
|
5RGM
+0.5B
|
5RGM
+1.0B
|
Soya bean meal (44%)
|
|
46.03
|
42.55
|
40.05
|
42.55
|
40.05
|
Rice Gluten
|
|
0
|
2.5
|
5
|
2.5
|
5
|
Yellow corn (8.5%)
|
|
48.74
|
51.92
|
51.92
|
51.92
|
51.92
|
Vegetable oil
|
|
2.30
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Di- Calcium phosphate
|
|
0.8
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Limestone
|
|
1.34
|
0.75
|
0.75
|
0.75
|
0.75
|
NaCl
|
|
0.35
|
0.5
|
0.5
|
0.5
|
0.5
|
Minerals and vitamins mix1
|
|
0.3
|
0.35
|
0.35
|
0.35
|
0.35
|
DL-Methionine
|
|
0.14
|
0.13
|
0.13
|
0.13
|
0.13
|
L-Laysine
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
Calculated analysis2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude protein%
|
59.02
|
24.15
|
24.16
|
24.16
|
24.54
|
24.54
|
Crude fiber %
|
3.20
|
4.19
|
4.41
|
4.41
|
4.44
|
4.44
|
Phosphorous (available) %
|
4.00
|
0.58
|
0.56
|
0.56
|
0.56
|
0.56
|
Calcium %
|
2.30
|
0.85
|
0.84
|
0.84
|
0.84
|
0.84
|
Methionine + cysteine %
|
3.88
|
0.88
|
0.88
|
0.88
|
0.89
|
0.89
|
Methionine %
|
2.25
|
0.56
|
0.60
|
0.60
|
0.64
|
0.64
|
Lysine%
|
3.57
|
2.67
|
2.68
|
2.68
|
2.70
|
2.70
|
Metabolizable energy (ME) Kcal/kg
|
3500
|
3126
|
3150
|
3150
|
3166
|
3166
|
1each kg contain Vit. A, 12000.000 IU; Vit. D3, 2000.000 IU; Vit E,10g; Vit. K2, 1g; Vit. B1, 1g, Vit. B2, 4g, Vit. B6, 1. 5g; Vit. B12, 10g; Pantathenic acid, 10g; Nicotinic acid, 20g; Folic acid, 1000 mg; Biotin, 50g; Choline chloride, 500g; Copper, 10g; Iodine, 1g; Iron, 30g; Manganese, 55g; Zinc, 55g; Selenium, 0.1g.
2Calculated according the basis of the ingredients composition.
Table 2. The impact of inclusion of RGM and betaine on growth performance of Japanese quails chicks
Items
|
Control
|
2.5RGM
+0.5B
|
2.5RGM+1.0B
|
5RGM
+0.5B
|
5RGM
+1.0B
|
SEM
|
P value
|
Live body weight, LBW (g)
|
1 weeks
|
16.33
|
16.24
|
16.08
|
16.09
|
16.25
|
0.08
|
0.1936
|
3 weeks
|
163.73b
|
165.71b
|
170.37a
|
170.37a
|
168.03b
|
1.51
|
0.0056
|
5 weeks
|
225.99bc
|
223.37c
|
227.54b
|
236.21a
|
238.28a
|
1.29
|
<0.0001
|
Daily body weight gain, DBWG (g)
|
1–3 weeks
|
7.01b
|
7.11b
|
7.34a
|
7.35a
|
7.23ab
|
0.07
|
0.0033
|
3-5 weeks
|
4.45bc
|
4.12cd
|
4.08d
|
4.70ab
|
5.02a
|
0.12
|
<0.0001
|
1-5 weeks
|
5.99bc
|
5.92c
|
6.04b
|
6.28a
|
6.34a
|
0.04
|
<0.0001
|
Daily feed intake, DFI (g/day)
|
1–3 weeks
|
16.03b
|
15.92c
|
15.90c
|
15.84d
|
16.37a
|
0.01
|
<0.0001
|
3-5 weeks
|
22.84ab
|
22.85ab
|
22.79b
|
22.78b
|
22.79a
|
0.01
|
0.0009
|
1-5 weeks
|
20.12b
|
20.08a
|
20.03d
|
20.01d
|
20.28a
|
0.01
|
<0.0001
|
Feed conversion ratio, FCR(g feed/g gain)
|
1–3 weeks
|
2.29a
|
2.24ab
|
2.17ab
|
2.15b
|
2.26ab
|
0.03
|
0.0124
|
3-5 weeks
|
5.13b
|
5.54ab
|
5.58 a
|
5.58 a
|
4.54 d
|
0.14
|
<0.0001
|
1-5 weeks
|
3.35ab
|
3.39 a
|
3.32 b
|
3.19 c
|
3.20 c
|
0.02
|
<0.0001
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a, b,c,d Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p<0.05.
SEM = standard error mean.
2.5RGM, 5RGM stand for diets containing 2.5 and 5% Rice Gluten Meal; 0.5B, 1.0B stand for diets having 0.5 and 1.0 g/Kg betaine
Table 3. Effect of inclusion of RGM and betaine on nutrients digestibility of Japanese quails.
Item
|
Control
|
2.5RGM
+0.5B
|
2.5RGM
+1.0B
|
5RGM
+0.5B
|
5RGM
+1.0B
|
SEM
|
P value
|
Dry matter, (DM%)
|
77.47a
|
75.38ab
|
75.99ab
|
76.79ab
|
74.78b
|
8.77
|
0.0015
|
Organic matter, (OM%)
|
79.25a
|
77.26ab
|
77.84ab
|
78.57ab
|
76.36b
|
0.74
|
0.0001
|
Crude protein, (CP%)
|
69.86c
|
73.02b
|
74.07ab
|
75.31a
|
75.62a
|
0.71
|
0.0001
|
Crude fiber, (CF%)
|
27.19cd
|
23.61d
|
31.68b
|
33.96b
|
44.08a
|
1.87
|
0.02
|
Ether Extract, (EE%)
|
82.12b
|
86.17a
|
86.52a
|
86.96a
|
85.82a
|
0.98
|
0.001
|
Nitrogen free extract, (NFE%)
|
86.06a
|
80.84b
|
80.85b
|
81.39b
|
79.35b
|
0.91
|
0.0013
|
a, b,c,d Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p<0.05.
SEM = standard error mean.
2.5RGM, 5RGM stand for diets containing 2.5 and 5% Rice Gluten Meal; 0.5B, 1.0B stand for diets having 0.5 and 1.0 g/Kg betaine
Table 4. Effect of inclusion of RGM and betaine on carcass characteristics of Japanese quails.
Item
|
Control
|
2.5RGM
+0.5B
|
2.5RGM
+1.0B
|
5RGM
+0.5B
|
5RGM
+1.0B
|
SEM
|
P value
|
Live body weight(g)
|
190.96
|
207.57
|
185.06
|
193.37
|
197.53
|
7.49
|
0.3494
|
Carcass weight (g)
|
151.80ab
|
171.67a
|
146.53b
|
150.40ab
|
156.03ab
|
6.77
|
0.1454
|
Dressing%
|
79.49
|
82.63
|
78.67
|
77.77
|
79.01
|
1.43
|
0.2311
|
Gizzard%
|
3.71
|
4.99
|
3.57
|
4.35
|
3.85
|
0.44
|
0.2235
|
Liver%
|
2.81
|
4.05
|
3.38
|
3.74
|
2.94
|
0.39
|
0.2142
|
Heart%
|
2.35
|
1.73
|
1.54
|
1.37
|
1.69
|
0.35
|
0.4056
|
Spleen%
|
0.05
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.10
|
0.07
|
0.01
|
0.3274
|
Stomach%
|
0.75
|
0.75
|
0.74
|
0.70
|
0.64
|
0.04
|
0.3935
|
Breast weight (g)
|
81.83
|
86.17
|
79.83
|
80.37
|
85.30
|
3.18
|
0.5413
|
Thigh weight (g)
|
49.50
|
54.33
|
46.97
|
48.67
|
48.70
|
2.75
|
0.4408
|
Intestine weight (g)
|
7.38
|
7.13
|
7.11
|
7.67
|
7.38
|
0.34
|
0.7773
|
Intestine length (cm)
|
46.33
|
42.66
|
39.00
|
39.67
|
37.33
|
3.83
|
0.5206
|
Cecum length (cm)
|
7.33b
|
9.33a
|
7.00b
|
8.67ab
|
7.16b
|
0.50
|
0.0296
|
Abdominal fat (g)
|
2.56a
|
1.20b
|
1.02b
|
1.02b
|
1.16b
|
0.17
|
0.0004
|
a, b Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p<0.05.
SEM = standard error mean.
2.5RGM, 5RGM stand for diets containing 2.5 and 5% Rice Gluten Meal; 0.5B, 1.0B stand for diets having 0.5 and 1.0 g/Kg betaine
Table 5. Effect of inclusion of RGM and betaine on serum biochemistry of Japanese quails.
Items
|
Control
|
2.5RGM
+0.5B
|
2.5RGM
+1.0B
|
5RGM
+0.5B
|
5RGM
+1.0B
|
SEM
|
P value
|
Total protein (g/dl)
|
2.72
|
3.02
|
3.47
|
3.55
|
3.60
|
0.32
|
0.2953
|
Albumin(g/dl)
|
1.35
|
1.27
|
1.57
|
1.43
|
1.37
|
0.18
|
0.8170
|
Globulin (g/dl)
|
1.38b
|
1.75ab
|
1.90ab
|
2.12a
|
2.23a
|
0.18
|
0.0539
|
A/G ratio
|
0.98a
|
0.72ab
|
0.84ab
|
0.67ab
|
0.62b
|
0.10
|
0.0181
|
Creatinine (mg/dl)
|
0.43
|
0.44
|
0.54
|
0.46
|
0.56
|
0.04
|
0.2568
|
Urea(mg/dl)
|
6.49b
|
9.98ab
|
12.83a
|
12.39a
|
10.53ab
|
1.60
|
0.1128
|
ALT (U/l)
|
9.07c
|
13.43bc
|
8.80c
|
21.23a
|
15.07b
|
1.48
|
0.0008
|
AST(U/l)
|
128.67
|
111.40
|
115.16
|
131.00
|
91.53
|
11.83
|
0.2061
|
Glucose (mg/dl)
|
310.33d
|
337.33c
|
355.34b
|
369.66b
|
392.67a
|
3.52
|
<0.0001
|
a, b,c Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p<0.05.
SEM = standard error mean.
2.5RGM, 5RGM stand for diets containing 2.5 and 5% Rice Gluten Meal; 0.5B, 1.0B stand for diets having 0.5 and 1.0 g/Kg betaine
Table 6. Effect of inclusion of RGM and betaine on hematology of Japanese quails.
Items
|
Control
|
2.5RGM
+0.5B
|
2.5RGM
+1.0B
|
5RGM
+0.5B
|
5RGM
+1.0B
|
SEM
|
P value
|
White blood count (WBC, (103/mm3)
|
175.43ab
|
173.80ab
|
167.00b
|
184.60a
|
180.26a
|
3.78
|
0.0466
|
Red blood count (RBC, 106/mm3)
|
3.51
|
3.32
|
3.54
|
3.79
|
3.41
|
0.24
|
0.7095
|
Haemoglobin
(HB, g/dl)
|
17.10b
|
15.83ab
|
17.43ab
|
18.23a
|
18.30a
|
0.66
|
0.1297
|
Lymphocyte, (103/mm3)
|
120.67
|
121.67
|
120.66
|
119.00
|
122.00
|
1.18
|
0.4625
|
Eosinophils (EO, 103/mm3)
|
1.30b
|
1.27b
|
1.07b
|
1.47b
|
1.77a
|
0.14
|
0.0492
|
Monocytes (Mono,103/mm3)
|
38.33ab
|
37.00ab
|
34.00b
|
42.33a
|
41.67a
|
1.84
|
0.0505
|
Neutrophils (NEO, 103/mm3)
|
15.33ab
|
14.33b
|
12.00b
|
20.00a
|
20.33a
|
1.61
|
0.0166
|
HCT (%)
|
51.23
|
50.17
|
51.93
|
59.07
|
53.87
|
3.34
|
0.4063
|
MCV (fL)
|
146.56d
|
152.13bc
|
148.10cd
|
156.53b
|
161.20a
|
1.45
|
0.0002
|
MCH (%)
|
61.67bc
|
61.77bc
|
60.17c
|
67.80ab
|
69.33a
|
2.24
|
0.0536
|
MCHC (%)
|
42.10b
|
40.37b
|
40.77b
|
43.17ab
|
46.53a
|
1.33
|
0.0513
|
a, b,c,d Means having different superscripts within each effect in the same row are significantly different at p<0.05.
SEM = standard error mean.
2.5RGM, 5RGM stand for diets containing 2.5 and 5% Rice Gluten Meal; 0.5B, 1.0B stand for diets having 0.5 and 1.0 g/Kg betaine
Table 7. Effect of inclusion of RGM and betaine on Microbiological count of the gut (Log CFU/g) of Japanese quail.
Items
|
Control
|
2.5RGM
+0.5B
|
2.5RGM
+1.0B
|
5RGM
+0.5B
|
5RGM
+1.0B
|
SEM
|
P value
|
Lactobacillus bacteria
|
5.03
|
5.50
|
5.8
|
6.46
|
6.50
|
0.12
|
<0.0001
|
E-coli
|
5.91
|
5.24
|
5.07
|
5.00
|
5.06
|
0.06
|
<0.0001
|
Coliform
|
5.94
|
5.22
|
5.07
|
4.88
|
4.60
|
0.03
|
<0.0001
|