3.1. Historical Environment Items
Components that make up historical environments affect the quality of the environment. Historical city centres are generally areas where monuments are concentrated. Generally, historical centres have grown by spontaneous development. However, uproar cannot be observed. In historical environments, although the proportions and dimensions are suitable for the whole, a rich variety of details are observed. In the urban texture, the shape of the streets, the spatial relations of the streets and squares, the size and shapes of the island, the shape of the street corners, the facade proportions of the buildings and their relations with the street are the characteristics that characterize the settlement [1].
3.2 Preservation of Historical Texture
Transferring the cultural values of historical cities to future generations means maintaining the identity of the city. The heritages of the cities constitute the identity of the city. Protecting the architectural environment, protecting the natural environment, protecting the cultural environment means protecting the identity of the city. Cities have hosted various nations that have passed through various periods over the years. The livelihood of cities and every period they have is very important. And every period is part of the historical continuity. The experiences of cities should be adopted and protected as a whole in this manner. The concept of conservation is a cultural process and it is not only a cultural approach, but also includes economic and social processes. Conservation concept constitutes cultural, economic and social sustainability. The conservation of historical cities includes not only the protection of the physical environment but also its development and functionalization [1].
3.3. Tourism Effects in the Preservation of the Historic Environment
The concept of tourism has turned into a very comprehensive form in social, political and economic aspects. The transformation of countries into a saviour in terms of economic development has developed as the most important sector of the economy and development of the countries and formed an important area of economic development. Areas of cultural heritage and natural beauties have become prominent areas for tourism. Here, the unplanned and unconscious arrangements brought about serious problems that destroyed the city, while trying to improve in terms of the destruction of the city. The concepts of tourism and conservation have turned into two concepts that are difficult to think of separately from each other in historical cities. Urban conservation has a high percentage of realization with tourism that appeals to the purpose of economic development. And it has developed as a method of protection. Cultural heritage, cultural values, monumental structures, historical environments, traces of life etc. can be listed as important items that attract tourism. Tourism is an important tool that will allow the protection and continuity of heritage and cultural values as long as it is thought and planned correctly and consciously. In cases where the need for economic development is basic, tourism-oriented renewals may cause cities to be made important by providing financial and moral support to the country [2].
3.4. Legal Regulations for the Protection of the Historic Environment
3.4.1. International Legal Regulations
When the concept of conservation first emerged, William Morris, who founded the "Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings" (1887) in England in the second half of the 19th century, stated that a new interest in historical and artistic values started about the association principles and He stated that it was one of the historical, religious and artistic curiosities. In the same years, Italian Camillio Boito argued that historical monuments document the past of all humanity in the principles he prepared for contemporary repairs and that this reason is the most important reason for preservation [3]. In the following years, definitions related to the concept of conservation developed, ex-plaining that historical artefacts are artistic and historical documents and should be preserved, and historical artefacts are a heritage of values to be preserved that establish a connection between the traces of the past and the present [4]. The creation and appearance of conservation regulations became universal and widespread in the world countries with the Venice Statute formed by the ICOMOS "International Council on Monuments and Sites "International Council on Monuments and Sites" established in 1965. UNESCO was the enforcer and guardian of this charter in 1965. UNESCO in 1972; In the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention, the cultural assets to be protected are classified as monuments, building communities and sites. It has published that these assets are values that can be regarded as cultural heritage and should be protected [5]. Protection has become an important practice in world countries on a universal scale. And protection funds and protection practices are provided with correct methods and techniques. The concept, which has turned into a universal rule, reveals how important the placement of the past in human history is. The Venice Statute, which was created in 1965, includes the protection principles accepted in the world and is an international protection regulation that ensures the development of protection at a universal level.
3.4.2. Legal Regulations Regarding the Conservation Concept in the Northern Cyprus Island Part
The "Roads and Buildings" regulation of the island of Cyprus, which was put into effect in 1946, includes urban development rules. Defence during the British period; The "Antiques Law" was being implemented. It has been repealed by the "Former Marriage Law". And the principles determined by this law and the protection legislation are still being applied today. The Law of Old Estates, which entered into force in 1975, is important in terms of being a protection plan. Live; Protection areas are related to individual buildings and protected areas of listed buildings. Audit; It was created to protect the rich historical past of the island, to protect the archaeological remains, to bring them to light and to prevent their disappearance. According to the law, the Department of Antiquities and the High Council of Monuments is the institution that has the authority to audit. High Council of Monuments; It has the authority to list the buildings, to determine the protected areas, to determine the buildings to be protected, to decide whether or not to construct in these areas, to supervise the constructions to be made, to approve the renovation projects within the protection area [6].
3.5. General Information about Kyrenia City and Antique Harbour
Kyrenia City is one of the few coastal settlements located in the northern part of the island of Cyprus Figure 1. It is located between Nicosia in the south, Esentepe in the east and Alsancak in the west. The area was chosen as the study area; The Ancient Port has been determined as the Kyrenia Castle, which has become the symbol of the city, and its immediate surroundings. Kyrenia Antique Harbor is the first settlement area of the city of Kyrenia, which has hosted many nations and rich historical culture. Working frame; The Ancient Port, Kyrenia Castle and its surroundings are delimited in the frame of 20 July Kordon, Ziya Rızkı (formerly Hürriyet Caddesi) and Turgut Tahsin streets Figure 2.
The Ancient Harbour City, which is the most important tourist centre of the country, has maintained its attraction from the past to the present, has created the identity of the city with its historical values and traces of life. General settlement texture of the city of Kyrenia; It appears Old Kyrenia and New Kyrenia. The city is surrounded by Old Kyrenia, which is known as the Old Port, which has very narrow streets and stone masonry houses, and New Kyrenia, which has a very modern structure and is developing with its wide roads suitable for traffic conditions [8].
3.6. Kyrenia Ancient Harbour History - City Formation Process and Development
Kyrenia Ancient Harbour is one of the important port settlements of our country worth researching in terms of its historical heritage and historical monuments. The year of the foundation of the ancient city, which has survived to the present day by preserving its original structure, is not known exactly. The itemization of the nation ruling in the ancient port in chronological order; Roman-Byzantine Period (A.D.395-1191), Lusignan Period (1191-1489), Venetian Period (1489-1570), Ottoman Period (1571-1878), British Period (1878-1960), the Republic of Cyprus after 1960 [9].
3.7. Graphically explaining the morphological formation and development of Kyrenia City
In the graphics Figure 3, in line with the data obtained from the literature review, the development and settlement densities of the city according to the civilizations in the ancient Port of Kyrenia are explained regionally.
As it can be understood in the illustrated narrative, the "morphological" formation process of the city; The most well-known ancient age, starting in the Roman-Byzantine period, hosted Lusignan, Venetian, Ottoman, British administrations and developed and reached its present shape. With the development that started around the castle, it has developed towards the west and south directions over the years and the city has become the most important focal point of the island with its historical heritage. The existing tourism-oriented changes and developments in the city are made for tourism and trade purposes.
3.8. Current Situation Analysis in the Kyrenia Ancient Harbour Area 1993 – 2017
The ancient port, which has been settled for trade and accommodation purposes since its first formation, continues its tourism-oriented development in its present form. The ancient port, which is very rich in human scale and environmental value, was under the intense pressure of trade and tourism. In this part of the study, the analyses made in 1993 by the Department of Antiquities and the Urban Planning Department will be explained. The analysis of the situation in 2017 will be analyzed and explained by the author. The regions of the study area are shown in Figure 4. These areas were handled within the boundaries specified in the Kyrenia conservation plan and were selected due to the areas where tourism-induced changes are intense.
In addition to the tabular explanations’ of 2017 analysis, function and road network survey in the region are explained in detail on the map. Figure 5 and Figure 6 explain the urban use analysis in detail, and the building uses within the area. It has been analysed that commercial, restaurant, entertainment areas, historical buildings, tourist accommodation facilities and residential uses are intense.
In Figure 7, the number of floor analysis in the region are explained.
As it is explained in the map, the protection area has a density of 3 and 4-storey buildings on 1 port facade. It has been analysed that there are single-storey buildings and 2-storey buildings in the settlement area behind the port line Figure 8 shows the 2017 vehicle use and pedestrian axes in the region.
In Figure 9, the conservation planning decisions are taken in the city in 1993 [10] and the usage comparison in 2017 (Author, 2018) are explained on the map.
In the Kyrenia Environmental Protection Plan, it is foreseen that the use decisions made for the protected area can be applied to the buildings on the harbour facade for housing, entertainment and tourism purposes. However, it has been determined that the uses here have developed mainly as tourism-oriented food and beverage areas, trade-oriented shops and tourism-oriented accommodation pensions on the 1st, 2nd and upper floors. it has been determined that the buildings, for which the decisions taken for consolidation and preservation were not implemented, were neglected and abandoned to ageing. It can be said that only the economy is important, not the historical preservation and that economic sustainability is ensured in the area. Unfortunately, the historical value of the buildings comes after the economic value and it has been determined that the buildings are not properly protected as a result of the unconscious and uncontrolled management process. Although housing usage decisions were made in the back streets of the harbour, it was determined that pensions and restaurant areas developed in this area. There are applications other than these decisions. It has been revealed in the 2017 land use plan sheets that the use of tourist hostel buildings in the regions designated as residential areas has improved. Again in this area, uses for restaurant and bar purposes
have developed. Certain decisions have been made in the areas designated as buffer zones in the city according to their structural characteristics. Trade, restaurant and similar functions can be applied in regions that are determined as working areas and exhibit tourism-influenced changes. The changes and developments in the region in line with the decisions, trade and similar uses are revealed in today's usage analysis. However, it was foreseen that developments for mixed-use could be implemented in the D and E regions specified in the decision maps, but that tourism-purpose buildings could not be built as new construction. In today's function analysis, it is analyzed that there are a total of 2 hotel buildings and various hostels in these two regions. It is argued that the decision of the Kyrenia Protection Plan was complied with for commercial uses, but the presence of tourist hostels on the upper floors of the ground floors in these commercial areas, and how the development of pension use in the area where there is such a busy working environment and noise, traffic density is discussed.
3.9. The Effects of Tourism Activities in the Kyrenia Ancient Port Area on the Socio-Economic Structure
Today, tourism has reached the form of a sector that includes social, economic and political organizations. In the tourism sector, the balance of environment-nature-culture creates an interaction between the environment and tourism for the sake of development [11]. Unplanned developments in coastal cities can destroy cultural values and natural beauties. Destructions made for economic purposes are the most dangerous factors that can cause loss of authenticity in damaging the urban fabric. Sustainability in historical cities will be ensured with the right conservation and revitalization of the cities, which are planned and environmentally friendly and do not harm the originality of the buildings. Developments made without planning damage the environment. Kyrenia has become a sector where tourism will contribute significantly to economic development in and around the ancient harbour, but unplanned developments for tourism have caused structural deterioration in the city. However, unplanned developments are an important threat that will negatively affect the tourism sector. The development of tourism will only be appropriate as long as the city is protected and planned equally. As long as this situation is planned and properly implemented, economic development will continue to be achieved. The city provides development for trade and entertainment. However, the seasonal nature of the tourism sector undermines the economic balances [7].