Novel eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite including metal ferrites nanoparticles from hemp biomass: Its thermal, optical, magnetic, electrolytic conductivity and catalytic properties

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2065337/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Novel eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite including metal ferrites nanoparticles from hemp biomass: Its thermal, optical, magnetic, electrolytic conductivity and catalytic properties

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2065337/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

It has become increasingly popular in recent years to create improved functionalized nanomaterials in an effort to enhance their physicochemical, catalytic, and biological capabilities. In this study, eco-friendly, especially water dispersible bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite, MFe₂O₄ (M: Cu, Ni, Cd, Mn and Co) nanoparticle were synthesized low-cost method from hemp biomass and characterized by ATR-FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM (STEM), EDX, VSM, Uv-Vis and TG/DTG analyses. The variation of their ionic conductivity with temperature and concentration and also their catalytic effects against cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CrV) and malachite green oxalate (MGO) were investigated. XRD patterns and FTIR spectra of the AHB-MFe₂O₄, especially the stretching of Fe-O and M-O, showed the formation of metal ferrite bio-nanocomposites. Also, interaction between the biomass and metal ferrite nanoparticles was obviously seen from XRD patterns and FTIR spectra of the AHB-MFe₂O₄. It was determined that AHB-MFe₂O₄ bio-nanocomposites have high thermal stability, high ionic conductivity and negative surface charge. Moreover, they exhibited high catalytic performance against cationic dyes such as MB, CrV and MGO.

Hemp biomass

Bio-nanocomposite

Metal ferrites

Conductivity

Catalytic effect

Sustainable, green, and environmentally friendly materials for a variety of uses have received significantly greater attention in recent years. In terms of renewability and sustainability, the use of direct or functionalized forms of biomass is important because they are biodegradable instead of synthetic and petroleum-based materials. In addition, ensuring the use of biomass is an important recovery process in terms of reducing environmental concerns and developing new environmentally friendly products and materials (Abdul Khalil et al., 2014; Ahmed et al., 2022; Arun et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022). Hemp is a great candidate for biomass and biomass-based products nowadays. Hemp is a great candidate for biomass and biomass-based products nowadays and it is special due to its numerous products. Hemp biomass is a potential material on which researches are concentrated due to its high content of functional groups, which are easily modificated, such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose (Zhao et al., 2020). Due to the hydroxyl groups in its structure, hemp biomass can be modified with reagents with different functional groups and properties such as carboxyl, sulfonyl and amine. For example, Stavilova et al. modified hemp biomass using EDTA, Ca(OH and NaOH (Stevulova et al., 2014). Similarly, Troedec et al. modified cannabis using EDTA, NaOH and polyethyleneimine (Le Troëdec et al., 2011). Wang et al. used urea for the modification of hemp core (Wang et al., 2021). Also, hemp was carbonized and physically activated with CO₂ in a single process at a low temperature by Gunesekaran et al (Gunasekaran and Badhulika, 2021).

Due to their low cost, low toxicity, high catalytic performance, and energy storage properties, metal ferrites, a family of spinel oxides with Fe³⁺ as the primary metal ion and a doping metal ion (MFe₂O₄, M: Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, etc.), have gained popularity in recent years (Malaie and Ganjali, 2021; Ortiz-Quiñonez et al., 2022). CuFe₂O₄ (Bandgar et al., 2020), NiFe₂O₄ (Bilal et al., 2022), CdFe₂O₄ (Naseri, 2015), MnFe₂O₄ (Zeng et al., 2004) and CoFe₂O₄ (Fan et al., 2018) spinel ferrites compounds have been synthesized for different aims and applications. Although studies on the synthesis and applications of these compounds are focused, their composites with polymer and graphene compounds have been developed and explored in order to remove some of the weak features of these compounds. Zhou et al. synthesized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with magnetic amino-modified CoFe₂O₄ (CoFe₂O₄–NH₂) nanoparticles and used to remove tetrabromobisphenol A and Pb(II) ion (Zhou et al., 2014). MnFe₂O₄ metal ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by Rooygar et al. and functionalized using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane to obtain functional metal ferrites. They aimed to separate Sb(III) ions from aqueous solution using it (Rooygar et al., 2014). Shao et al. synthesized MnFe₂O₄/activated carbon magnetic composites with varied mass ratio. After characterizing with different methods, they used it for removal tetracycline (Shao et al., 2012). MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles was coated with chitosan by Xiao et al., characterized and used as adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions (Xiao et al., 2013). Makkar and Ghosh prepared nanocomposite from MnFe₂O₄ and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and they reported that nanocomposite having 80 wt % MnFe₂O₄ and 20 wt % rGO exhibited high value of specific capacitance (Makkar and Ghosh, 2020). In addition, conducting polymer nanocomposites including PEDOT, DBSA and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was prepared and temperature dependent DC conductivity and magnetic properties were reported by De et al (De et al., 2009). In a recent study by Alizadeh, a modified MC@nano-Fe₃O₄ catalyst was synthesized and used as an adsorbent and catalyst for the removal of tetracycline (Alizadeh and Rezaee, 2022).

It is an important goal to prepare bio-based, environmentally friendly, multi-purpose, water-dispersible bio nanocomposites containing metal ferrite with simple methods. Herein, an environmentally friendly bio-nanocomposite containing metal ferrite nanoparticle from hemp biomass, which has not been encountered in the literature so far, has been prepared. First, the water-dispersible hemp-based biomass was prepared using HNO₃/H₂SO₄ mixture by oxidation method. Afterwards, the synthesis of metal ferrite - bio nanocomposites was carried out by precipitation method with the use of biomass dispersed in water as support material. Their characterization with different techniques, investigation of conductivity properties and application for cationic dyes degradation were achieved.

Materials

FeCl₃.6H₂O, CuCl₂.2H₂O, NiCl₂.6H₂O, CdCl₂.2.5H₂O, MnCl₂.2H₂O, Co(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, concentrated sulphuric (H₂SO₄) and nitric (HNO₃) acids, methylene blue (MB, C.I.52015), crystal violet (CrV, C.I.42555) and malachite green oxalate (MGO, C.I.42000) were supplied from Merck and used without purification. Hemp biomass (HB) was obtained from hemp plant grown on the Yozgat Bozok University campus after removal of the fiber parts and supplied from Yozgat Bozok University Hemp Research Institute.

Oxidation of the hemp biomass (HB)

Chemical oxidation of the hemp biomass was carried out in a nitric acid/sulfuric acid mixture (AHB) (Thi Mai Hoa, 2018). For this, 25 g of hemp biomass (HB) was taken into a 500 mL reaction flask, then 250 mL of HNO₃/H₂SO₄ mixture (1.8 M HNO₃ + 4 M H₂SO₄) was added and refluxed at 65 ^oC for 24 hours. The oxidized HB was taken from the solution by filtration, was washed with distilled water until the washing water became neutral, and then dried in an oven at 55 ^oC and symbolized as AHB.

Synthesis of bio-nanocomposite including metal ferrites (MFe₂O₄) nanoparticles from hemp biomass

Bio-nanocomposites including metal ferrites (MFe₂O4) nanoparticles from hemp biomass were synthesized by the co-precipitation method (Malaie and Ganjali, 2021). To prepare bio-nanocomposite including metal ferrites (MFe₂O₄) nanoparticles from hemp biomass, five 250 mL reaction flasks were taken and 50 mL of 0.2 M HCl solution was added to each. Then, 1.01g FeCl₃.6H₂O/0.375g CuCl₂.2H₂O was added to the first one, 1.01g FeCl₃.6H₂O/0.375g NiCl₂.6H₂O to the second one, 1.01g FeCl₃.6H₂O/0.375g CdCl₂.2.5H₂O to the third one, 1.01g FeCl₃.6H₂O/0.375g MnCl₂.2H₂O to the fourth one and 1.01g FeCl₃.6H₂O/0.375g Co (NO₃)₂.6H₂O to the fifth one, respectively. Afterwards, 1.5 g of AHB was added to each flask and they were mixed in a magnetic stirrer for 24 hours at 250 rpm. Then, 100 mL of 2 M NaOH was added drop wise with the help of a dropping funnel, and it was stirred for another four hours at 25 ^oC. Then filtered and evaporated with a rotavapor and washed with acetone and dried at 55°C. The preparation scheme and digital images of AHB-MFe₂O₄’s is shown in Fig. 1. All chemicals used in the study were Merck and were used as supplied without any purification.

Determination photocatalytic activity of the bio-nanocomposites

To examine the photocatalytic activities of AHB-MFe₂O₄ bio-nanocomposites, the photocatalytic activities of AHB-MFe₂O₄’s were investigated for the oxidative destruction of methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CrV) and malachite green oxalate (MGO). 50 mL of dye solutions at desired concentrations (10 mg/L) were taken and added to 100 mL of Erlenmeyers. Afterwards, 50 mg of AHB-MFe₂O₄ was added to each Erlenmeyer and their mouths were closed. The solution mixture was exposed to sunlight for 4 hours and samples were collected at specific time intervals during irradiation to determine photocatalytic degradation. Their UV–Vis spectra were recorded at room temperature over a wavelength of 500 nm to 800 nm by Hach Lange DR 5000 Uv-Visible Spectrophotometer.

$$Dye degradation \left(\%\right)=\frac{({C}_{o}-{C}_{t})}{{C}_{o}}x100$$

where C_o and C_t are the initial and after degradation concentrations of dye (mg L^− 1)

respectively.

Characterization studies

Functional groups were identified using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy instrument (ATR-FTIR), Perkin Elmer Spectrum Two model, across the 400–4000 cm^− 1 wavenumber range. Field Emission-Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Distribution spectrometry (FE-SEM-EDS) was used to analyze the surface morphology of the samples (FEI Quanta 450 FEG). STEM images were performed by Zeiss Gemini 500. XRD diffraction study was carried out utilizing Cu K radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm, 40 mA, 45 kV, Step Size ° [2θ] 0.0260) by PANalytical- Empyrean. Malvern Instruments' Zetasizer Nano ZS was used to measure the zeta potential values. TGA analysis was carried out using a PerkinElmer Diamond instrument in a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C/min in the temperature range of 25–800°C. The magnetization values of the bio-nanocomposites were determined by using Quantum Design PPMS VSM system at room temperature. Optical spectra of the bio-nanocomposites including metal ferrites (MFe₂O₄) nanoparticles were carried out by Hach Lange DR 5000 Uv-Visible Spectrophotometer at room temperature (RT) in the wavelength range of 200 nm–800 nm and their ionic conductivity were measured by using Hach sension5 (Conductivity & DO meters).

Chemical structures and compositions of the bio-nanocomposite including MFe₂O₄ nanoparticles

ATR-FTIR was used to analyze the chemical structures of the HB, AHB and, containing metal ferrite, MFe₂O₄, bio-nanocomposites. The ATR-FTIR spectra of the HB and AHB are given in Fig. S1. In the spectrum of HB, characteristic bands, that is given in Table 1, of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin main component of agricultural biomass are seen. The bands in cellulose and hemicellulose were seen between 3630 and 3000 cm^− 1, which correspond to the O-H functional group, and between 2995 and 2795 cm^− 1, which represent the aliphatic saturated C-H stretching. The C = O stretching in pectin is what causes the observed band at 1735 cm^− 1. The bands at 1633, 1589, 1502, and 1453 cm^− 1 are caused by C = C stretching vibration in lignin's aromatic or aliphatic molecules. The sharp band observed at 1020 cm^− 1 is corresponding to the stretching vibration C-O-C of the cellulose and hemicellulose (Maaloul et al., 2017; Mihajlović et al., 2021; Mwaikambo and Ansell, 2002; Ouajai and Shanks, 2005; Zaman et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2016).

Table 1

Functional groups observed in FTIR spectra of the HB
Wavenumber (cm^− 1)	Vibration	Source
3630 − 3000	O-H stretching	Cellulose, hemicellulose
2995 − 2795	C-H symmetric stretching	Cellulose, hemicellulose
1739	C = O stretching	Pectin
1633, 1589, 1502, 1453	C = C aromatic and olefinic stretching	Lignin
1423	H-C-H and O-C-H in-plane bending	Cellulose
1371	CH plane bending	Cellulose, hemicellulose
1320	CH₂ bending	Cellulose
1231	C-O-C symmetric stretching	Cellulose, hemicellulose
1157	C-O-C symmetric stretching	Cellulose, hemicellulose
1026	C-C, C-OH ring and side group bending	Cellulose, hemicellulose
895	C-O-C, C-C-O and C-C-H stretching	Cellulose

After oxidation of the hemp biomass with HNO₃/H₂SO₄ mixture, new bands are observed that not observed in the HB spectrum. The presence of new bands in the FTIR spectrum of AHB, including those associated with C-N (1318, 1357 cm^− 1), O = S = O and S-OH (1030, 1057, 1105, 1157 cm^− 1) (Manzoor et al., 2022; Santiago et al., 2018), as well as the bands associated with C-S and N-O stretching vibrations at 620 and 660 cm^− 1, respectively, is evidence of the modification of the hemp biomass.

When the FTIR spectra of the bio-nanocomposites containing the metal ferrite nanoparticles shown in Fig. 1 are examined, the bands attributed to the Fe-O and M-O vibrations at 400–600 cm^− 1 observed in the tetrahedral and octahedral crystal lattices in spinel ferrite compounds (Al Kiey et al., 2022; Bilal et al., 2022; Bodaghi et al., 2020; Jacob et al., 2011; Lawal Usman et al., 2022; Shabani et al., 2021), it clearly indicate that bio-nanocomposites including metal ferrite have been synthesized. Moreover, it is quite remarkable that the O-H stretching in the range of 3600 − 3050 cm^− 1 and the stretching intensities attributed to the sulfonyl groups in the range of 1030–1157 cm^− 1 decrease in the order of Mn, Cd, Co, Ni and Cu, respectively, in spinel ferrite-containing composites. In contrast to AHB-Cd and AHB-Mn, the spectra of AHB-Cu, AHB-Ni, and AHB-Co show intense and sharp bands at 1425 and 870 cm^− 1, corresponding to the M(Cu, Ni, Co)-O-Fe vibration, indicating a stronger interaction between biomass and spinel ferrite compounds (Charradi et al., 2022). These clearly demonstrate that there are different interactions between the functional groups of the biomaterial and spinel compounds in the formation of bio-nanocomposites. Zeta potential values (for AHB-CuFe₂O₄:-25.7 mV, AHB-NiFe₂O₄:-55 mV, AHB-CdFe₂O₄:-42.4 mV, AHB-MnFe₂O₄:-38.8 mV and AHB-CoFe₂O₄:-31.9 mV) also support these interactions. AHB-CuFe₂O₄ has a smaller negative potential of -25.7 mV, which can be attributed to the presence of less electronegative - SO₃⁻ and -OH groups in its backbone (Li et al., 2022). This is also clearly seen in its FTIR spectrum because belonging to bands of -SO₃⁻ and -OH groups are not appearing.

EDX was utilized to analyses the element composition of the MFe₂O₄ bio-nanocomposites, and the results are presented with in Table 2. As seen in the table, Fe/M ratios in bio-nanocomposites are quite close to each other, except for AHB-CoFe₂O₄, indicating that AHB-CuFe₂O₄, AHB-NiFe₂O₄, AHB-CdFe₂O₄ and AHB-MnFe₂O₄ have similar spinal structures.

Table 2

Elemental composition of the AHB-MFe₂O₄
AHBMFe₂O₄	M	Fe	C	O	N	S	Fe/M
CuFe₂O₄	2.34	3.76	33.29	51.47	8.22	0.92	1.61
NiFe₂O₄	2.31	3.68	40.75	40.17	12.12	0.98	1.59
CdFe₂O₄	1.63	1.87	25.46	61.16	8.20	1.68	1.15
MnFe₂O₄	2.62	4.15	42.80	40.15	9.32	0.96	1.58
CoFe₂O₄	2.11	4.86	46.14	37.53	8.46	0.91	2.30

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and morphological analysis of the bio-nanocomposite including MFe₂O₄ nanoparticles

Typical XRD patterns that determine the lattice plane and orientation of synthesized CuFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, CdFe₂O₄, MnFe₂O₄ and CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles in the modified hemp biomass (AHB) with nitric acid /sulfuric acid mixture and SEM images of the relevant samples are given in Figs. 3(a-e), respectively.

It was determined that the XRD patterns of the nanoparticles produced in the modified hemp biomass were compatible with the characteristic diffraction peaks of the relevant pure nanoparticles in the literature. It was observed that the XRD patterns of the synthesized AHB-CuFe₂O₄, AHB-NiFe₂O₄ and AHB-CoFe₂O₄ samples had a more crystalline structure compared to the AHB-CdFe₂O₄ and AHB- MnFe₂O₄. The characteristics diffraction peaks for the AHB-CuFe₂O₄ were seen the lattice planes of (1 1 1), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (1 1 1), (4 0 0) and (3 3 3) at 2θ angle with 16.98, 30.28, 31.67, 35.35, 38.23, 45.67, 55.25 and 56.39 degrees in succession. The (1 1 1) and (1 1 3) crystal planes in the XRD patterns for AHB-CuFe₂O₄ are originated from the presence of CuO in the structure of the sample. On the other hand, spherical formations of nanoparticles were clearly seen from the SEM image of the relevant sample, while the formation of clumping that would adversely affect the mobility was observed (Rezaul Karim et al., 2020). The major diffraction peaks for the AHB-NiFe₂O₄ sample were observed by (3 1 1), (2 2 2), (4 0 0) and (4 2 2) lattice planes corresponding to the 2θ diffraction angles of 31.77, 37.93, 45.37 and 56.79 degrees, respectively. It was concluded that the presence of NiO in the structure of the sample had an effect on the formation of crystal planes corresponding to the diffraction angles of 37.93 and 45.37 for the AHB-NiFe₂O₄. When the SEM image of the relevant sample was analyzed, the formation of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles was detected, but it was observed that there were serious cracks in the sample. It was thought that these cracks would adversely affect the conductivity of the AHB-NiFe₂O₄ sample, which was synthesized by acid modification (Naidu and Narayana, 2019). When the XRD patterns of samples AHB-CdFe₂O₄ and AHB-MnFe₂O₄ were examined together, it was determined that the crystal formation of these samples was different from the others. Although it is much more obvious in AHB-CdFe₂O₄ sample, the effect of cellulose polymer together with the synthesized nanoparticles was recorded on the diffraction patterns of these two samples. It was determined that (2 2 0) and (3 1 1) lattice planes of AHB-CdFe₂O₄, corresponding to the diffraction angle of 31.61 and 45.67, were more compatible with the treated CdFe₂O₄, respectively (Nayak, 2008). It was observed that similar XRD patterns were formed in the AHB-MnFe₂O₄ sample. It was determined that the intensity values of these two samples, which determine the XRD patterns, were lower than the other samples. Moreover, among these two samples, the XRD intensity of AHB-MnFe₂O₄ was determined to be lower and therefore it is expected to perform better than all of them in terms of conductivity. On the other hand, it was observed that the surface morphologies were very similar to each other (Desai et al., 2020). Finally, it was determined that the patterns of the AHB-MnFe₂O₄ sample were similar to the previous AHB-CuFe₂O₄ and AHB-NiFe₂O₄ samples, although they were compatible with the literature. Moreover, it was observed that both the structural and morphological properties of this sample were very similar to AHB-NiFe₂O₄. The characteristics diffraction peaks for the AHB-CoFe₂O₄ were recorded the lattice planes of (2 2 0), (3 1 1) and (4 0 0) corresponding to the diffraction angle with 31.87, 38.13 and 45.57 degrees, respectively (Bodaghi et al., 2020). The XRD patterns of metal ferrite-containing bio-nanocomposites compared with the SEM images and XRD patterns of AHB given in Fig. S2, Fig. S3 and Fig. S4 clearly indicate that AHB-MFe2O4 bio-nanocomposites were synthesized.

Figure 4 displays STEM, and mapping images of the bio-nanocomposites (AHB-MFe₂O₄) containing metal ferrite (MFe₂O₄) nanoparticles. The STEM images obviously demonstrate that MFe₂O₄ particles were agglomerated and they were still nano-sized in the bio-nanocomposites (AHB). In addition, the presence of M/Fe (M: Cu, Ni, Cd, Mn and Co) in the mapping images and EDX results (in Table 2) are clearly evidence of the preparation of metal ferrite-containing bio-nanocomposites.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) of the bio-nanocomposite including MFe₂O₄ nanoparticles to determine the thermal stability of the HB, AHB and its nanocomposites including MFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were analyzed under nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C/min and the TGA/DTG thermograms were illustrated in Fig. S5 and Fig. 5

The thermograms showed in Fig. S5 demonstrate that water loss within the structure is the cause of a minor mass loss up to 150 ^oC observed in both HB and AHB. Additionally, it is evident from the same thermograms that HB's activation reduced its initial breakdown temperature of 250 ^oC to 150 ^oC. When the thermogram of AHB is investigated, degradation due to the separation of SO₂ from the structure as a result of desulfurization in the range can be used to explain it (Akköz et al., 2019). Also, the findings show that HB decomposes in a single step between 200 and 400 ^oC, leaving 20% char at 800^oC. The thermograms of bio nanocomposites containing metal ferrite nanoparticles are presented in Fig. 5. in comparison with the thermogram of AHB. When the thermograms of bio-nanocomposites were examined, it was observed that it exhibited a behavior similar to the thermal behavior of AHB, but decomposed by multiple degradation steps and left approximately 45% char. This high char ratio and multiple degradation steps are thought to be a result of the strong interaction between biomass and metal ferrite compounds (Karanfil et al., 2022).

UV–visible spectroscopy of the bio-nanocomposite including MFe₂O₄ nanoparticles

Figure <link rid="fig6">6</link>-a and 6-b shows the wavelength evolution of the UV spectra of the bio-nanocomposites, non-including and including metal ferrites nanoparticles, and their optical band gaps ((αhν)² versus hν plots), respectively.

As seen from Fig. 6-a, the maximum absorbance of bio-nanocomposites including metal ferrites nanoparticles derived from the hemp biomass occurs at about 400 nm not observed in AHB. UV spectra of the other samples excluding AHB are seen similar to each other in the wavelength range of 190 nm–800 nm in appearance. However, it was clearly seen that the absorbance value of each sample is different, which can be attributed to the particle size and shape of the nanoparticles. The sharp drop of the bio-nanocomposites including metal ferrites nanoparticles around 400 nm has been remarkable. The highest absorbance value has been for AHB-CoFe₂O₄ bio-nanocomposite in the low wavelength region. It is seen that the sample with the highest absorbance value is the AHB-CoFe₂O₄ sample. This situation is attributed to homogeneous distribution of the CoFe₂O₄ in the bio-nanocomposites, and dielectric medium effects. Among the bio-nanocomposites, the AHB-CuFe₂O₄ has the lowest absorption. This is due to the fact that the dipolar effect on the optical spectra is less than the others. Moreover, the absorbance values of the nanoparticles decrease together with the reduction in particle size (see Table 3). Similar results have also been reported in the literature by Goh et al. (Goh et al., 2014).

The band gaps or optical band gaps of all bio-nanocomposites were calculated using the equation given below.

$$\alpha hv=B{(hv-{E}_{g})}^{n}$$

In this equation, α, h, ν, B, E_g and B symbolizes the absorption coefficient, Planck constant, frequency of the incident photon, constant value, forbidden energy band gap and index related to the nature of the transition. The forbidden energy band gap for each bio-nanocomposite is shown in Fig. 6-b. The energy differences are due to doping different metal ferrite and the size of particle (Bilal et al., 2022). The reason for these different energies has been attributed to the interactions between metal ferrite nanoparticles and AHB, also the difference in interaction strength (Yoon et al., 2022). These differences showed that the oscillation times, which determine the energy band gap, change. The decrease in the band gap also showed that the conductivity increased.

Table 3

Particle size and zeta potential values of the bio-nanocomposites including MFe₂O₄ nanoparticles.
Sample	Particle size (nm)	Zeta potential (mV)
AHB-CuFe₂O₄	190	-25.7
AHB-NiFe₂O₄	219	-55.0
AHB-CdFe₂O₄	315	-42.4
AHB-MnFe₂O₄	508	-38.8
AHB-CoFe₂O₄	690	-31.9

Magnetization analysis of the bio-nanocomposite including MFe₂O₄ nanoparticles

Magnetic hysteresis loops for the bio-nanocomposites including metal ferrites nanoparticles derived from hemp biomass in the range of range of -50000Oe–50000Oe, are shown in Fig. 7 at room temperature. As can be clearly seen from the figure, the saturation magnetization values of bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite are different from each other; this difference can be attributed to their composition, crystal sizes and metal distributions between octahedral and tetrahedral sites. It was observed that the sample that reached the saturation magnetization value the fastest was AHB-CuFe₂O₄ while the slowest was AHB-NiFe₂O₄. This property is attributed to the fact that nickel is ferromagnetic at room temperature (Nasr et al., 2022). Moreover, the higher saturation magnetization values of AHB-MnFe₂O₄ and AHB-CoFe₂O₄ than those of AHB-CuFe₂O₄ and AHB-CdFe₂O₄, it can be attributed to the high amount of Fe³⁺ in their composition. As reported in the literature, magnetic properties in spinel structure are known to be highly sensitive to compositions, crystallite size, and cation distributions between octahedral and tetrahedral sites (Tian et al., 2015). Furthermore, the important characteristic observed in the magnetic hysteresis loops for AHB-CuFe₂O₄ and AHB-CdFe₂O₄ sample is, in fact, the appearance of crossover for as indicated figure. It was attributed to the conclusion that this crossover property could possibly be due to the high magneto crystalline anisotropy property at a positive external magnetic field at room temperature. Since the nanoparticles will make an additional contribution to the magneto crystal anisotropy due to the dipolar interaction, such a feature seems highly probable. In addition to the spin-orbit interaction, when the anisotropy effect from dipolar interactions is effective enough, ions contribute to conductivity by moving relative (like fast moving electrons).

Electrolytic conductivity of the bio-nanocomposite including MFe₂O₄ nanoparticles

Figure 8 shows the ionic conductivity of bio-nano composites including metal ferrite and no including at different concentrations. As can be seen from the Fig. 8, the ionic conductivity of the bio-nanocomposites, containing metal ferrite nanoparticles, increases with increasing concentration but that of the AHB unaffected. In other words, the aqueous dispersions of AHB-MFe₂O₄'s exhibit electrolyte behavior. When compared with the conductivity of the 0.1 M KCl aqueous solution (12.8 mS/cm), it could also be concluded that the aqueous dispersions of bio-nanocomposites are also quite good electrolytes. This can be attributed to the increasing degree of ionization of metal ferrite compounds with increasing concentration. Similarly, the ionic conductivity of the bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite nanoparticles also increases with increasing temperature. This increase, it could be due to increase in the number of ions and increase in the transport of the ions to the electrodes with increasing temperature (see Fig. 9) (Kadir et al., 2010; Miyamoto and Shibayama, 1973).

This temperature-dependent ionic conductivity for all the bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite nanoparticles indicates an Arrhenius behavior given in Eq. 3 (Ma et al., 2007) (Rajendran et al., 2004).

$$\sigma ={\sigma }_{o}\text{e}\text{x}\text{p}\left(\frac{-{E}_{a}}{kT}\right)$$

where σ₀ is the pre-exponential factor, E_a and k are the activation energy and Boltzmann constant, respectively. Figure 10 was derived with using the data of Fig. 9 and from the Arrhenius plot of lnσ versus 1/T. From the slopes of Fig. 9, the activation energies for AHB-CuFe₂O₄, AHB-NiFe₂O₄, AHB-CdFe₂O₄, AHB-MnFe₂O₄ and AHB-Fe₂O₄ were calculated as 0.171, 0.171 and 0.171, 0.180 and 0.176 eV respectively. Calculated activation energy values for bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite range from 0.171 to 0.180 eV. Considering the necessity of biopolymer electrolytes with low activation energy values for practical applications (Samsudin et al., 2012; Samsudin et al., 2011), the developed bio-nanocomposites are suitable for this purpose.

Photocatalytic activity of the bio-nanocomposite

The prepared bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite were utilized as a catalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants. Particularly, the degradation of dyes such as MB, CrV and MGO, which cause pollution of the aquatic environment, using catalysts is an important method to remove the pollution of the aquatic environment. The characteristic absorption peaks at the maximum wavelengths of the dyes (665, 590 and 620 nm for MB, CrV and MGO, respectively) were utilized for monitoring the catalytic degradation process. UV-Vis spectra showing the degradation of MB, CrV and MGO dyes over time are presented with in Fig. 11, Fig. 12 and Fig. 13, respectively. It was observed that the bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite nanoparticles, AHB-MFe₂O₄, exhibits a very high degradation activity for organic dyes, MB, CrV and MGO, with sun light, as seen figures.

The degradation percentages of dyes by bio-nanocomposites are presented with in Table 4. Bio- nanocomposites degrade both CrV and MGO by over 90% except for MB.

Table 4

Photocatalytic effect of the bio-nanocomposites onto different dyes
		Degradation (%)
		MB		CrV		MGO
Samples	2h		4h	2h	4h	2h	4h
AHB-CuFe₂O₄	84.5		95.6	92.1	93.5	98.7	98.9
AHB-NiFe₂O₄	82.7		96.0	95.6	96.2	98.6	99.1
AHB-CdFe₂O₄	85.7		96.7	95.4	97.4	98.8	99.1
AHB-MnFe₂O₄	86.7		91.6	89.9	91.0	95.7	98.3
AHB-CoFe₂O₄	70.9		77.7	90.1	90.8	98.0	98.3

The superior catalytic activities of the bio-nanocomposites, AHB-MFe₂O₄, can be probably associated with the weaker M-O bonds in metal ferrites (Ortiz-Quiñonez et al., 2022). The M-O bonds at the surface of the ferrite can be broken by solvents under sunlight, and they can easily break down the dye molecules. High degradation in daylight makes the metal ferrite-containing bio-nanocomposites exceptionally advantageous against the catalysts developed in the literature for this purpose (Dhiman et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2018; Ortiz-Quiñonez et al., 2022).

The preparation of eco-friendly new bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite (MFe₂O₄) based on AHB has been carried out by co-precipitation method and characterized ATR-FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM (STEM), EDX, VSM, Uv-Vis, TG/DTG and zeta potential techniques. The characteristic bands of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin and stretching of Fe-O and M-O in the FTIR spectra of the AHB-MFe₂O₄ confirmed the formation of bio-nanocomposites containing metal ferrite. The crystallographic planes for the XRD patterns of the AHB-MFe₂O₄ showed that both hemp biomass and different type nanoparticles can preserve their structural properties to a large extent. In addition, the STEM, SEM and mapping results showed that nanoparticles are dispersed in the AHB. It was determined that the interaction between the biomaterial and metal ferrite nanoparticles affects the saturation magnetization values of the bio-composites and also enhanced the thermal stability of bio-nanocomposite. It was found that the aqueous dispersions of AHB-MFe₂O₄'s reveal electrolyte behavior. The temperature dependence of their ionic conductivity also showed that the AHBMFe₂O₄'s exhibited an Arrhenius behavior. Moreover, they displayed high catalytic performance for the degradation of cationic dyes such as MB, CrV and MGO in aqueous solutions.

Acknowledgement Thanks to Yozgat Bozok University for the infrastructure.

Funding The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Yozgat Bozok University,

66900, Yozgat, Turkey

Ramazan Coşkun and Ali Delibaş

Institute of Graduate Education, Yozgat Bozok University, 66900, Yozgat, Turkey

Devlet Yeter Karanfil

Author contributions I declare that all the authors had a significant participation in the development of this work.

Ramazan Coşkun: Validation, supervision, review, writing and editing

Ali Delibaş: Resources, conceptualization, writing and editing

Devlet Yeter Karanfil: Methodology, investigation, data curation

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ramazan Coşkun

Ethics declaration

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The manuscript was approved by all authors for publication.

Consent for publication

All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

Ethical approval This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Abdul Khalil, HPS, Davoudpour Y, Islam MN, Mustapha A, Sudesh K, Dungani R, Jawaid M (2014) Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: A review. Carbohydr Polym 99:649-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.069
Ahmed R, Siddiqui SI, Al Alwan B, Almesfer M, Khanna MK, Fatima B, Mishra R, Ansari MA, Oh S (2022) Biodegradable acid based nanocomposite-CuO-ZnO-Ni(OH)2/PA: A novel material for water cleansing. J Clean Prod 341: 130860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130860
Akköz Y, Coşkun R, Delibaş A (2019) Preparation and characterization of sulphonated bio-adsorbent from waste hawthorn kernel for dye (MB) removal. J Mol Liq 287: 110988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110988
Al Kiey SA, Ramadan R, El-Masry MM (2022) Synthesis and characterization of mixed ternary transition metal ferrite nanoparticles comprising cobalt, copper and binary cobalt–copper for high-performance supercapacitor applications. Appl Phys A 128: 473-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05590-1
Alizadeh Z, Rezaee A (2022) Tetracycline removal using microbial cellulose@nano-Fe3O4 by adsorption and heterogeneous Fenton-like processes. J Mol Liq 366: 120199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120199
Arun R, Shruthy R, Preetha R, Sreejit V (2022) Biodegradable nano composite reinforced with cellulose nano fiber from coconut industry waste for replacing synthetic plastic food packaging. Chemosphere 291: 132786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132786
Bandgar SB, Vadiyar MM, Suryawanshi UP, Jambhale CL, Kim JH, Kolekar SS (2020) Rotational reflux chemistry approach derived flat holey CuFe₂O₄ nanosheets for supercapacitors application. Mat Lett 279: 128514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128514
Bilal A, Kasi JK, Kasi AK, Bokhari M, Ahmed S, Ali SW (2022) Environment friendly synthesis of nickel ferrite nanoparticles using Brassica oleracea var. capitate (green cabbage) as a fuel and their structural and magnetic characterizations. Mat Chem Phys 290: 126483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126483
Bodaghi Z, Pakpour F, Ghanbari D (2020) Carbon@CoFe₂O₄@Ag and hollow CoFe₂O₄@Ag nanocomposite: green synthesis of a photocatalyst and magnetic adsorbent for antibiotic removal from aqueous solutions. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 31: 19025 - 19035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04439-8
Charradi K, Ahmed Z, BenMoussa MA, Beji Z, Brahmia A, Othman I, Haija MA, Chtourou R, Keshk SMAS (2022) A facile approach for the synthesis of spinel zinc ferrite/cellulose as an effective photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution. Cellulose 29: 2565-2576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04334-3
De A, Sen P, Poddar A, Das A (2009) Synthesis, characterization, electrical transport and magnetic properties of PEDOT–DBSA–Fe₃O₄ conducting nanocomposite. Synth Met 159: 1002-1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.12.030
Desai HB, Hathiya LJ, Joshi HH, Tanna AR (2020) Synthesis and Characterization of Photocatalytic MnFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles. Mat Today: Proc 21: 1905-1910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.248
Dhiman M, Goyal A, Kumar V, Singhal S (2016) Designing different morphologies of NiFe₂O₄ for tuning of structural, optical and magnetic properties for catalytic advancements. New J Chem 40: 10418-10431. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NJ03209E
Fan S, Wang W, Ke H, Zhou Y (2018) Facile Synthesis of Morphology Controllable CoFe₂O₄ Particles as High-Performance Electrode Materials. Part & Part Sys Charac 35: 1800223. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201800223
Goh EG, Xu X, McCormick PG (2014) Effect of particle size on the UV absorbance of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Scr Mat 78-79: 49-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.01.033
Gunasekaran SS, Badhulika S (2021) High-performance solid-state supercapacitor based on sustainable synthesis of meso-macro porous carbon derived from hemp fibres via CO₂ activation. J Energy Storage 41: 102997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102997
Jacob BP, Kumar A, Pant RP, Singh S, Mohammed EM (2011) Influence of preparation method on structural and magnetic properties of nickel ferrite nanoparticles. Bull Mat Science 34: 1345-1350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-011-0326-7
Kadir MFZ, Majid SR, Arof AK (2010) Plasticized chitosan–PVA blend polymer electrolyte based proton battery. Electrochim Acta 55: 1475-1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.05.011
Karanfil DY, Coşkun R, Delibaş A (2022) Aminated magnetic polymeric resin for removal of anthraquinone and azo dyes from aqueous solutions. J Polym Res 29: 87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-02945-3
Lawal Usman U, Kumar Allam B, Bahadur Singh N, Banerjee S (2022) Adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater by hexagonal boron nitride-magnetite nanocomposites: Kinetics, mechanism and LCA analysis. J Mol Liq 354: 118833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118833
Le Troëdec M, Rachini A, Peyratout C, Rossignol S, Max E, Kaftan O, Fery A, Smith A (2011) Influence of chemical treatments on adhesion properties of hemp fibres. J Colloid Interf Sci 356: 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.12.066
Li C, Guggenberger P, Han SW, Ding WL, Kleitz F (2022) Ultrathin covalent organic framework anchored on graphene for enhanced organic pollutant removal. Angew Chem Int Ed 61: e202206564. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202206564
Liang J, Wei Y, Zhang J, Yao Y, He G, Tang B, Chen H (2018) Scalable green method to fabricate magnetically separable nife₂o₄-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic performance driven by visible light. Ind Eng Chem Res 57: 4311-4319. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00218
Ma X, Yu J, He K, Wang N (2007) The effects of different plasticizers on the properties of thermoplastic starch as solid polymer electrolytes. Macromol Mater Eng 292: 503-510. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200600445
Maaloul N, Oulego P, Rendueles M, Ghorbal A, Díaz M (2017) Novel biosorbents from almond shells: Characterization and adsorption properties modeling for Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. J Environ Chem Eng 5: 2944-2954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.037
Makkar P, Ghosh NN (2020) Facile synthesis of MnFe₂O₄ hollow sphere-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites as electrode materials for all-solid-state flexible high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. ACS App Ener Mat 3: 2653-2664. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b02360
Malaie K, Ganjali MR (2021) Spinel nano-ferrites for aqueous supercapacitors; linking abundant resources and low-cost processes for sustainable energy storage. J Energy Storage 33:102097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102097
Manzoor A, Kalsoom S, Khan YK, Siddiqi HM, Shah MH (2022) Synthesis of sulfonated copolyimides by thermal imidization for efficient lead ion adsorption from aqueous media. ACS Appl Polym Mater 4: 5660-5669. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.2c00642
Mihajlović S, Vukčević M, Pejić B, Perić-Grujić A, Ristić M, Trivunac K (2021) Waste cotton and cotton/polyester yarns as adsorbents for removal of lead and chromium from wastewater. J Nat Fibers 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1993414
Miyamoto, T., Shibayama, K., 1973. Free-volume model for ionic conductivity in polymers. J Appl Phys 44: 5372-5376. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1662158
Mwaikambo LY, Ansell MP (2002) Chemical modification of hemp, sisal, jute, and kapok fibers by alkalization. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2222-2234. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10460
Naidu TM, Narayana PVL (2019) Synthesis and characterization of Fe-TiO₂ and NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and its thermal properties. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5: 769-772. https://doi.org/10.30799/jnst.247.19050407
Naseri M (2015) Optical and magnetic properties of monophasic cadmium ferrite (CdFe₂O₄) nanostructure prepared by thermal treatment method. J Magn Magn Mater 392: 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.05.026
Nasr MH, Elkholy MM, El-Deen LMS, Abouhaswa AS, Turky GM, El-Hamalawy AA (2022) A comprehensive study on crystal structure, magnetic, and electrical properties of Ni-doped Fe–Cd spinel nano-ferrites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 33: 15652-15664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-08469-2
Nayak PK (2008) Synthesis and characterization of cadmium ferrite. Mater Chem Phys 112: 24-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.05.018
Ortiz-Quiñonez JL, Das S, Pal U (2022) Catalytic and pseudocapacitive energy storage performance of metal (Co, Ni, Cu and Mn) ferrite nanostructures and nanocomposites. Prog Mater Sci 130: 100995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.100995
Ouajai S, Shanks RA (2005) Composition, structure and thermal degradation of hemp cellulose after chemical treatments. Polym Degrad Stab 89: 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.016
Rajendran S, Sivakumar M, Subadevi R (2004) Investigations on the effect of various plasticizers in PVA–PMMA solid polymer blend electrolytes. Mater Lett 58: 641-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(03)00585-8
Rezaul Karim KM, Tarek M Sarkar SM, Ong HR, Abdullah H, Cheng CK, Rahman Khan MM (2020) Selective synthesis of methanol by photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ over PANI-CuFe₂O₄ hybrid catalyst. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 736: 042020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/736/4/042020
Rooygar AA, Mallah MH, Abolghasemi H, Safdari J (2014) New “Magmolecular” Process for the Separation of Antimony(III) from Aqueous Solution. J Chem Eng Data 59: 3545-3554. https://doi.org/10.1021/je500462p
Samsudin AS, Khairul WM, Isa MIN (2012) Characterization on the potential of carboxy methylcellulose for application as proton conducting biopolymer electrolytes. J Non-Cryst Solids 358: 1104-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2012.02.004
Samsudin AS, Kuan ECH, Isa MIN (2011) Investigation of the potential of proton-conducting biopolymer electrolytes based methyl cellulose-glycolic acid. Int J Polym 16: 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2011.600810
Santiago AA, Ibarra-Palos A, Cruz-Morales JA, Sierra JM, Abatal M, Alfonso I, Vargas J ( 2018) Synthesis, characterization, and heavy metal adsorption properties of sulfonated aromatic polyamides. High Perform Polym 30: 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008317711233
Shabani M, Saebnoori E, Hassanzadeh-tabrizi SA, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR (2021) Novel synthesis of nickel ferrite magnetic nanoparticles by an in‐liquid plasma. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32: 10424-10442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05698-9
Shao L, Ren Z, Zhang G, Chen L (2012) Facile synthesis, characterization of a MnFe₂O₄/activated carbon magnetic composite and its effectiveness in tetracycline removal. Mater Chem Phys 135: 16-24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.03.035
Stevulova N, Cigasova J, Estokova A, Terpakova E, Geffert A, Kacik F, Singovszka E, Holub M (2014) Properties characterization of chemically modified hemp hurds. Materials 7: 8131-8150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7128131
Thi Mai Hoa L (2018) Characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized by a mixture of HNO₃/H₂SO₄. Diam Relat Mater 89: 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2018.08.008
Tian C, Fu S, Lucia LA (2015) Magnetic Cu_0.5Co_0.5Fe₂O₄ ferrite nanoparticles immobilized in situ on the surfaces of cellulose nanocrystals. Cellulose 22: 2571-2587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0658-3
Wang C, Karmakar B, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA, El-kott AF, Abdel-Daim MM, Oyouni AAA, Al-Amer O, El-Saber Batiha G (2022) Bio-supported of Cu nanoparticles on the surface of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles mediated by Hibiscus sabdariffa extract: Evaluation of its catalytic activity for synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]chromenes and study of its anti-colon cancer properties. Arab J Chem 15: 103809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103809
Wang P, Gong Z, Ye K, Gao Y, Zhu K, Yan J, Wang G, Cao D (2021) N-rich biomass carbon derived from hemp as a full carbon-based potassium ion hybrid capacitor anode. Appl Surf Sci 553: 149569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149569
Xiao Y, Liang H, Chen W, Wang Z (2013) Synthesis and adsorption behavior of chitosan-coated MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles for trace heavy metal ions removal. Appl Surf Sci 285: 498-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.08.083
Yoon YH, Lee SY, Gwon JG, Vijayakumar E, Lee HG, Lee WH (2022) Transition metal-doped mesoporous TiO₂ films fabricated through cellulose nanocrystal template synthesis: studies of physicochemical, spectrophotometric properties, and photocatalytic degradation activity. Cellulose. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04830-0
Zaman M, Xiao H, Chibante F, Ni Y (2012) Synthesis and characterization of cationically modified nanocrystalline cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 89: 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.066
Zeng H, Rice PM, Wang SX, Sun S (2004) Shape-controlled synthesis and shape-induced texture of MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 126 11458-11459. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja045911d
Zhang K, Sun P, Liu H, Shang S, Song J, Wang D (2016) Extraction and comparison of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals from bleached sugarcane bagasse pulp using two different oxidation methods. Carbohydr Polym 138: 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.038
Zhao J, Xu Y, Wang W, Griffin J, Roozeboom K, Wang D (2020) Bioconversion of industrial hemp biomass for bioethanol production: A review. Fuel 281: 118725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118725
Zhou L, Ji L, Ma PC, Shao Y, Zhang H, Gao W, Li Y (2014) Development of carbon nanotubes/CoFe2O4 magnetic hybrid material for removal of tetrabromobisphenol A and Pb(II). J Haz Mat 265: 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.058

No competing interests reported.

Supplementary.docx

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Novel eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite including metal ferrites nanoparticles from hemp biomass: Its thermal, optical, magnetic, electrolytic conductivity and catalytic properties

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Experimental Studies

Results And Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1