The Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 alloy coatings with high hardness (~ 850 HV300), low porosity (less 3%), low content of crystalline phase (less 2.5 wt.%), elevated nanohardness (average value 13.7 GPa), and high wear resistance were obtained in a wide range of detonation spraying modes. The results under dry linearly reciprocating sliding wear tests of coatings and stainless steel carried out according to ASTM G 133-05 are presented. The volume loss of detonation coatings obtained at an explosive charge of 50–70%, measured on an optical profilometer, is significantly lower than that of stainless steel. The similar values of volume scratches of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 coatings obtained at an explosive charge of 40–70% can be attributed to similar values of porosity and content of crystalline phase. The scratch and spalling mechanisms are the main mechanisms of material removal from the coatings.
Research Article
Wear resistance of Fe 66 Cr 10 Nb 5 B 19 detonation coatings under dry linearly reciprocating conditions and nanoscratch test
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2074677/v1
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License
Version 1
posted
You are reading this latest preprint version
steel
coating
detonation spraying
amorphous structure
wear resistance
nanohardness
nanoscratch test
The development of new methods for the improvement of the wear resistance of work surfaces is one of the important topics in material science. The fabrication of functional coatings by thermal spraying allows to improve the performance characteristics of the exposed surface, increasing the reliability and lifespan of engineering components under wear. A group of Fe-based alloys, which chemical composition corresponds to the empirical rules of metallic glass formation [1], are promising materials for use as wear and corrosion resistant coatings obtained by thermal spraying technologies. Fe-based metallic glasses have shown high strength, high hardness, superior corrosion and wear resistance, and good magnetic properties [2–4]. In the last few decades, the interest has increased toward the developing new designs of amorphous alloy compositions and studying these properties [5, 6]. Fe-based glassy alloys are of interest given their low cost compared related to iron yet displaying high glass-forming ability, and they are regarded as wear resistant with respect to traditional crystalline steel [7]. The results of investigations of tribological properties of thermal sprayed Fe-based glassy coatings are presented in [8–10]. It was shown that the content of the crystalline phase in coatings, particularly boride nanocrystals, enhances their hardness and wear resistance. As has been discussed in [11–14], the reinforcement with harder particles and additional heat treatment can also be used as an improvement of the wear resistance of coatings with retained glassy structure. The corrosion resistance of the resulting coatings is predominantly dependent on the content of glassy phase and the porosity of the formed layers, besides the type and content of reinforcements such as hard borides [15].
The nanoscratch test has now become a simple and versatile method to evaluate the wear resistance and to investigate the deformation of thin films, thick coatings and bulk materials. Hodge and Nieh found that the wear resistance under nanoscratch tests of the Zr-based and Pd-based glassy alloys does not obey the classical Archard equation, i.e., the wear resistance is not linearly proportional to hardness [16]. Glassy coatings contain also oxides, pores and other heterogeneous phases that can lead to more complex behavior than bulk metallic glasses.
To obtain the metallic glass structure during spraying, special conditions must be created, namely, rapid heating of the particles to the molten state and a high cooling rate due to heat dissipation into the volume of the substrate material. During the spraying process, oxidation of the sprayed powder should be avoided, as the oxide films formed on the surface favor heterogeneous nucleation, and negatively affect the properties of the coatings [17–22]. Among thermal spraying methods, the impulse nature of detonation spraying allows the formation of wear resistant and dense coatings with low crystalline phase content [23]. The results of the investigation of the tribological and corrosion properties of Fe51.33Cr14.9Mo25.67Y3.4C3.44B1.26 detonation coatings with high content of amorphous phase (content of crystalline phase 14.46 wt.%) and studying of wear mechanisms was presented in [24]. Due to the formation of coatings with partially crystalline structure and low porosity (less 2%), the wear resistance was five-fold higher than that of stainless steel, which was used as the substrate material. However, dedicated studies on the processing window to yet ensuring wear resistant Fe-based glassy coating produced by detonation spraying are scarce in the literature.
The present work aim is to study of the wear resistance under dry linearly reciprocating sliding wear and nanoscratching of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 detonation coatings with appreciable glassy structure obtained at different explosive charges (fractions of the barrel volume filled with an acetylene-oxygen explosive mixture).
Detailed investigations of the phase composition and structure of the initial powder of the Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 alloy with a particle size of 45–75 µm, which was used for detonation spraying in the present work, were shown in our previous work [25]. Powder had a spherical shape and high glassy phase (~ 69 wt.%). The glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature of the Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 alloy were determined as Tg = 794 K and Tx = 846 K, respectively. The melting point of the alloy was molten at Ts = 1169°C. The present quaternary alloy shows a high glass-forming ability with a wide supercooled liquid region (ΔT = Tx - Tg) equal to 52 ºC. For example, the alloys Fe81Si1.9B5.7P11.4 [26], Fe67Nb4Si5B14 [27] and Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6 [28] showed ΔT equal to 32 ºC, 45 ºC and 69 ºC respectively, the latter containing considerable content of expensive alloying elements such as Mo and Y.
In our previous studies [17, 25], the detonation spraying modes of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 powder alloy with a particle size of 45–75 µm were determined. It was shown that using 50–60% of an explosive charge at a molar ratio O2/C2H2 of 1.1 allowed to obtain high-quality dense coatings with high content of the glassy phase (less 2 wt.% of crystalline phase).
In the presented work, coatings with a thickness of 500 µm were obtained using 40–70% of explosive charge at a ratio O2/C2H2 of 1.1, on carbon steel substrate (grade St3, GOST 380–2005, analog to ASTM A570). During spraying, the substrates were cooled by compressed air. The content of the crystalline phase in the coatings obtained at 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% of explosive charges was 2.5 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 1 wt.%, respectively, as determined from the X-ray diffraction patterns by the Rietveld method using TOPAS 4.2 software (Bruker AXS). Except for the coating obtained at 40% of an explosive charge, where the porosity was ~ 3%, the porosity of other coatings was less than was less 1%. Bonding strength of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 coatings measured by pin test method was 150 MPa [25].
Previous studies of corrosion resistance of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 detonation coatings with glassy structure showed that the coatings had a high resistance to atmospheric [29] and electrochemical corrosion [30]. Developed coatings can be recommended as protective coatings in aggressive environments. Due to the high corrosion resistance of detonation coatings, stainless steel (grade 12Cr18Ni10Ti, GOST 2590 − 2006, analog to AISI 321) was chosen as a reference material in present work.
The microhardness of the coatings was measured using a semi-automatic Wolpert 402 MVD microhardness tester at a load of 300 g. The standard wear tests (according ASTM G 133-05) of the Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 detonation coatings and stainless steel were performed at room temperature with a ball-on-flat universal wear machine (UMT-2, Bruker) operating in dry linearly reciprocating sliding mode, using a WC–6Co ball of 6.35 mm of diameter as a counterpart. The counterpart under applied load was slided against the flat specimen of the coatings. Before the wear tests, the coatings and stainless steel surfaces were polished to a mirror finish. The ball and the tested samples were degreased with acetone and dried in the air before testing. Table 1 shows the parameters of dry linearly reciprocating dry sliding conditions. The coefficient of friction (COF) was analyzed for reciprocating dry sliding tests. After the wear tests, the volume loss data were estimated by optical profilometry (Contour GT-K 3D, Bruker) and analyzed with Vision64 software. The microstructure and morphology of the worn surface after wear testing of the coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy using an EVO50 XVP microscope (Carl Zeiss). The wear resistance (Rw) of the coatings and stainless steel was calculated by the equation [31]:
|
Parameters |
Values |
|---|---|
|
Sliding speed, m s− 1 |
5 |
|
Stroke length, mm |
5 |
|
Applied load, N |
25 |
|
Sliding distance, m |
100 |
where N is the applied load, S and Vw are the total sliding distance and the worn volume, respectively.
Nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests were carried out using a scanning nanohardness tester Nanoscan 4D+ (TISNCM, Russia) with a standard three-sided pyramid Berkovich tip (an angle between the axis and a facet of 65° and tip radius 200 nm). For nanoindentation tests normal load 100 µN, loading rate of 10 µN/s and peak load hold time of 2 s were applied. The average nanohardness reported here was obtained from the 10 × 10 grid of indents (100 indents). Nanoscratch tests were conducted under rumping loads from 10 µN to 100 µN at a loading rate of 10 µN/s at a traverse speed of 0.5 µm s− 1 over a scratch length of 100 µm. After the scratch test, the wear tracks were investigated by optical profilometry coupled to Vision64 software for calculation volume loss.
3.1. Microhardness and wear resistance under dry linearly reciprocating sliding conditions of coatings
Results of measurements of Vickers microhardness, average COF value in the steady-state stage, volume loss and wear resistance of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 glassy coatings and stainless steel are presented in Table 2. The cross-sectional microhardness of the detonation coatings obtained at 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% of the explosive charge were 770 HV300, 870 HV300, 855 HV300, and 840 HV300, respectively. The observed hardness of the glassy coatings (average value ~ 850 HV300) was close to the hardness of some Fe-based fully glassy ribbons obtained by single roll melt-spinning of similar alloy compositions based on iron [32].
| Material | Microhardness, HV300 | Average COF value in the steady-state stage | Volume loss, mm3 | Wear resistance, 1013 Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 40% | 770 ± 90 | 0.64 | 0.160 ± 0.030 | 1.55 ± 0.15 |
| Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 50% | 870 ± 165 | 0.69 | 0.040 ± 0.015 | 6.55 ± 1.05 |
| Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 60% | 855 ± 55 | 0.67 | 0.040 ± 0.005 | 5.70 ± 0.30 |
| Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 70% | 840 ± 80 | 0.69 | 0.030 ± 0.005 | 7.80 ± 0.55 |
| Stainless Steel | ~ 220 | 0.58 | 0.360 ± 0.040 | 0.70 ± 0.05 |
The lowest volume loss was demonstrated by the coatings obtained at 50–70% of explosive charge. These coatings also showed the highest COF values in the range of 0.67–0.69. The coefficient of friction (COF) plotted versus the sliding time of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 detonation coatings and stainless steel under dry linearly reciprocating sliding conditions are presented in Fig. 1. Similar values of volume loss and COF of the coatings obtained at an explosive charge of 50–70% can be associated with similar microhardness values and crystalline phase content of these coatings. The wear resistance (Rw) values of the Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 coatings demonstrated little difference (considering the given values of confidence intervals). The average wear resistance value of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 detonation coatings obtained at an explosive charge of 50–70% was 6.7·1013 Pa.
The reduction of wear resistance of the coatings obtained at 40% of explosive charge can be explained by low cohesion between the splats. As shown in our previous study [25], using 40% of explosive charge, only particles with a size of 45 µm achieved temperatures to the molten state of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 alloy. The remaining particles in the 45–75 µm fraction did not remained solid or semi-solid upon the spraying process. Therefore, the coating was formed by molten particles of 45 µm size, and heated deformed particles of larger size.
Figure 2 presents the low- and high-magnification images of the worn surface of the coating obtained at 60% of the explosive charge. The coating exhibited deep scratches and grooves along the sliding direction, indicative of an abrasive wear mechanism (indicated by arrows in Fig. 2a). These coatings also showed some cracking, most likely initiated at the sites of pores in the coating. It is well established that although glassy alloys exhibit high hardness, they are brittle in nature [33]. The coating showed the formation of a scaly layer on the wear surface, which was formed due to particle delamination and oxidation of the friction surface (Fig. 2b). Particle delamination can be associated with a low temperature in the contact zone of the counterpart and coating due to the viscosity of glassy alloys increases at the temperature within the supercooled liquid region (ΔT). Particle delamination indicates a fatigue wear mechanism. The delaminated particles, in turn, stick to the worn surface and served as abrasive particles. However, the volume loss of stainless steel was several times higher compared to the Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 detonation sprayed coatings. The results of elemental analysis of the worn surface indicate a transfer of the counterpart material to the coating surface during wear tests (Fig. 3).
3.2. Results of the nanohardness measurements and scratch tests of coatings
The structure of the detonation coatings presented in this work exhibits pores, microcracks and crystalline phases in the intersplat [25]. 2D images and scratch depth profiles of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 coatings obtained at an explosive charge of 50–70% after nanoscratch testing with a Berkovich diamond tip are shown in the Figs. 4–7. The increase in the scratch depth of the coating obtained using 40% of an explosive gas mixture (O2/C2H2 ≈ 1) was a result of the heterogeneous structure like the presence of pores. In Fig. 4 it can be seen the cracks propagation from the edges of the scratch along the surface of the coating. One delaminated particle did not leave the worn surface (was shown by arrows in Fig. 4a). Considering the brittle nature of amorphous alloys and the concentration of stresses on the pore walls in coatings, it can be concluded that indenting a diamond tip into the surface of the coating, the cracks propagation to the coating volume. When the tip was moving during the scratch test, cracks grew on the coating surface due to the low ductility of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 alloy. This is proved by the wavy traces on the scratch bottom (Fig. 4b). The scratch surface of the coatings obtained using 50–70% explosive charge is significantly smoother (Figs. 5–7). The scratch depth (in length) of these coatings is significantly less (450–600 nm) compared to the coating obtained at an explosive charge of 40% (2 µm). This is associated with low cohesion of splats. In the centre of the coating (obtained at an explosive charge of 60%) wear volume increased (Fig. 6). This is attributed to tip penetration into the volume pore or local delamination of the coating material.
The volume loss of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 detonation coatings after nanoscratch tests and nanohardness are presented in Table 3. This series of coatings shows close values (considering the given values of confidence intervals) of wear resistance (average volume loss value 167 µm3) and nanohardness (average value 13.7 GPa).
| Parameters | Explosive Charge, % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | |
| Volume loss, µm3 | 220 ± 90 | 145 ± 30 | 155 ± 50 | 150 ± 25 |
| Nanohardness, GPa | 13.5 ± 2.0 | 14.0 ± 2.0 | 12.5 ± 2.5 | 15.0 ± 3.0 |
Y. Wu et al. [34] investigated the wear behavior of SAM2X5 and SAM1651 coatings sprayed by high-velocity air fuel technology under nanoscratch tests. The wear resistance of the obtained coatings was four times higher than that the stainless steel. It is shown that porosity has a significant effect on the wear resistance of coatings because cracks propagation begins from the walls of the pores (stress concentrators). This leads to delamination of the coating material. It should be noted that the results of wear nanoscratch testing of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 coatings are in agreement with this work.
Wear resistant Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 coatings have been obtained in a wide range of detonation spraying modes. The wear behavior of coatings under dry linearly reciprocating conditions and nanoscratch tests under ramping loads. The obtained coatings exhibited high density with hardness (~ 850 HV300) close to bulk glassy alloys with similar compositions. Wear resistance under dry linearly reciprocating conditions of obtained detonation coatings near nine times higher than that of stainless steel. The main mechanisms of detonation coatings under dry linearly reciprocating sliding conditions were fatigue and abrasive wear. The values of volume loss (after nanoscratch testing) and nanohardness are similar for the detonation coatings presented in this work. The scratch and spalling mechanisms of ploughing occurred due to the crack initiation and propagation in microcracks and pore walls.
Aknowledgements
The research was conducted at the core facility "Structure, mechanical and physical properties of materials". The study was conducted at the Equipment Sharing Center «Mechanics» of ITAM SB RAS.
Author Contributions
IDK: Conception and design, Methodology, Analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing, Resources, Funding acquisition. VSS: Analysis, Writing—review and editing, Resources. ISB: Methodology, Writing—review and editing. TAB: Methodology, Writing—review and editing. AAF: Methodology, Writing—review and editing. GYK: Conception and design, Writing—review and editing, Resources.
Funding
IDK acknowledges support by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project № 075-15-2020-781).
Data Availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no confict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
- A. Inoue, A. Takeuchi, Recent development and application products of bulk glassy alloys, Acta Mater. 59 (6) (2011) 2243–2267.
- C. Suryanarayana, A. Inoue, Iron-based bulk metallic glasses, Int. Mater. Rev. 58 (3), (2013) 131–166.
- H. Fujimori, T. Masumoto, Y. Obi, M. Kikuchi, On the Magnetization Process in an Iron-Phosphorus-Carbon Amorphous Ferromagnet, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 13 (11) (1974) 1889–1890.
- K. Miyoshi, D.H. Buckley, Microstructure and surface chemistry of amorphous alloys important to their friction and wear behavior, Wear 110 (3) (1986) 295–313.
- S. Pang, T. Zhang, K. Asami, A. Inoue, Synthesis of Fe–Cr–Mo–C–B–P bulk metallic glasses with high corrosion resistance, Acta Mater. 50 (3) (2002) 489–497.
- Z.P. Lu, C.T. Liu, J.R. Thompson, W.D. Porter, Structural Amorphous Steels, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (24) (2004) 245503.
- E.D. Zanotto, J.C. Mauro, The glassy state of matter: Its definition and ultimate fate, J. Non. Cryst. Solids. 471 (2017) 490–495.
- H.R. Ma, J.W. Li, J. Jiao, C.T. Chang, G. Wang, J. Shen, X.M. Wang, Wear resistance of Fe-based amorphous coatings prepared by AC-HVAF and HVOF, Mater. Sci. 33 (1) (2016) 65–71.
- J.E. Berger, R. Schulz, S. Savoie, J. Gallego, C.S. Kiminami, C. Bolfarini, W.J. Botta, Wear and corrosion properties of HVOF coatings from Superduplex alloy modified with addition of boron, Surf. Coat. Technol. 309 (2017) 911–919.
- G.Y. Koga, T. Ferreira, Y. Guo, D.D. Coimbrão, A.M. Jorge Jr., C.S. Kiminami, C. Bolfarin, W.J. Botta, Challenges in optimizing the resistance to corrosion and wear of amorphous Fe-Cr-Nb-B alloy containing crystalline phases, J. Non. Cryst. Solids. 555 (2021) 120537.
- W. Wang, C. Zhang, Z.-W. Zhang, Y.-C. Li, M. Yasir, H.-T. Wang, L. Liu, Toughening Fe-based Amorphous Coatings by Reinforcement of Amorphous Carbon, Sci. Rep. 7 (1) (2017) 4084.
- T. Terajima, F. Takeuchi, K. Nakata, S. Adachi, K. Nakashima, T. Igarashi, Composite coating containing WC/12Co cermet and Fe-based metallic glass deposited by high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying, J. Alloys Compd. 504 (2010) 288–291.
- S. Yoon, J. Kim, B.D. Kim, C. Lee, Tribological behavior of B4C reinforced Fe-base bulk metallic glass composite coating, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205 (7) (2010) 1962–1968.
- B. Fu, D. He, L. Zhao, Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-based amorphous coatings, J. Alloys Compd. 480 (2) (2009) 422–427.
- Y. Qin, Y.P. Wu, Y. Zheng, Sh. Hong, J. Guo, Corrosion behavior of FeCrSiB alloy coatings prepared by HVOF thermal spraying, Transoctions of The China Welding Institutetute 35 (2014) 103–107.
- A.M. Hodge, T.G. Nieh, Evaluating abrasive wear of amorphous alloys using nanoscratch technique, Intermetallics 12 (2004) 741–748.
- I.D. Kuchumova, I.S. Batraev, N.Y. Cherkasova, D.K. Rybin, A.V. Ukhina, W.J. Botta, G.Y. Koga, A.M. Jorge Jr., The influence of the O2/C2H2 ratio on the structure and properties of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 detonation coatings, Mater. Today: Proc. 25 (3) (2020) 384–386.
- J.A. Gan, C.C. Berndt, Review on the Oxidation of Metallic Thermal Sprayed Coatings: A Case Study with Reference to Rare-Earth Permanent Magnetic Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol. 22 (7) (2013) 1069–1091.
- F. Tang, L. Ajdelsztajn, G.E. Kim, V. Provenzano, J.M. Schoenung, Effects of surface oxidation during HVOF processing on the primary stage oxidation of a CoNiCrAlY coating, Surf. Coat. Technol. 185 (2–3) (2004) 228–233.
- C.-J. Li, W.-Y. Li, Effect of sprayed powder particle size on the oxidation behavior of MCrAlY materials during high velocity oxygen-fuel deposition, Surf. Coat. Technol. 162 (1) (2003) 31–41.
- H. Zhang, S. Wang, H. Li, S. Wang, Y. Chen, Effect of Oxidation and Crystallization on Pitting Initiation Behavior of Fe-Based Amorphous Coatings, Coatings 12 (2022) 176.
- J. Kim, K. Kang, S. Yoon, S. Kumar, H. Na, C. Lee, Oxidation and crystallization mechanisms in plasma-sprayed Cu-based bulk metallic glass coatings, Acta Mater. 58 (3) (2010) 952–962.
- L. Xie, Y.-M. Wang, X. Xiong, Z.-K. Chen, Comparison of Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Plasma, High Velocity Oxy-Fuel and Detonation Sprayed Coatings from an Iron-Based Powder, Mater. Trans. 59 (10) (2018) 1591–1595.
- H. Wu, X. Lan, Y. Liu, F. Li, W. Zhang, Z. Chen, X. Zai, H. Zeng, Fabrication, tribological and corrosion behaviors of detonation gun sprayed Fe-based metallic glass coating, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 26 (6) (2016) 1629–1637.
- I.D. Kuchumova, I.S. Batraev, V.Yu. Ulianitsky, A.A. Shtertser, K.B. Gerasimov, A.V. Ukhina, N.V. Bulina, I.A. Bataev, G.Y. Koga, Y. Guo, W.J. Botta, H. Kato, T. Wada, B.B. Bokhonov, D.V. Dudina, A.M. Jorge Jr., Formation of metallic glass coatings by detonation spraying of a Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 powder, Metals 9 (8) (2019) 846. Mode of access: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/9/8/846.
- K. Yoshida, M. Bito, J. Kageyama, Y. Shimizu, M. Abe, A. Makino, Unusual high Bs for Fe-based amorphous powders produced by a gas-atomization technique, AIP Advances 6 (5) (2016) 055933.
- C.R.M. Afonso, C. Bolfarini, W.J. Botta, C.S. Kiminami, Overspray Powder Characterization of Fe-Based Glassy Alloy, Mater. Sci. Forum 727 (2012) 468–475.
- J.C. Farmer, J.J. Haslam, S.D. Day, Corrosion resistances of iron-based amorphous metals with yttrium and tungsten additions in hot calcium chloride brine & Natural Seawater: Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6 and W-Containing Variants, ECS Transactions 3 (31) (2007) 485–496.
- I.D. Kuchumova, I.S. Batraev, N.Y. Cherkasova, A.V. Ukhina, A.A. Shtertser, A.M. Jorge Jr., The influence of salt fog exposure on corrosion resistance of detonation coatings Fe66Cr10Nb5B19, Metal Working and Material Science 22 (3) (2020) 95–105.
- I.D. Kuchumova, M.A. Eryomina, N.V. Lyalina, D.V. Dudina, I.S. Batraev, V.Y. Ulianitsky, A.A. Shtertser, N.Yu. Cherkasova, A.A. Ruktuev, A.V. Ukhina, T.A. Borisenko, G.Yu. Koga, C.S. Kiminami, A.M. Jorge Jr., Structural Features and Corrosion Resistance of Fe66Cr10Nb5B19 Metallic Glass Coatings Obtained by Detonation Spraying, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 31 (2022) 622–630.
- A.L. Greer, K.L. Rutherford, I.M. Hutchings, Wear resistance of amorphous alloys and related materials, Int. Mater. Rev. 47 (2) (2002) 87–112.
- H.X. Li, Z.C. Lu, S.L. Wang, Y. Wu, Z.P. Lu, Fe-based bulk metallic glasses: glass formation, fabrication, properties and applications, Prog. Mater. Sci. 103 (2019) 235–318.
- Y.-Y. Zhao, A. Inoue, C. Chang, J. Liu, B. Shen, X. Wang, R.-W. Li Composition Effect on Intrinsic Plasticity or Brittleness in Metallic Glasses, Sci. Rep. 4 (1) (2014) 5733.
- Y. Wu, Q. Luo, J. Jiao, X. Wei, J. Shen, Investigating the Wear Behavior of Fe-Based Amorphous Coatings under Nanoscratch Tests, Metals 7 (4) (2017) 118.
No competing interests reported.