A facile supercritical fluid synthesis of cobalt sulfide integrated with MXene and PANI/PDOT nanocomposites as electrode material for supercapacitor applications

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2076662/v1

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A facile supercritical fluid synthesis of cobalt sulfide integrated with MXene and PANI/PDOT nanocomposites as electrode material for supercapacitor applications

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2076662/v1

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We report the synthesis of ternary CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/ PEDOT composites using supercritical fluid (SCF) method for the first time. These fabricated materials along with CoS/MXene was gone through electrochemical investigations using three electrode system. Enhancement in specific capacitance was observed with inclusion of PANI (407 F/g) and further enhanced with PEDOT (630 F/g) at 2 A/g. Therefore, symmetric device using coin cell technique was fabricated by taking CoS/MXene/PEDOT and CoS/MXene/PANI as electrode material. These coin cells were further be examined on the basis of CV, GCD and EIS and it was observed that the specific capacitance was enhance in CoS/MXene/PEDOT (331.1 F/g) over CoS/MXene/PANI (246 F/g) at 2 A/g. For the material, the capacitance retention was calculated to evaluate the charge storage stability and it was observed that the CoS/MXene/PEDOT (97%) is slightly higher stable than CoS/MXene/PANI (96%).

SCF-super critical method

PANI-Polyaniline

CoS-Cobalt Sulphide

In the past ten decades, electrochemical academies and industry researchers have made great progress in the creation of low-cost, environmentally friendly, and reliable high-power energy sources [1]. One of the most promising energy storage solutions to address the global energy issue is the use of electrochemical based energy storage devices, of which batteries and supercapacitors have been the two most popular devices. [2–4]. Electrochemical supercapacitors have drawn a lot of interest in comparison to conventional capacitors and lithium-ion batteries because of their superior cycle performance, improved explicit power density, rapid charging and discharging, environmental friendliness, and prolonged lifespan. A supercapacitor stores charge by producing electrical double layers at the electrode surfaces through electrolyte ion adsorption-desorption or by carrying out rapid and reversible surface oxidation/reduction processes involving the active ingredient and electrolyte ions while being electrically charged. Based on their methods for storing charge, supercapacitors may be classified into two types: pseudocapacitors and electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) [5, 6].

According to research, an amalgam material made of EDLCs and pseudocapacitors performs better in the context of specific capacitance and its cyclic lifetime. Although pseudocapacitors often have specific capacitances that are far superior than those of carbon-based materials produced by the EDLC process, EDLCs have a long cycle life [5, 7]. Graphene or MXene, a two-dimensional layer of sp² hybridised carbon atoms, is one of the most appealing carbon/ metal-carbon materials because of its outstanding electrical conductivity. MXene, one atom thick 2-dimensional (2D) metal-carbon nanomaterial, has recently drawn a lot of interest because of its enormous specific surface area, outstanding chemical durability, potent mechanical capabilities, and unusually high electron density movement. Similar to other metal sulphides, cobalt sulphides (CoS, CoS₂, and Co₂S₃) have been extensively employed as active material for pseudocapacitors (NiS, MoS₂) [8, 9].

Recently, Ti₃C₂/CuS nanocomposites were produced and at 1 Ag^− 1, its specific capacitance can reach up to 169.5 Cg^− 1 [9]. MXene/CoS₂ composite research on asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) with MXene/CoS₂ composite as the positive electrode and reduced graphene oxide as the negative electrode have a sizeable potential range of 1.6 V and a high energy density and power density of 28.8 Whkg^− 1 and 800 Wkg^− 1, respectively [10]. The ASCs preserve 98% of their initial specific capacitance at 5 Ag^− 1 after 5000 cycles. These findings have the potential to boost the use of supercapacitor materials. However, these specific capabilities will not be sufficient enough to meet the future demands for flexible anodes in actual applications. To solve the problem, researchers have added materials with high theoretical capacities to MXene layers to increase those materials' specific capacities, such as SnS/Ti and MXene/SnS₂ [11, 12]. Anodes for sodium-ion batteries such as the CoS₂/MXene electrode have high reversible capacities of 267 mAh^− 1g^− 1 and, after 1700 cycles at 2A with a capacity degradation rate of just 0.0072% per cycle, a rate performance of 272 mAhg-1 at 5 Ag^− 1 was attained [12]. Nonetheless, most MXene-Polymar based composite materials that have been reported have failed to provide outstanding long-term cycling characteristics, flexiblility and rate performance. Utilizing MXene to its fullest extent, it is envisaged that MXene-Polymer-based materials for supercapacitor efficiency will increase their electrochemical performances [13–15].

Due to their peculiar structural characteristics, MXenes, a novel family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitride, have recently attracted a lot of attention [16]. These characteristics make it an excellent contender for sophisticated supercapacitor applications in the future. Unlike pure MAX phase of MXene, which is challenging to exfoliate and disperse in aqueous solutions and acids (therefore restricting its use), Water in general is an important solvent for dispersing MXene (Ti₃C₂), which is essential for solution processing. [17, 18]. MXene sheets' planar basal planes permanently merge and rearrange themselves as a result of intense metal-carbon solid contacts and Van der Waals pressures. Because of its high capacitance, outstanding rate capability, and exceptional cycling stability, cobalt sulphide (CoS) has been identified as the most promising transition metal sulfide for use in Li-ion batteries and supercapacitor [18, 19]. However, its low electrical conductivity and mechanical instability limit cobalt sulfide's use. Many researchers have attempted to improve the electrochemical characteristics of metal sulphide, metal carbide/nitrate, and conducting polymers materials by combining them with binary or ternary cobalt sulfide-based composites [21]. The one of the most potential conducting polymers for supercapacitors is polyaniline (PANI)/PDOT because of its high elasticity, high electrical conductivity, multi-redox state, and inexpensive cost. Therefore, all of the benefits of the ternary composite of CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PDOT may be integrated and taken into account, thereby enhancing the chance of creating upcoming high-performance electrode materials. Cobalt sulphide can serve as a pseudocapacitor, while graphene acts as an EDLCs source and increases the composite's conductivity, surface area, and porosity [22–30].

In the present study, we aim to devise ternary CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PDOT to evaluate the performance of the composite in supercapacitors. For this reason, a simple three-step process was designed to synthesize ternary CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PDOT composite as a cutting-edge material for capacitors. First, a one-pot hydrothermal technique was used to create the composite of graphene oxide and CoS, while the MXene (Ti₃C₂) sheets were chemically etched by using HF (40%) to the reduced MXene sheets (Ti₃C₂). In the second step, the ternary CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PDOT. The Aniline and PDOT were chemically polymerized in place on the CoS cubic ornamented on decreased MXene sheets to create the composite. As far as we know, this work is the first to synthesise and evaluate ternary CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PDOT composite's performance in supercapacitors using the supercritical fluid method (SCF).

2.1 Materials

The MAX phase Ti₃AlC₂ was purchased by Nanoshells scales and cobalt nitrate hexa hydrate (Co(NO₃)₂6H₂O), sodium disulfite (Na₂O₅S₂), ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS), aniline, hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS), purchased by Merck chemicals.

2.2 Synthesis of MXene exfoliation

MXene (Ti₃C₂) was manufactured using the reaction shown in Eq. (1). 1g of MAX phase Ti₃AlC₂ stirred at 20 hours in HF medium at room temperature. Following collection, the goods were washed in ethanol and water until a PH of 7 was reached, and then they were left to dry for 12 hours in a vacuum oven at 60°C.

Ti₃AlC₂ + 3HF = AlF₃ + 1.5H₂ + Ti₃C₂ (1)

2.3 Synthesis of cobalt sulfide (CoS)-MXene composite

2.3.1. Hydrothermal method: The solution of 0.1 mM Co(NO₃)₂6H₂O, 0.4 mM Na₂O₅S₂ and 500 mg MXene in deionized (DI) water was stirred for 30 minutes. After that, the mixture was placed in a 100 mL stainless steel autoclave. After being sealed, it was heated in the oven for six hours at 160°C. The products were then collected, washed with DI water and ethanol, and adjusted to PH 7 by removing any undesired or unreacted components. The product was subsequently dried in a vacuum oven for 12 hours at 60°C.

2.3.2. Supercritical fluid (SCF) method: The same precursor solution as taken in hydrothermal method in 10 ml in SCF reactor was placed at 400 ℃ for 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes. The product obtained from SCF reactor was collected and rinsed with DI water and ethanol and then dried in an oven at 60 ℃ for 12 hours. The graphical representation of the synthesis of CoS/MXene composite from hydrothermal and SCF method is shown in Fig. 1.

2.4 Synthesis of CoS/MXene/PANI composite

Using 500 mg CoS/MXene in 1 M HCl and ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as the oxidant, PANI was produced by oxidative polymerization (equimolar to aniline). A stirring, refrigerated (0°C) reactor was used to conduct the polymerization process. After adding the APS solution to the monomer solution, the reaction took 12 hours to finish. The reactor's contents were then vacuum-filtered and cleaned with distilled water and 1 M HCl. The emeraldine base form was created by dipping the solid powder into an NH4OH solution (0.1 M). After filtering, the product was dried for 8 hours at 50°C in a vacuum oven.

2.5 Synthesis of CoS/MXene/PEDOT composite

100 mg of as prepared CoS/MXene composite was dispersed in 10 mL of DI water by ultrasonication for 30 min to create a homogeneous suspension. Separately, the 1 ml PEDOT: PSS solution was added to CoS/MXene solution at room temperature and stirred at 300 rpm for 5 min followed by 1 hour ultrasonication leading to homogenous dispersions. The product was filtered and dried for 8 hours in a vacuum oven at 50 ℃.

2.6 Characterization of materials

XRD patterns of the CoS, CoS/MXene, CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT composite were performed using Cu-Kα radiation (wavelength, 𝛌 = 1.5406 Å) in X ray diffractometer (make: Regaku Smart Lab 2) for the Bragg’s angle (2$\theta$) ranges from 10^o to 80^o. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed using KBr powder on a FTIR Spectrometer (make: Thermo Scientific Nicolet Summit LITE iD1). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterise the morphology and microstructure analyses of the produced samples (make: ZEISS EVO18). A High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) was also used to study the morphologies of the products as they were produced (make: JEOL Japan, JEM-2100 Plus). Using monochromatic Al K radiation as the exciting source (energy resolution K-0.60 eV), Quantachrome Instruments acquired X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS).

2.7 Electrochemical characterization

The electrochemical experiments were performed in a three-electrode electrochemical cell with an electrolyte of 1 M H₂SO₄ aqueous solution. The working electrode was prepared by mixing 80 wt% (40 mg) of CoS/MXene, CoS/MXene/PANI, and CoS/MXene/PEDOT, 15 wt% (7.5 mg) of acetylene black, and 5 wt% (2.5 mg) poly tetra fluoro-ethylene (PTFE) as binder then mixture was pressed onto the graphite electrodes for CoS/MXene, CoS/MXene/PANI, and CoS/MXene/PEDOT, respectively. These electrodes were dried at 50 ℃ in a vacuum for 12 hours. The counter electrode was made of platinum, while the reference electrode was made of an Ag/AgCl electrode. The CV, GCD, and EIS measurements in the probe frequency ranges from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz were conducted on electrochemical work station (Make: biologic Vsp3e).

2.8 Electrochemical Measurement of Asymmetric Supercapacitor (ASC)

A glove box filled with air was used to construct all of the CR2032-type coin cells using 1 M H2SO4 as an electrolyte. The CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT ASC coin cells were built for electrochemical performance testing in real-world applications. The performance of the ASC device is strongly influenced by the mass ratio of the positive and negative electrodes. As a result, the charge balance theory given by Eq. (2) i.e. charge given and removed are same, was used to compute the mass ratio.

$${Q}_{+}={Q}_{-} \left(2\right)$$

The charge is given by Eq. (3),

$$Q={C}_{s}\varDelta Vm \left(3\right)$$

Where ${C}_{s}$ denotes the specific capacitance, $\varDelta V$ is the net potential difference and m represents the mass of electrode.

Using equations (2) and (3), we get

$$\frac{{Q}_{+}}{{Q}_{-}}=\frac{{\varDelta V}_{+}}{{\varDelta V}_{-}}\frac{{C}_{s+}}{{C}_{s-}}\frac{{m}_{+}}{{m}_{-}}$$

Using Eq. (2),

$$\frac{{m}_{-}}{{m}_{+}}=\frac{{\varDelta V}_{-}{C}_{s-}}{{\varDelta V}_{+}{C}_{s+}} \left(4\right)$$

The current ASC device's mass ratio was calculated using Eq. (3) to be 0.43.

Figure 2(A) displays XRD pattern of CoS synthesized using SCF method for various time durations: 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. The peaks were indexed using data base from Rigaku smart lab 2 card no. 9007682 and 1011005, represents two phases Cattierite and Linnaeite, respectively. Figure 2(B) shows the comparison of XRD patterns for CoS, MXene exfoliated for 72 hours and CoS/MXene composite. The diffraction peaks of CoS in Fig. 2(B) matches with the peaks/planes shown in Fig. 2(A). The MXene peaks are matched from the reported data shownin reference [31]. Figure 3(C) shows the XRD patterns of CoS/MXene, CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT with the diffraction peaks of CoS and MXene whereas because of amorphous nature PANI and PEDOT cannot be seen. Therefore, FTIR analysis for CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT along with CoS/MXene have been performed and shown in Fig. 2(D)

Figure 2(D) shows the FTIR spectrum of nanocomposites, which further verified the formation of the deposited CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT nanoparticles. The characteristic peaks of CoS/MXene are 613 cm^− 1 (Co-S), 1083 cm^− 1 (S-Phenyl), and 3438 cm^− 1 (O-H). The peak position of the CoS/MXene/PANI are 674 cm^− 1 (C-S/C-H), 1031 cm^− 1 (S-Phenyl) 1197 cm^− 1 (C = O), 1338 cm^− 1 (C-C/C-N), 1403 cm^− 1 (O-H), 1509 cm^− 1 (C = C), 1648 cm^− 1 (C-H), 2926 cm^− 1 (C-H), and 3438 cm^− 1 (O-H). The peak positions of the CoS/MXene/PEDOT nanocomposites are 578 cm^− 1 (Co-S), 686 cm^− 1 (C-S/C-H), 829 cm^− 1 (C-S), 1037 cm^− 1 (S-Phenyl), 1126 cm^− 1 (S-C/NH-), 1313 cm^− 1 (C-C/C-N), 1403 cm^− 1 (O-H), 1527 cm^− 1 (C = C), 2926 cm^− 1 (C-H), and 3438 cm^− 1 (O-H) [12, 32, 33].

The SEM morphologies of etching of the MXene be seen in Fig. 3(A). Figure 3(A) exhibit the nanosheets of exfoliated MXene in HF media for 72 hours. The CoS/MXene composite having heterostructures structure can be seen crystal growth by SCF method performed for 10, 20, 30. and 60 min in Fig. 3(B-E), respectively. Figures 3(B-E) show that the MXene being layered with the CoS nanoparticles in between the nanolayers. As time for synthesis increases from 10 min to 60 min, the interlayering of CoS nanoparticles becomes more in MXene nanosheets. Figure 3(F) shows hydrothermal reaction 24 hours which is more interlayerd of the CoS structures being formed in the interlayer spaces of MXene where the CoS is being developed into irregular structures. Fig. (G) and (H) shows the SEM images for CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT, respectively. It can be seen that the MXene nanosheets are covered by PANI and PEDOT nanostructures. The SEM images for CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT with lesser magnification are shown in supplementary information.

TEM morphologies confirm the shape of the CoS/MXene/PANI composite layer structure shown in Fig. 4(A-C). From Fig. 5(A) to (C) the magnification increases and in Fig. 4(C), the interplanar spacing of CoS, MXene, and PANI have calculated which also confirms like XRD existence of the respective components.

XPS was then employed to validate the chemical composition and metal oxidation states of the CoS/MXene/PANI. Figure 5(A) shows the survey scan for CoS/MXene/PANI and confirms the presence of C, Co, O, S, Ti ions. The nanocomposites' C1s, Co 2p^3/2, O 1s, S 2p and Ti 2p core level spectra. The S 2p spectrum (Fig. 5(B)) exhibits two peaks at 1325.4 and 1326.5 eV associated with S 2p^1/2 and S 2p^3/2, respectively. Deconvolution of complex Co 2p 3/2 spectrum. In particular, distinct peaks at 708.1 eV could be assigned to Co 2p^3/2. This information offers clear proof that the CoS phase exists in the synthesized sample (Fig. 5) (C). XPS spectra of the Ti 2p (Fig. 5(D)) displayed a tiny displacement to the lower binding energies of the XPS spectra of Ti 2p. Ti 2p_3/2 and Ti 2p_1/2 have binding energies of 1028 and 1022 eV, respectively. C1s spectrum (Fig. 5(E)) was decomposed into one major peak. The obvious major peak was at 1203.3 eV, and that was due to the C–C bond and C–O bond, other peaks related to O–C = O group. The O 1s core level spectra distinct components in Fig. 5(F). The significant peak at 956.6 eV might be attributed to oxygen atoms in the oxides as the O 1s peaks at this energy due to oxygen atoms in the hydroxyl groups and absorbed water.

The electrochemical performance of CoS, CoS/MXene/PEDOT and CoS/MXene/PANI has been examined by the CV, GCD and EIS in 1M H₂SO₄ electrolyte, and the results are plotted in the Fig. 6, respectively. Figure 6(A) exhibits the CV of the CoS, CoS/MXene/PEDOT and CoS/MXene/PANI, at the scan rate of 50 mV/s. Similarly, Fig. 6(B) represents the GCD measurements for CoS, CoS/MXene/PEDOT, and CoS/MXene/PANI, at 2 A/g. The area covered by the CoS/MXene/PEDOT and CoS/MXene/PANI is comparatively higher than that of CoS, suggesting the composite material's enhanced electrochemical performance with the involvement of PEDOT and PANI. Figure 6(C) shows the specific capacitance for CoS/MXene, CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT with varying current density from 2 A/g to 14 A/g and it is observed that highest specific capacitance is observed in CoS/MXene/PEDOT of 630 F/g at 2 A/g. Figure 6(D) exhibits the EIS plots of the CoS/MXene, CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT, and it is observed that the CoS/MXene/PEDOT exhibits minimum charge transfer resistance; therefore, the electrochemical performances were obtained highest, that individually CoS/MXene provides deficient capacity, whereas the ability was enhanced in a large extent with the addition of PANI and PEDOT in the structure of CoS/MXene up to 407 F/g (PANI) and 630 F/g (PEDOT) at 2 A/g.

For the practical use, we had assembled a symmetric supercapacitor device utilizing two identical electrodes of CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT. All the electrochemical measurements were evaluated in 1 M H₂SO₄. Prior to the measurements, we had optimized the working potential window by running CV in various potential windows. 0.9 V and 1.0 V was chosen for the further experiments since for performing CV for CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT, respectively, as per the oxygen evolution activation. CV profiles at various scan rates from 5–50 mV/s were measured. Figure 7(A) shows the cylcovoltagrams of the device at 50 mV/s for both the heterostructures CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT. The CV curves exhibit almost rectangular shape, suggesting that most of the charge storage is due to the surface adsorption of electrolyte ions. The specific capacitance is calculated (Fig. 7(C)) as 121, 81.5, 51.25, 33.3 and 20.1 F/g at scan rates of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 mV/s for CoS/MXene/PANI, respectively and 297.7, 229.4, 138.15, 108.15 and 73.8 F/g for CoS/MXene/PEDOT at scan rates of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 mV/s, respectively.

Similarly, GCD curves were also observed at various current densities from 2–10 A/g and Fig. 7(B) shows the GCD at 2 A/g for the devices. Specific capacitance was again calculated using these GCD curves and shown in Fig. 7(D) which decreases with increasing current densities. The specific capacitance is calculated as 246, 204, 87, 28 and 25 F/g at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 A/g for CoS/MXene/PANI and 331.1, 248.8, 193.3, 97.7 and 55.3 F/g at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 A/g for CoS/MXene/PEDOT.

Moreover, the cyclic stability of the CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS₂/MXene/PEDOT have been investigated by performing charge-discharge for 10000 cycles and plotted in the Fig. 8(E) in terms of capacitance retention with varying cycle number. It is observed that the CoS/MXene/PEDOT exhibits maximum retention of 97% after 10000 cycles in comparison to the CoS/MXene/PANI (96%). Figure 8(F) shows the impedance spectroscopy for the CoS/MXene/PANI (CSMPA) and CoS/MXene/PEDOT (CSMPD). CSMPD shows the capacitive behavior of the synthesized materials before and after the 10000 cycle. Figure 8(F) exhibits the Nyquist plots of the CSMPA and CSMPD and it is observed that the CSMPD exhibits minimum charge transfer resistance, therefore, the electrochemical performances were obtained highest for CSMPD. A comparative analysis has been illustrated in Table 1 with the previously reported studies based on similar material or nanosheets composites with present material, mainly explaining the specific capacitance and cyclic stability. It can be clearly observed in Table 1, that individually CoS and CoS/MXene provides very low capacity, whereas the capacity is enhanced in a large extent with the addition of PANI and PEDOT in the structure of CoS/MXene up to 246 F/g (PANI) and 331.1 F/g (PEDOT) at 2 A/g for symmetric capacitor.

In summary, CoS, CoS/MXene was successfully synthesized for the first time using the supercritical fluid process. Electrochemical performance of CoS/MXene, CoS/MXene/PANI and CoS/MXene/PEDOT was successfully investigated in terms of cyclovoltametry and GCD measurements, and EIS for three electrode method and by converting it into a symmetric capacitor. It was observed that with the addition of conducting polymers: PANI and PEDOTF, the specific capacitance and charge storage ability of the CoS and CoS/MXene can be improved with a significant value. By observing the specific capacitance values and capacitance retention, PEDOT was found to be better candidate for the applications in supercapacitor.

Data availability

The data will be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Declaration of Conflict of Interest

The authors state that they have no known competing financial interests or personal ties that could have influenced the research presented in this study.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Uttaranchal University for financial support under the seed money project scheme.

Author Contribution

Chetana S: Conceptualization, data correction, formal analysis, and writing-preparation of the first draught.

K G Sanjay Upadhyay: Formal analysis,

Naveen Chandra Joshi: Reviewing and Editing.

Niraj Kumar: Formal analysis

Priyvart Choudhary: Formal analysis,

Nishesh Sharma: Reviewing and Editing.

Vikas N. Thaku: Writing-Preparation of the Original Draft, Writing- Reviewing and Editing.

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Table 1

Comparison of specific capacitance discussed in this article with various materials reported earlier.
Synthesis method	Electrode Material	Synthesis Time	Morphology	Specific Capacitance@ Current Density@Cycles	Electrolytes	Ref.
Hydrothermal	CoS/Graphene	24 hr	2D flower-like	435.7 F/[email protected] A/g@5000	6 M KOH	[34]
Hydrothermal	CoSe₂/C dodecahedra	12 hr	Nanocomposites	726 F/g@2A/g@5000	2 M KOH	[35]
Hydrothermal	MoS₂	12 hr	2D	162 F/g@162 F/g@1000	1 M Na₂SO₄	[36]
Hydrothermal	CoS₂	24 hr	hierarchical nanoflakes	800 F/g@1 A/g@1000cycal	2 M KOH	[37]
Hydrothermal	MoS₂/graphene	24 hr	2D flower-like	270 F/[email protected] A/g@5000	1 M Na₂SO₄	[38]
Hydrothermal	CoS	24 hr	Hierarchical	586 F/g@1 A/g@5000	6 M KOH	[39]
SCF	CoS/MXene/PEDOT	30 min	2D nanocomposites	331.1 F/g@2 A/g@10000	1 M H₂SO₄	This work
SCF	CoS/MXene/PANI	30 min	2D nanocomposites	246 F/g@2 A/g@10000	1 M H₂SO₄	This work

Competing interest reported. The authors state that they have no known competing financial interests or personal ties that could have influenced the research presented in this study.

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A facile supercritical fluid synthesis of cobalt sulfide integrated with MXene and PANI/PDOT nanocomposites as electrode material for supercapacitor applications

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

2.1 Materials

2.2 Synthesis of MXene exfoliation

2.3 Synthesis of cobalt sulfide (CoS)-MXene composite

2.4 Synthesis of CoS/MXene/PANI composite

2.5 Synthesis of CoS/MXene/PEDOT composite

2.6 Characterization of materials

2.7 Electrochemical characterization

2.8 Electrochemical Measurement of Asymmetric Supercapacitor (ASC)

3. Results And Discussion

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

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