Spatial and temporal variation of zooplankton assemblage in Chiffa Wadi (North Algeria)

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2085985/v1

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Spatial and temporal variation of zooplankton assemblage in Chiffa Wadi (North Algeria)

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2085985/v1

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published 15 Mar, 2023

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The spatial and temporal variation in the distribution, abundance, and assemblage structure of zooplankton were examined in the Chiffa Wadi River, north central Algeria. Samples were taken seasonally from autumn 2020 to summer 2022. Nine physical and chemical variables were recorded, and their relationship with the density of 39 zooplankton species was established using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. In order to study the structure of the zooplankton, Shannon-Wiener diversity indices (H′), Margalef richness index (Dmg), Pielou evenness (E), and abundance were calculated. During the analysis, rotifera was the dominant group in the zooplankton community, represented by 27 taxa, followed by Cladocera (9 taxa), and Copepoda (3 taxa). The diversity index indicated the higher richness, abundance, and evenness of zooplankton at a eutrophic site (S2) compared with other sites. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the structure of zooplankton is influenced by local environmental factors. The present study demonstrates that anthropogenic activities including urban discharge and the construction of Algeria's Medea-Chiffa highway, which increased the nutrient load in the aquatic system, disrupted water quality. However, the distribution and quantity of zooplankton were dramatically impacted by these changes in water quality.

Zooplankton diversity

spatial and temporal variation

Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA)

Water quality

Chiffa Wadi

The biodiversity organization in space and time is determined by a complex mix of ecological and evolutionary processes and may reflect the interplay of climatic, biogeographic and geological history (Pecl et al. 2017; Smolak and Walsh 2022). In freshwater habitats, zooplankton is an important biological component, plays a crucial role in water ecological processes (Ju et al. 2019; Kamboj and Kamboj 2020). They occupy an important intermediate link of food chain between phytoplankton and planktivorous fish, adjusting the water's self purification capacity (Li et al. 2014). Zooplankton species respond rapidly to many environmental stressors, such as hydrological changes and anthropogenic activity-induced water pollution (Adamczuk et al. 2015; Hamil et al. 2021). Usually, they are used as an indicator of the trophic state in water ecosystems (Wen et al. 2011; Gebrehiwot 2020).

In Algeria, a majority of zooplankton study were focused on marines and lakes ecosystem compared with rivers (Hamil et al. 2021). Due to the unfavorable conditions for zooplankton development, there have been few studies of zooplankton species and communities in undisturbed rivers or lotic environments.

Chiffa Wadi River is the main hydrographic axis of the Mazafran river watershed (North Algeria) with a surface of about 280 km²; it is also part of the Chrea National Park hydrographic network (Ouadah 2016). The Chiffa Wadi originates in the Atlas Mountains, flows north and then crosses the western part of Mitidja. In addition to their irregular flow and sometimes drought, the quality of the Chiffa Wadi is deteriorated by various forms of pollution. Recently, the implementation of Algerian North-South highway (the first section “Medea-Chiffa”), had a direct impact on water quality and planktonic organisms (Goumrasa et al 2021). Also, the release of wastewater from urbanized areas as well as sediment discharge from cultivated land in wadi banks impacted by soil erosion affect the ecosystem function of Chiffa Wadi (Hamaidi-Chergui et al. 2013). In addition, flow instability and water retention time in the chiffa wadi restricts the production and distribution of zooplankton. As a result, the current study focuses on the diversity and composition of the zooplankton in the river's current water quality. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to investigate whether environmental factors substantially impact the riverine zooplankton.

The present study aimed to (1) determine the diversity of the zooplankton communities in the Algerian river: Chiffa Wadi, subjected to various types of anthropogenic pressure, (2) assess the environmental quality status using the distribution patterns of the zooplankton communities in relation to the environmental factors in this ecosystem, and (3) reveal the habitat preferences for the identified zooplankton species.

Study area

Chiffa Wadi is located in the North-western part of Algeria (Fig. 1); it originates in the Medea Mountains and sinks to the bottom of the gorge of Chiffa, in the Blidean Atlas between the Blida and Mouzaia massive’s. It is one of the main tributaries to Mazafran River with a length of 39 km (Hamaidi-Chergui et al. 2013).

Collection Of Samples And Laboratory Analysis

Water samples were collected from six sites in polyethylene bottles at a depth of 10–20 cm on a seasonally basis by the grab sampling method (Autumn 2020 to summer 2022). Proximate analysis of water samples was done in the laboratory. Water temperature (WT), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in situ using a multiparameter analyser (The AZ-86031 Combo Water metre). Other chemical substances (nitrate NO₃⁻, phosphate PO₄⁻ and Ammoniac NH₄⁺) were measured by the spectrophotometric method (Rodier 2004). The organic matter was determined by permanganate oxidation method (Rodier 2009). The samples of zooplankton were collected using plankton net (mesh size 55 µm) at an average depth of 10–35 cm from the selected sites. An amount of 5 l of water was filtered through the plankton net and the concentrated sample was fixed with 5% formalin solution. The taxonomic identification of zooplankton was carried out according to Voigt and Koste (1978), and Błędzki and Rybak (2016). Three different types of biodiversity indices: Shannon–Wiener index, Pielou's evenness index, and the specific richness index were used to calculate the richness, dominance, and abundance of zooplankton species.

Statistical analysis

The Kruskal–Wallis test (at P < 0.05) was used to test the significance of environmental variable and zooplankton abundance variation. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to recognize the relationship between water quality and zooplankton assemblage. For the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Nine hydrological parameters including dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, phosphate, ammoniac and organic matter were selected to determine the relationship with zooplankton assemblage in the Chiffa Wadi sites. These analyses were conducted using the R version 4.0.1 (R Development Core Team 2020).

Hydrological parameters

The water proprieties of Chiffa Wadi in each site are shown in Table 1. The maximum water temperature recorded was 29°C in summer at S2 and minimum 03°C in winter at S4. Median dissolved oxygen ranged from 4.64 and 6.98 mg L^− 1, while the high value of oxygen (8.9 mg L^− 1) was found in winter at S4. The minimum pH of the water was recorded in winter at S4 7.2 and maximum in summer and winter of the first year at S3 and S2 (9 − 4) respectively. The electrical conductivity of water was found with a maximum of 1411 µS cm^− 1 in summer at S2 and a minimum of 410 µS cm^− 1 in winter 2021 at S4. The value of TDS was also high 864 mg L^− 1 in summer at S2. Similarly, the concentration of nutrients varied among the sites. For instance, Phosphate (PO₄⁻) ranging from 0.01 and 5.78 mg L^− 1. NO₃⁻ varied between 1.01 and 17.1 mg L^− 1. NH₄⁺ ranging from 0.04 and 0.97 mg L^− 1. The high values of nutriments were recorded at S2 and S3, which are considered the most polluted sites. Mean concentrations of organic matter are generally level close to 3 mg L^− 1. The high concentration of OM was collected in station S3 (4.34 mg L^− 1). Generally, multiple comparisons of Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significantly higher value of DO, EC, TDS, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, PO₄⁻ and MO (P < 0.05) at the six studied stations. WT, DO, pH, NO₃⁻ NH₄⁺ and MO also exhibited seasonal variability (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.05; Table 1).

Table 1

Descriptive statistics (median, SD, minimum, and maximum) of spatial and temporal variations in the limnological parameters measured at different sampling sites
Parameters	Station						KW-p
	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	station	season
WT (C°)	16.5 ± 5 (7–25)	20.12 ± 5.1 (11–29)	20.1 ± 5 (11–28)	13.4 ± 4.7 (3–20)	19.03 ± 4.7 (11–26)	19.1 ± 4.8 (10–27)	0.22	0.000***
DO (mg L^− 1)	6.29 ± 1.0 (4.2–8.2)	5.44 ± 0.9 (3.5–7.1)	4.64 ± 1.1 (2.9–6.8)	6.98 ± 0.7 (5.5–8.9)	5.64 ± 0.7 (4.5–7.8)	5.44 ± 1.0 (3.7–7.7)	0.01*	0.000***
pH	8 ± 0.2 (7.5–8.4)	8.2 ± 0.4 (7.4–9.4)	8.5 ± 0.4 (7.6–9.4)	7.8 ± 0.2 (7.2–8.4)	8.1 ± 0.1 (7.8–8.5)	8.1 ± 0.1 (7.7–8.5)	0.06	0.038*
EC (µS cm^− 1)	937 ± 49 (857–987)	1253.3 ± 76 (1089–1411)	753 ± 87 (620–988)	486.5 ± 52 (410–558)	585 ± 73 (489–710)	603.8 ± 55 (520–724)	0.000***	0.806
TDS (mg L^− 1)	491.6 ± 35.7 (421–539)	684 ± 72 (562–864)	416 ± 41.5 (359–526)	247 ± 23.8 (211–298)	319 ± 42.8 (268–426)	329 ± 33.5 (276–405)	0.000***	0.81
NO₃⁻ (mg L^− 1)	4.3 ± 1.8 (1.24–7.8)	6.2 ± 2.5 (2.14–10.7)	9.0 ± 5.2 (2.25–17.1)	2.8 ± 1.1 (1.01–5.5)	5.4 ± 2.2 (1.5–8.7)	5.7 ± 2.3 (1.59–9.44)	0.02*	0.000***
PO₄⁻ (mg L^− 1)	0.1 ± 0.0 (0.01–0.4)	3.4 ± 1.8 (1.02–6.4)	3.0 ± 1.5 (0.87–5.78)	0.2 ± 0.1 (0.07–0.5)	1.7 ± 0.9 (0.75–3.5)	2.1 ± 1.2 (0.56–3.8)	0.000***	0.49
NH₄⁺ (mg L^− 1)	0.13 ± 0.0 (0.05–0.25)	0.28 ± 0.1 (0.08–0.65)	0.42 ± 0.2 (0.1–0.97)	0.05 ± 0.03 (0.01–0.12)	0.2 ± 0.1 (0.04–0.36)	0.25 ± 0.1 (0.04–0.54)	0.001**	0.001**
MO (mg L^− 1)	2.27 ± 0.9 (0.57–4.1)	2.28 ± 0.8 (0.8–4.7)	4.34 ± 1.4 (1.01–7.8)	0.63 ± 0.2 (0.2–1.02)	3.02 ± 1.22 (0.7–5.4)	3.87 ± 1.3 (0.87–6.7)	0.000***	0.005**
WT water temperature, DO dissolved oxygen, EC electrical conductivity, NO₃⁻ nitrates, NH₄⁺ ammonium, PO₄⁻ phosphate, MO organic matter, TDS total dissolved solids.

Zooplankton Community Structure Characteristics

A total of 39 zooplankton species (Table 2) were identified in Chiffa wadi during the study period. These included: Rotifers (27 species), Cladocerans (9 species) and Copepods (three cyclopoid species). Zooplankton abundance of Chiffa Wadi in each season and site was shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Our results showed that the first year's winter and spring seasons had the largest zooplankton abundances, at 473 and 307 ind L^− 1 respectively. But, the second year study revealed a diminution in the abundance during all seasons (Fig. 2). Spatial variation in zooplankton abundance in Chiffa Wadi showed a significant difference during period study in all sites (KW p-value < 0.01). The highest abundance of zooplankton was sampled at S2, while rotifers species were the most recorded in all study sites.

Table 2

Species composition, total abundance, and dominance % of the zooplankton assemblage in Chiffa Wadi
Species name	Total abundance	%
Rotifers
Brachionus angularis (Gosse, 1851)	55	2,46
Brachionus quadridentatus (Kertész, 1894)	37	1,65
Keratella cochlearis cochlearis (Gosse, 1851)	89	3,98
Keratella tropica (Apstein, 1907)	36	1,61
Keratella quadrata (Müller, 1786)	207	9,25
Cephalodella sp	70	3,13
Cephalodella gibba (Ehrenberg, 1830)	96	4,29
Colurella obtuse (Gosse, 1886)	79	3,53
Colurella adriatica (Ehrenberg, 1831)	7	0,31
Lepadella patella (O. F. Müller, 1773)	60	2,68
Lepadella sp	21	0,94
Euchlanis sp	32	1,43
Dicranophorus sp	86	3,84
Trichotria tetractis (Ehrenberg, 1830)	27	1,21
Trichotria pocillum (Müller, 1766)	10	0,45
Trichocerca porcellus (Gosse, 1851)	107	4,78
Trichocerca sp	11	0,49
Pompholyx sp	46	2,06
Ascomorpha sp	27	1,21
Lecane punctata (Murry, 1913)	59	2,64
Lecane luna a (Müller, 1776)	93	4,16
Lecane lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1830)	24	1,07
Lecane sp	15	0,67
Philodina sp	387	17,29
Adineta vega (Davis, 1873)	342	15,28
Adineta sp	169	7,55
Rotatia sp	46	2,06
Cladocerans
Diaphanosoma sp	100	4,96
Chydorus brevilabris (Frey, 1980)	294	14,57
Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Müller, 1776)	377	18,68
Chydorus ovalis (Kurz, 1875)	96	4,76
Chydorus latus (Sars, 1862)	8	0,40
Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Müller, 1785)	78	3,87
Alona sp	38	1,88
Mixopleuroxus sp	19	0,94
Oxyurella tenulcudis (Sars, 1862)	21	1,04
Copepods
Cyclops sp	410	20,32
Eucyclops sp	337	16,70
Acanthosyslop sp	240	11,89

Adineta and Philodina were the dominant rotifer genus at all sampling sites, comprising about 32.75% of the total rotifer abundance. The crustacean zooplankton was dominated by cyclopoid copepods, following by Chydorus species (cladocerans). The cyclopoid; Cyclops sp, Eucyslops sp comprised 20.3%, 16.7%, respectively, of crustacean zooplankton.

In the present study, three different types of diversity indices were used (shown in Fig. 3). The spatial difference in the values of the Shannon–Wiener index, Pielou's evenness index, and the specific richness index in study sites was significant (KW-p ˃ 0.0001), while there are not a significant seasonal difference of all diversity indices. The Shannon-Weiner index shows a higher range of zooplankton at S2 (3.3–4.4) as compared with other site; S1 (2.1–3.4), S3 (1.9–2.9), S4 (3.2–3.8), S5 (2-3.7), S6 (1.6–3.6). Evenness index and specific richness index ranged from 0.31–0.86 and 1.48–6.11 respectively (Fig. 3c). The highest value of both indices was observed at S2.

Correlation Analysis Between Zooplankton And Environmental Factors

The results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified the environmental factors that are responsible for seasonal and spatial variability (Fig. 4, 5 respectively) in the species composition of zooplankton assemblages of the river.

The CCA represented in Fig. 4 showed that all the environmental variables in the first two axes explained 76.46% of the total variance (Table 3). The S4 was characterized by high concentrations of dissolved oxygen while the S2 and S6 were positively correlated with water temperature, nutrients, and organic matter. The S1, S3, and S5 were grouped together, and represented similar environmental conditions.

Table 3

the Spatial and seasonal CCA biplot scores of selected environmental parameters and zooplankton species of Chiffa Wadi.
Code	Variables	Spatial variation		Seasonal variation
Code	Variables	Axis 1	Axis 2	Axis 1	Axis 2
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 Cla1 Cla2 Cop1 Cop2 Cop3 WT DO pH EC TDS NO3 PO4 MO NH4	Brachionus sp Keratella sp Cephalodella sp Colurella sp Lepadella sp Euchlanis sp Trichotria sp Trichocerca sp Lecane sp Philodina sp Adineta sp Chydorus sp Bosmina sp Cyclops sp Eucyclops sp Acanthocyclops sp Water temperature Dissolved oxygen Potential hydrogen Electrical conductivity Total dissolved solids Nitrate Phosphate Organic matter Ammoniac	-0.018 0.175 -0.659 -0.489 -0.228 0.194 0.166 0.154 0.386 0.502 0.232 -0.743 -0.329 -0.285 -0.480 -0.641 0.666 -0.636 0.530 0.566 0.567 0.616 0.780 0.668 0.800	-0.524 -0.517 -0.389 0.085 -0.307 0.384 -0.570 -0.613 -0.076 0.074 0.285 0.148 0.079 0.232 0.039 0.116 -0.128 0.022 -0.133 -0.616 -0.613 -0.007 -0.285 0.387 0.185	-0.063 -0.242 -0.198 0.127 -0.065 0.373 0.417 0.063 -0.173 0.225 0.027 0.340 0.027 -0.192 -0.213 -0.424 0.866 -0.864 0.830 0.708 0.637 0.540 0.236 0.701 0.671	0.027 0.064 -0.054 -0.506 -0.192 0.186 -0.812 -0.499 -0.303 -0.002 -0.222 0.209 -0.240 0.087 0.264 0.128 -0.428 0.139 -0.325 -0.654 -0.625 0.243 0.457 -0.450 -0.280
Axis inertia %		41.39	35.06	41.06	20.92
Eigen values		0.059	0.050	0.160	0.082

CCA biplot in Fig. 5 demonstrates the 61.9% variance with 0.160 eigenvalue (p ≤ 0.001) at axis1 (Table 3), showed that during the spring and winter periods, copepods and cladocerans species exhibited highly positive relationships with dissolved oxygen on the first axis. Fortunately, copepod species such as Cyclops sp, Eucyclops sp, and Acanthocyclops sp were grouped in S4, which is characterized by a low water temperature and high oxygen saturation. The second axis revealed positive correlations between pH, water temperature, TDS, organic matter, and nutrients on rotifers species during the summer and autumn seasons.

Algeria's rivers are mainly wadis, which present an irregular flow between seasons. Since it is one of the main freshwater supplies available for human consumption, the wadis water quality is a key environmental concern (Bhat et al. 2014). Chiffa Wadi water quality is affected by human activities such as urban and industrial as well as natural processes such as surface runoff, seasonal variation in precipitation, erosion, and groundwater flow (Hamaidi-Chergui et al. 2013; Bouras et al. 2020).

The current study's findings demonstrate the variation of hydrological parameters at selected sampling site between seasons. The variation of water temperature in Chiffa Wadi depends on the climate variation such as intensity of solar radiation, precipitation, wind force, and other anthropogenic activities (Sahu et al. 2012). Dissolved oxygen levels depend on whether water is flowing or not, whether there are rocks or other obstacles for water to flow over, plants, and the temperature of the water (Horne and Goldman 1994). Generally, low dissolved oxygen values were observed during the dry season when the flow is very slow to stagnant (pools of water). The significantly higher levels of EC and concentrations of dissolved solids (TDS) at the wadi upstream sites (S1, S2, and S3) compared with the downstream sites suggest the discharge of excessive solids from the nearby industrial activities (gravel quarry, highway construction project). The rate of nutrients is also higher in these stations. The increase in nitrate, ammonium ion and phosphate levels in the waters of Chiffa Wadi (especially S2 and S3) during the dry period compared with the rainy period is synonymous with the accumulation of these organic nutrients due to the water slowdown flow in the river and the urban discharge of Hamdania city. However, the rise in nutrient levels at downstream station S6 as a result of fertilizer seeping from nearby agricultural lands of river's banks. Numerous environment and human health issues are caused by the presence of nitrates and phosphorus in surface water (Hamil et al. 2018). Indeed, although are not directly toxic, they participate in eutrophication phenomena of surface water (Hamaidi-Chergui et al. 2013; Oliveira and Machado 2013; Arab et al. 2019)

During the study period, three groups consisting of thirty-nine species of zooplankton were found in selected sampling sites. In all the sampling zones, Rotifers were found to be dominant, followed by Cladocerans and Copepods. The dominance of rotifers in terms of species richness and abundance appears to be a common pattern in eutrophic water bodies (Fernando 2002; Major et al. 2017; Gebrehiwot 2020). The rotifer's high reproductive rate, short generating time, and ability to ingest small particles, such as bacteria and organic detritus, increase its dominance in these ecosystems (Fernando 2002; Kamboj and Kamboj 2020; Hamil et al. 2021). The dominance of Adineta and Philodina genus was due to their ability to better adapted to ephemeral waters and terrestrial habitats such as mosses, lichens, and soils (Ricci 2001; Ricci and Fontaneto 2009; Jaturapruek et al. 2020), especially since the water of the river experienced a great shortage to the point of drought during the first period of the study.

The interaction between the zooplankton species and environmental variables of the Chiffa Wadi was revealed by CCA. The zooplankton structure was significantly related to the environmental variables such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH, and nutrients. According to Ju et al. 2019; Kamboj and Kamboj 2020, the main environmental variables causing the changes in the community dynamic of the water body are nutrient status, temperature, salinity, and pH. The CCA biplot clearly indicates that Cyclops sp, Eucyclops sp, and Acanthocyclops sp abundance were highly significant with an increase in dissolved oxygen and a decrease of temperature in the study sites. The relationships between cyclopoids species and the dissolved oxygen variation is also reported by researchers such as Karpowicz et al. (2020), Bowszys et al. (2020), Hamil et al. (2021). The rotifer species abundance like Euchlanis sp, Trichotria sp, Trichocerca sp, Lecane sp, Philodina sp and Adineta sp were highly significant with temperature, nutrients, organic matter, and electrical conductivity in CCA biplot axis 2 (Fig. 5). The presence of these taxa in Chiffa wadi water, especially S2, indicates eutrophic conditions. According to Haberman and Haldna (2014), Trophic conditions and temperature are the most important factors influencing the rate and character of changes in rotifer communities. Also, the suspended organic matter supports higher microzooplankton productivity with a short generation time (Poste et al. 2019; Smaoune 2021). The presence of aquatic macrophytes and algal blooms at some stations (especially S2 and S6) affects the distribution of zooplankton in the river. According to Takamura (2003) and Smolak and Walsh (2022), macrophytes are known to modify habitat conditions and strongly affect the ability of rotifers to sustain significant populations (Balki et al. 2018).

Environmental stress through human activities was recorded during the study period in the Chiffa wadi. These activities influence water quality by increasing TDS concentrations, organic matter, and nutrients load. These factors contribute to the increase in the eutrophication phenomena of surface waters. This later was confirmed by the presence of pollution bioindicator species of zooplankton. The abundance and diversity of zooplankton species were affected during the study period due to the seasonal changes in environmental factors. The CCA also revealed that the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and Nutrients are the environmental variables which influence the growth, abundance, diversity and distribution of the zooplankton species mostly.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and material

The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

Not applicable

Ethics approval; Consent to participate; Consent for publication

Not applicable

Authors Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Somia Hamil], [Abdeslem Arab], [Monia Baha], and, [Siham Arab]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Hamil Somia] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Somia Hamil: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Investigation, Writing -Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Visualization.

Siham Arab: Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing

Mounia Baha: Writing - Review & Editing,

Abdeslem Arab: Formal analysis, Resources, Writing - Original Draft.

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Spatial and temporal variation of zooplankton assemblage in Chiffa Wadi (North Algeria)

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Abstract

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Introduction

Material And Methods

Study area

Collection Of Samples And Laboratory Analysis

Statistical analysis

Results

Hydrological parameters

Zooplankton Community Structure Characteristics

Correlation Analysis Between Zooplankton And Environmental Factors

Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

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