Impact of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy on activity of daily living and performance status in progressive/recurrent glioblastoma: a retrospective study.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2091818/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Impact of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy on activity of daily living and performance status in progressive/recurrent glioblastoma: a retrospective study.

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2091818/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

Background

The prognosis of recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) is poor, with limited options of palliative localized or systemic treatments. Survival can be improved by a second localized treatment; however, it is not currently possible to identify which patients would benefit from this approach. This study aims to evaluate which factors lead to a lower Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score after fractionated stereotactic RT (fSRT).

Methods

We retrospectively collected data from patients treated with fSRT for recurrent GBM at the Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine between October 2010 and November 2017 and analyzed which factors were associated with a lower KPS score.

Results

59 patients received a dose of 25 Gy in 5 sessions spread over 5–7 days (80% isodose). The median time from the end of primary radiotherapy to the initiation of fSRT was 10.7 months. The median follow-up after fSRT initiation was 8.8 months. The incidence of KPS and ADL impairment in all patients were 51.9% and 37.8% respectively with an adverse impact of PTV size on KPS (HR = 1.57 [95%-CI, 1.19–2.08], p = 0.028). Only two patients showed early grade 3 toxicity and none showed grade 4 or late toxicity. The median overall survival time, median overall survival time after fSRT, median progression-free survival and institutionalization-free survival times were 25.8, 8.8, 3.9 and 7.7 months, respectively. Initial surgery was associated with better progression-free survival (Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.48 [95%-CI, 0.27–0.86], p = 0.013).

Conclusions

A larger PTV should predicts lower KPS in the treatment of recurrent GBM using fSRT.

Glioblastoma recurrence

Karnofsky Performance Status

Cyberknife

Stereotactic radiotherapy

The management of recurrent/progressive glioblastoma (GBM) is not standardized and individualized according to the general and neurological condition of the patient, relapse-free interval, recurrence pattern, anatomo-functional site of the relapse, treatments previously delivered.

The options in local pattern of recurrence/progression may include surgery, reirradiation, systemic therapy, alternating electric fields - associated with optimized supportive care within a multidisciplinary brain tumor center (1–4). Patients who maintain a good performance status at the time of focal recurrence/progression - especially when the interval from first irradiation is longer than 6–12 months - may be candidates to localized therapy - either surgery or reirradiation according to various modalities. There is no demonstrated superiority of either approach (5, 6) – that could also be even better combined according to recent/pending studies (7, 8).

Prognostic scores have been proposed to help decision-making in recurrent/progressive GBM. The initial histology, age of the patient, time to first relapse, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), tumor volume, and extent of second surgery are integrated (9, 10). Beyond the traditional outcome measures, it seems relevant to integrate and anticipate the quality of residual survival in patients suffering from recurrent/progressive GBM. It has been shown that different recurrent therapies did not significantly impact patients' health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) (11, 12). However, in daily practice, it appears complicated to evaluate HR-QoL prospectively for all patients and repeatedly, especially in the advanced phase of the disease. Several methodological pitfalls have been reported (13). To approach HR-QoL evaluation, two surrogate markers easy to collect in daily practice may be measured – i.e., the level of activities of daily living (ADL) and KPS (also prognostic of overall survival from progression) (14–17).

In a cohort of unselected consecutive patients treated homogeneously in a comprehensive cancer center, we sought to measure the impact of Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy (fSRT) on ADL and KPS. We also looked for the factors that influence their deterioration.

Patient selection

We retrospectively selected all consecutive patients with recurrent/progressive GBM treated from October 2010 to November 2017 with fSRT as reirradiation (Cyberknife® (Accuray Inc.)) at the Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine. Patient data were retrieved from the hospital database. The inclusion criteria included: in field (more than 80% of the tumour recurrence resided within the prescription 95% isodose surface), age > 18 years, de novo histologically confirmed grade IV GBM, initial treatment according to international recommendations with conventional radiotherapy (RT) fractionation, and KPS score of ≥ 60% at the time of reirradiation. The recurrence was assessed with RANO (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology) criteria on quarterly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (18).

Treatment

Only the first reirradiation was considered in this study. fSRT was delivered with 5 sessions of 5 Gy spread over 5–7 days applied on the 80% normalized isodose. The gross tumor volume was defined as the T1-enhanced lesion(s) on a brain MRI acquired within four weeks of the treatment, merged with simulation Computed Tomography (CT). An isotropic margin of 1–2 mm was added to define the Planning Target Volume (PTV). Organs at risk included brainstem, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lens, pituitary and healthy brain. Concurrent/adjuvant Chemotherapy was prescribed after reirradiation in some cases according to regional neurooncology tumor board decision.

Follow up

After reirradiation, patients were evaluated clinically and with MRI at 1 and 3 months after the completion of reirradiation and at least every 3 months afterwards.

Data collection

Demographic data, initial treatment characteristics and clinical data at reirradiation were retrieved from medical records. The KPS and the ADL according to the modified Barthel's index (19) were evaluated at each consultation. Headache, mobility, weight, seizure, intracranial hypertension, steroid dosage, sensorimotor defect, and topography of the tumor were recorded at the recurrence. Acute toxicity was assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0 during reirradiation.

Statistical analysis

Qualitative parameters were described as frequency and percentage. For quantitative parameters, the normality of the distribution was investigated by the Shapiro-Wilk test and was described as mean with standard deviation or median and range accordingly. Performance status impairment was defined as the loss of at least 10 points on the KPS score (20). Patients were censored at local GBM recurrence according to RANO criteria or death, whichever came first. Prognostic factors of KPS score impairment were investigated using the univariate Cox proportional hazards model. The proportional hazards assumption were checked based on scaled Schoenfeld residuals, and the linearity assumption for continuous parameters was assessed with martingale residuals. In case of non-linearity, the parameter was dichotomized, and the thresholds were chosen according to clinical relevance. Parameters with a p-value less than 0.2 were tested in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model with backward selection in order to obtain the final multivariate model. Results were explained as hazard ratio (HR) with their 95% confidence interval (95% CI). ADL decrease was defined as the time interval between the day of reirradiation to the day when ADL had decreased by 1 point (20). Patients were censored at local recurrence according to RANO criteria or death, whichever happened first. Institutionalization-free survival corresponded to the time interval between the first fSRT session to the day of institutionalization or death, whichever happened first. Progression Free Survival (PFS) was defined as the time interval between the day of reirradiation to the day of radiological progression or death, whichever happened first. Prognostic factors of PFS were assessed using the same method as described for KPS decrease. Overall survival (OS) was measured from initial diagnosis of GBM and overall survival from the initiation of reirradiation was also measured. A sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding patients who had had a previous recurrence before the reirradiation. Prognostic factors found in the all population of this study was assessed in the subpopulation of patients that received radiotherapy for the first recurrence to check their robustness. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, version 9.4. (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The threshold for statistical significance was set to p < 0.05.

59 patients with local GBM recurrence were treated with fSRT following the initial treatment. Patient characteristics are presented in Table 1. For the primary treatment, 20 (34%), 28 (47%) and 11 (19%) patients underwent stereotactic biopsy, subtotal resection and gross total resection respectively. All patients completed the initial chemoradiation procedure. The median KPS score at recurrence was 90% (60–100%). 31 (53%) patients received systemic treatment following reirradiation (Table 1). Forty-five (76%) patients were reirradiated on the first recurrence of GBM, 10 (17%) on the second recurrence (6 patients had systemic therapy and 4 patients had surgery on the first recurrence), 3 (5%) on the third recurrence (systemic therapy) and 1 (2%) on the fourth recurrence (systemic therapy). The reirradiation characteristics are presented in Table 2. The median time from the end of primary radiotherapy to the first recurrence was 9.5 months (range: 1.3–65 months). The median time from the recurrence diagnosis and fSRT initiation was 1 month (range: 0.1–3.5 months). All patients completed the reirradiation course. The median follow-up appointment after fSRT initiation was at 8.8 months (range: 3–54 months). Two patients were still alive at the time of analysis.

Table 1

Patient characteristics at diagnosis and at the time of recurrence for the whole cohort
At diagnosis
Age	61 ± 10
Male	32(54)
Surgical procedure Stereotactic Biopsy Subtotal resection Complete resection	20 (34) 28 (47) 11 (19)
Adjuvant systemic therapy Temozolomide Bevacizumab Nivolumab Temozolomide with bevacizumab Temozolomide with nivolumab	52 (88) 1 (2) 1 (2) 4 (6) 1 (2)
At recurrence
Number of previous recurrences 0 1 2 3	45(76) 10(17) 3(5) 1(2)
KPS 60 70 80 90 100	1 (2) 10 (17) 9 (15) 35 (59) 4 (7)
ADL 6 5 4 3 2	53 (90) 2 (3) 1 (2) 2 (3) 1 (2)
Multifocality Yes No	5 (8) 54 (92)
Steroids Yes No	14 (24) 45 (76)
Antiepileptic medication Yes No	35 (59) 24 (41)
Headaches Yes No	14 (25) 45 (75)
Motor deficiency Yes No	9 (85) 50 (15)
Intracranial hypertension Yes No	0 (0) 59 (100)
Adjuvant systemic treatment after reirradiation Temozolomide Bevacizumab Fotemustine Temozolomide with bevacizumab Fotemustine with bevacizumab Lomustine with bevacizumab Nivolumab	31(52) 12 (20) 5 (8) 4 (7) 3 (5) 4 (7) 2 (3) 1 (2)
Footnote: Result: mean ± standard deviation or frequency (percentage); RTCT: Concomitant adjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy; KPS: Karnofsky Performance Status; ADL: Activity of Daily Living

Table 2

Treatment characteristics of reirradiation.
	Median (minimum – maximum)
Total dose (Gy)	25 (25–25)
Maximum dose at plan (Gy)	31.25 (31.13–35.71)
Number of beams	101 (56–164)
Conformity Index	1.28 (1.14–2.1)
GTV-PTV margin (mm)	2 (1–3)
PTV (cc)	11.4 (1.1–60.7)
Footnote: PTV: Planning target volume; GTV: Gross tumor volume; Cc: cubic centimeter

The incidence of KPS impairment in all patients was 51.9% [CI-95%, 37.3–68.3] 5 months after fSRT (Fig. 1). Using univariate analysis, KPS impairment was significantly associated with headaches (HR = 2.44 [CI-95%, 1.07–5.59], p = 0.035) and a larger PTV (continuous data for an increase of 1 cc) (HR = 1.05 [CI-95%, 1.02–1.08], p = 0.016) (Table 3). A PTV value ≥ 10cc was observed for 33 patients (55.9%) and significantly increased the risk of KPS impairment (HR 2.82 [CI-95%, 1.12–7.14], p = 0.028). Using multivariate analysis, only a larger PTV was associated with KPS impairment. Six months after reirradiation, 37.8% [CI-95%, 23.5–56.7] of patients had ADL impairment (Fig. 1), the median institutionalization-free survival time was 7.7 months [CI-95%, 6.1–8.8] (Fig. 2). For the 45 patients who received fSRT at the first recurrence, the incidence of KPS impairment was 52.6% [CI-95%, 35.9–71.4] 5 months after fSRT and an increase of PTV (continuous data for an increase of 1 cc) was also significantly associated with KPS impairment (HR = 1.05 [CI-95%, 1.01–1.09], p = 0.024). Six months after reirradiation, 36.7% [CI-95%, 21.7–57.5] of patients had ADL impairment. Twenty-four patients experienced toxicity within three months following reirradiation: 17 patients presented with grade 1 (12 headache, 3 seizure, 1 motor defect and 1 intracranial hypertension), 5 patients experienced grade 2 (2 headache, 2 intracranial hypertension, 1 motor deficiency) and 2 patients suffered from grade 3 toxicity (2 intracranial hypertension).

Table 3

Prognostic factors of KPS impairment after reirradiation by bivariate analysis
Variable	Hazard ratio [95% CI]	p-value
Male sex	0.88 [0.40 ; 1.98]	0.763
Initial brain surgery	1.20 [0.48 ; 3.03]	0.697
Motor deficiency	1.32 [0.45 ; 3.88]	0.615
Antiepileptic medication	0.71 [0.32 ; 1.59]	0.405
Headaches	2.44 [1.07 ; 5.59]	0.035
Age (years) > 60	1.0 [0.45 ; 2.24]	1
Steroids (mg)	1.47 [0.64 ; 3.38]	0.363
PTV (cc) *	1.57 [1.19 ; 2.08]	0.028
KPS (%) ≥ 90	1.51 [0.60 ; 3.81]	0.388
Time from RTCT to fSBReRT (months) < 12	1.36 [0.59 ; 3.10]	0.473
Number of recurrences before reirradiation ≥ 1	1.27 [0.50 ; 3.20]	0.617
Multifocality	1.66 [0.49 ; 5.62]	0.412
Brain topography Cortical Subcortical	1 2.54 [1.00 ;6.44]	0.050
Footnote: CI: confidence interval; * HR computed for an increase of 10 cc; RTCT: Concomitant adjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy; fSBReRT: Fractionated stereotactic body reirradiation

The median OS from diagnosis and from fSRT was 25.8 months [CI-95%, 22-29.7] and 8.8 months [CI-95%, 7.4–10.9], respectively (Fig. 2). The median PFS time was 3.9 months [CI-95%, 3.3–5.2] (Fig. 2). Using univariate analyses, surgery (HR = 0.48 [CI-95%, 0.27–0.86], p = 0.013) and steroids administration (HR = 1.81 [CI-95%, 1.04–3.16], p = 0.037) were significant associated with PFS (Table 4). Only initial stereotactic biopsy was significantly associated with PFS deterioration using multivariate analysis. For patients with treatment at the first recurrence, the median OS from diagnosis and from fSRT was 23 months [CI-95%, 20.9–29.7] and 10.8 months [CI-95%, 8.2–12], respectively. Median PFS time was 4 months [CI-95%, 3.4–5.7], and the initial stereotactic biopsy was significantly associated with decreased PFS (HR = 0.41 [CI-95%, 0.21–0.81], p = 0.011).

Table 4

Prognosis factors for decreased PFS by bivariate analysis
Variable	Hazard Ratio [95% CI]	p-value
Male sex	0.85 [0.50 ; 1.47]	0.566
Initial brain surgery	0.48 [0.27 ; 0.86]	0.013
Motor deficiency	1.42 [0.68 ; 2.94]	0.350
Antiepileptic medication	1.17 [0.69 ; 1.98]	0.567
Headaches	0.86 [0.46 ; 1.61]	0.645
Age (years) > 60	0.67 [0.40 ; 1.13]	0.135
Steroids (mg)	1.81 [1.04 ; 3.16]	0.037
PTV (cc) *	1.14 [0.90 ; 1.44]	0.269
KPS (%) ≥ 90	1.01 [0.58 ; 1.73]	0.985
Time from RTCT to fSBReRT (months) < 12	0.60 [0.35 ; 1.01]	0.055
Number of recurrences before reirradiation ≥ 1	1.84 [0.98 ; 3.44]	0.056
Multifocality	1.18 [0.47 ; 2.99]	0.715
Brain topography Cortical Subcortical	1 1.58[0.77 ;3.26]	0.214
Footnote: CI: confidence interval; * HR computed for an increase of 10 cc; RTCT: Concomitant adjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy; fSBReRT: Fractionated stereotactic body reirradiation

The incidence of KPS and ADL impairment in all patients were 51.9% and 37.8% respectively with an adverse impact of PTV size on KPS. Only two patients showed early grade 3 toxicity and none showed grade 4 or late toxicity. The median OS time was 25.8 months, the median OS time after fSRT was 8.8 months, and median PFS and institutionalization-free survival times were 3.9 and 7.7 months, respectively.

Demographic data, initial treatment characteristics and clinical data at reirradiation were comparable with other studies. KPS score is a major prognostic marker in neurooncology (21). A larger PTV was adversely correlated, which is probably due to the reirradiation of a larger amount of healthy brain. To our knowledge, this study is the first to document the changes in KPS score after fSRT and the related prognostic factors. In our study, the median institutionalization-free survival time was 7.7 months [CI-95%, 6.1–8.8]. In this study, KPS impairment did not lead to institutionalization with dependency on caregivers. This can be explained by the minor KPS impairment (only 10 points for the majority of patients) after radiotherapy. Only two patients experienced early grade 3 toxicity and none grade 4 or late toxicity - confirming the acceptable tolerance profile of fSRT in the treatment of GBM recurrence/progression (22–30).

The median PFS was comparable to those previously reported (5, 22–29, 31–37). The timing of fSRT reirradiation according to disease progression did not really impact PFS or OS. Two systematic reviews and meta-analysis meeting our criteria were recently published including one that specifically assessed CyberKnife® excluding anaplastic tumors like ours (5, 37). Most studies referred are single-center case series. Our study has the second largest population reported. As for us, the Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) at recurrence was defined as the MRI gadolinium-enhanced area and the PTV was reconstructed adding 0 to 3 mm margin to the GTV. Amino-acid PET has also been proposed to tailor GTV delineation (38). The median PTV volume was 12.1 cc. The median number of fractions was 3 (range 1–6) and the median dose was 24.5 Gy (range 13.9–48.8). The prescribed marginal isodose ranged from 78–91%. In their meta-analysis, Kazmi et al. recommend a highly conformal technique with a hypofractionated regimen (such as 25 Gy in 5 fractions or 35 Gy in 10 fractions), taking into account the volume and location of the recurrent tumor. The authors were unable to meta-analyze the effect of Cybreknife treatment on KPS, cognitive function, and quality of life.

Our study had several strengths. First, we had a large homogeneous population with one histology and one treatment schedule for all patients. Second, this study is the first to document the changes in KPS and ADL score after fSRT and the related prognostic factors of KPS impairment. Third, the standardized medical records have allowed a rigorous collection of medical data.

Due to the retrospective design of our study, we could not systematically retrieve all the prognostic factors recently identified – e.g. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-1/2 mutation, and O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation (30, 39–43). Although we have used the RANO classification to assess response, we must acknowledge that it may be difficult to differentiate post-treatment effects from genuine recurrence/progression - which could have impacted the selection of patients. Moreover, although our cohort was large, we still have a lack of power due to the size of our cohort in relation to the frequency of treatment. Another limit was related to the single dose schedule, indeed the dose was not modulated according to the tumor size whereas a dose escalation could have been performed for small recurrence.

In a recent study, high-dose salvage re-irradiation in carefully selected patients with recurrent/progressive glioma was associated with stable HR-QoL (preserved functional domains and reduced symptom burden) and improvement in ADL (greater functional independence) over time with encouraging survival outcomes (12). This finding allowed us to propose a prudent reirradiation dose escalation in the hope of increasing the medical benefit - especially when the PTV is circumscribed. Maitre et al. confirmed that easy-to-collect indicators may help the clinician to better appreciate the therapeutic options in recurrent/progressive GBM. To go further in this investigation, it might be tempting to approach assessment of instrumental daily living (IADL) despite cognitive deficits observed in these patients (44). The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Group is currently validating a specific questionnaire (45).

As previously meta analyzed, we confirm that fSRT shows a favorable therapeutic ratio in the treatment of recurrent GBM – especially in selected situations when (cumulative) PTV volume is restricted. Due to a linear correlation between PTV volume and we tried to define a threshold but the benefit is linked to the PTV with a continuous value. In this complex palliative situation, easy-to-collect surrogate markers of HR-QoL data could be used to support decision-making when multiple treatment options are available, in addition to the published re-irradiation risk scores. Future prospective studies included patient-reported outcomes are needed, since KPS and ADL are only a reflection of HR-QoL.

ADL: activities of daily living

CT: computed tomography

CTCAE: common terminology criteria for adverse events

EORTC: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer

fSRT: fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy

GBM: glioblastoma

GTV: gross tumor volume

HR: hazard ratio

HR-QoL: health-related quality of life

IADL: instrumental activities of daily living

IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase

KPS: Karnofsky performance status

MGMT: O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase

MR: magnetic resonance imaging

OS: overall survival

PFS: progression free survival

PTV: planning target volume

RANO: response assessment in neuro-oncology

RT: radiotherapy

Ethical Approval and Consent to participate

The institutional review board approved this observational study and consent was waived for all subjects. A declaration to the French national commission on informatics and liberty « Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL) » was also made.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Availability of supporting data

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Funding

Not applicable

Authors' contributions

All authors contributed to the experimental design and its implementation. ND collected and JS exploited the data. After that, ND, JS and GV analysed and interpreted the data and ND drafted the manuscript.

All authors contributed to revision, read and approved the final version.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Nabors LB, Portnow J, Ahluwalia M, Baehring J, Brem H, Brem S, et al. Central Nervous System Cancers, Version 3.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2 nov. 2020;18(11):1537–70.
Weller M, van den Bent M, Preusser M, Le Rhun E, Tonn JC, Minniti G, et al. EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood. Nat Rev Clin Oncol mars. 2021;18(3):170–86.
Pace A, Dirven L, Koekkoek JAF, Golla H, Fleming J, Rudà R, et al. European Association for Neuro-Oncology (EANO) guidelines for palliative care in adults with glioma. Lancet Oncol juin. 2017;18(6):e330–40.
Wen PY, Weller M, Lee EQ, Alexander BM, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Barthel FP, et al. Glioblastoma in adults: a Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions. Neuro Oncol 17 août. 2020;22(8):1073–113.
Kazmi F, Soon YY, Leong YH, Koh WY, Vellayappan B. Re-irradiation for recurrent glioblastoma (GBM): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurooncol mars. 2019;142(1):79–90.
Lu VM, Goyal A, Graffeo CS, Perry A, Burns TC, Parney IF, et al. Survival Benefit of Maximal Resection for Glioblastoma Reoperation in the Temozolomide Era: A Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg juill. 2019;127:31–7.
Straube C, Scherb H, Gempt J, Kirschke J, Zimmer C, Schmidt-Graf F, et al. Adjuvant stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy to the resection cavity in recurrent glioblastoma - the GlioCave study (NOA 17 - ARO 2016/3 - DKTK ROG trial). BMC Cancer. 3 janv 2018;18(1):15.
Chun SJ, Park SH, Park CK, Kim JW, Kim TM, Choi SH, et al. Survival gain with re-Op/RT for recurred high-grade gliomas depends upon risk groups. Radiother Oncol août. 2018;128(2):254–9.
Niyazi M, Adeberg S, Kaul D, Boulesteix AL, Bougatf N, Fleischmann DF, et al. Independent validation of a new reirradiation risk score (RRRS) for glioma patients predicting post-recurrence survival: A multicenter DKTK/ROG analysis. Radiother Oncol avr. 2018;127(1):121–7.
Kessel KA, Hesse J, Straube C, Zimmer C, Schmidt-Graf F, Schlegel J, et al. Modification and optimization of an established prognostic score after re-irradiation of recurrent glioma. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(7):e0180457.
Stöckelmaier L, Renovanz M, König J, Nickel K, Hickmann AK, Mayer-Steinacker R, et al. Therapy for Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Study on Health-Related Quality of Life. World Neurosurg juin. 2017;102:383–99.
Ernst-Stecken A, Ganslandt O, Lambrecht U, Sauer R, Grabenbauer G. Survival and quality of life after hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for recurrent malignant glioma. J Neurooncol févr. 2007;81(3):287–94.
Dirven L, Reijneveld JC, Aaronson NK, Bottomley A, Uitdehaag BMJ, Taphoorn MJB. Health-related quality of life in patients with brain tumors: limitations and additional outcome measures. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep juill. 2013;13(7):359.
Sacko A, Hou MM, Temgoua M, Alkhafaji A, Marantidou A, Belin C, et al. Evolution of the Karnosky Performance Status throughout life in glioblastoma patients. J Neurooncol mai. 2015;122(3):567–73.
Audureau E, Chivet A, Ursu R, Corns R, Metellus P, Noel G, et al. Prognostic factors for survival in adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma: a decision-tree-based model. J Neurooncol févr. 2018;136(3):565–76.
Giovagnoli AR, Silvani A, Colombo E, Boiardi A. Facets and determinants of quality of life in patients with recurrent high grade glioma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry avr. 2005;76(4):562–8.
Yokoo M, Akechi T, Takayama T, Karato A, Kikuuchi Y, Okamoto N, et al. Comprehensive assessment of cancer patients’ concerns and the association with quality of life. Jpn J Clin Oncol juill. 2014;44(7):670–6.
Wen PY, Macdonald DR, Reardon DA, Cloughesy TF, Sorensen AG, Galanis E, et al. Updated Response Assessment Criteria for High-Grade Gliomas: Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Working Group. JCO. 10 avr 2010;28(11):1963–72.
Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION: THE BARTHEL INDEX. Md State Med J févr. 1965;14:61–5.
Sacko A, Hou MM, Temgoua M, Alkhafaji A, Marantidou A, Belin C, et al. Evolution of the Karnosky Performance Status throughout life in glioblastoma patients. J Neurooncol mai. 2015;122(3):567–73.
Li J, Wang M, Won M, Shaw EG, Coughlin C, Curran WJ, et al. Validation and simplification of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis classification for glioblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1 nov. 2011;81(3):623–30.
Klobukowski L, Falkov A, Chelimo C, Fogh SE. A Retrospective Review of Re-irradiating Patients’ Recurrent High-grade Gliomas. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2018;30(9):563–70.
Yazici G, Cengiz M, Ozyigit G, Eren G, Yildiz F, Akyol F, et al. Hypofractionated stereotactic reirradiation for recurrent glioblastoma. J Neurooncol oct. 2014;120(1):117–23.
Dincoglan F, Beyzadeoglu M, Sager O, Demiral S, Gamsiz H, Uysal B, et al. Management of patients with recurrent glioblastoma using hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Tumori avr. 2015;101(2):179–84.
Pinzi V, Orsi C, Marchetti M, Milanesi IM, Bianchi LC, DiMeco F, et al. Radiosurgery reirradiation for high-grade glioma recurrence: a retrospective analysis. Neurol Sci août. 2015;36(8):1431–40.
Bräutigam E, Lampl C, Track C, Nieder C, Pichler J, Hammer J, et al. Re-irradiation of recurrent glioblastoma as part of a sequential multimodality treatment concept. Clin Transl Oncol mai. 2019;21(5):582–7.
Gigliotti MJ, Hasan S, Karlovits SM, Ranjan T, Wegner RE. Re-Irradiation with Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Radiotherapy for Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas: Improved Survival in the Modern Era. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2018;96(5):289–95.
Aktan M, Koc M, Kanyilmaz G. Survival following reirradiation using intensity-modulated radiation therapy with temozolomide in selected patients with recurrent high grade gliomas. Ann Transl Med nov. 2015;3(20):304.
Zemlin A, Märtens B, Wiese B, Merten R, Steinmann D. Timing of re-irradiation in recurrent high-grade gliomas: a single institution study. J Neurooncol juill. 2018;138(3):571–9.
Chun SJ, Park SH, Park CK, Kim JW, Kim TM, Choi SH, et al. Survival gain with re-Op/RT for recurred high-grade gliomas depends upon risk groups. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128(2):254–9.
Scoccianti S, Francolini G, Carta GA, Greto D, Detti B, Simontacchi G, et al. Re-irradiation as salvage treatment in recurrent glioblastoma: A comprehensive literature review to provide practical answers to frequently asked questions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol juin. 2018;126:80–91.
Taunk NK, Moraes FY, Escorcia FE, Mendez LC, Beal K, Marta GN. External beam re-irradiation, combination chemoradiotherapy, and particle therapy for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2016;16(3):347–58.
Patel M, Siddiqui F, Jin JY, Mikkelsen T, Rosenblum M, Movsas B, et al. Salvage reirradiation for recurrent glioblastoma with radiosurgery: radiographic response and improved survival. J Neurooncol 9 déc. 2008;92(2):185.
Minniti G, Armosini V, Salvati M, Lanzetta G, Caporello P, Mei M, et al. Fractionated stereotactic reirradiation and concurrent temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 1 juill. 2011;103(3):683–91.
Fokas E, Wacker U, Gross MW, Henzel M, Encheva E, Engenhart-Cabillic R. Hypofractionated stereotactic reirradiation of recurrent glioblastomas: a beneficial treatment option after high-dose radiotherapy? Strahlenther Onkol avr. 2009;185(4):235–40.
Lederman G, Wronski M, Arbit E, Odaimi M, Wertheim S, Lombardi E, et al. Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme Using Fractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Concurrent Paclitaxel. Am J Clin Oncology: Cancer Clin Trials avr. 2000;23(2):155–9.
De Maria L, Terzi di Bergamo L, Conti A, Hayashi K, Pinzi V, Murai T, et al. CyberKnife for Recurrent Malignant Gliomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 29 mars. 2021;11:652646.
Oehlke O, Mix M, Graf E, Schimek-Jasch T, Nestle U, Götz I, et al. Amino-acid PET versus MRI guided re-irradiation in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GLIAA) - protocol of a randomized phase II trial (NOA 10/ARO 2013-1). BMC Cancer 5 oct. 2016;16(1):769.
Kim IH. Appraisal of re-irradiation for the recurrent glioblastoma in the era of MGMT promotor methylation. Radiat Oncol J mars. 2019;37(1):1–12.
Weinberg BD, Boreta L, Braunstein S, Cha S. Location of subventricular zone recurrence and its radiation dose predicts survival in patients with glioblastoma. J Neurooncol juill. 2018;138(3):549–56.
Seystahl K, Wick W, Weller M. Therapeutic options in recurrent glioblastoma–An update. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol mars. 2016;99:389–408.
Le Rhun E, Rhun EL, Taillibert S, Chamberlain MC. The future of high-grade glioma: Where we are and where are we going. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6(Suppl 1):9–44.
Gallego O. Nonsurgical treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. Curr Oncol août. 2015;22(4):e273–81.
Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179–86.
Oort Q, Dirven L, Sikkes SAM, Aaronson N, Boele F, Brannan C, et al. Development of an EORTC questionnaire measuring instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in patients with brain tumours: phase I-III. Qual Life Res mai. 2021;30(5):1491–502.

No competing interests reported.

Download PDF

Editorial decision: Major revision
16 Oct, 2022
Reviews received at journal
09 Oct, 2022
Reviewers agreed at journal
07 Oct, 2022
Reviewers invited by journal
06 Oct, 2022
Editor assigned by journal
28 Sep, 2022
Submission checks completed at journal
26 Sep, 2022
First submitted to journal
22 Sep, 2022

You are reading this latest preprint version

Impact of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy on activity of daily living and performance status in progressive/recurrent glioblastoma: a retrospective study.

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Figures

Background

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1