1. Walker PG, Whittaker C, Watson O, Baguelin M, Ainslie KEC, Bhatia S, et al. The Global Impact of COVID-19 and Strategies for Mitigation and Suppression. Imp Coll COVID-19 Response Team [Internet]. 2020;March(March):19. Available from: https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abc0035%0Adoi.org/10.25561/77735
2. Baldwin Richard W di MB. Economics in the Time of COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020. 113 p. Available from: www.cepr.org
3. Makwana N. Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2017;8:3090–5.
4. Kadir A, Shenoda S, Goldhagen J, Pitterman S. The effects of armed conflict on children. Pediatr Ann. 2018;142(6).
5. Favara M, Freund R, Porter C, Sanchez A, Scott D. Young Lives, Interrupted: Short-Term Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. J Dev Stud. 2022;(67).
6. Bilsen J. Suicide and Youth: Risk Factors. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9(October):1–5.
7. Jones N, Baird S, Hamad BA, Bhutta ZA, Oakley E, Shah M, et al. Compounding inequalities: Adolescent psychosocial wellbeing and resilience among refugee and host communities in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. Vol. 17, PLoS ONE. 2022. 1–43 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261773
8. World Health Organization, UNICEF, UNFPA WBG and the UNPD. Adolescent Mental Health [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health#:~:text=Key facts,illness and disability among adolescents.
9. Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M, Conti G, Ertem I, Omigbodun O, et al. Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: Evidence for action. Lancet [Internet]. 2011;378(9801):1515–25. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60827-1
10. Majeed S, Schwaiger EM, Nazim A, Samuel IS. The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Among Pakistani Adults in Lahore. Front Public Heal. 2021;9(April):1–6.
11. Nickerson A, Liddell B, Asnaani A, Carlsson J, Fazel M, Knaevelsrud C, et al. Trauma and Mental Health in Forcibly Displaced Populations. Int Soc Trauma Stress Stud [Internet]. 2017;1–37. Available from: https://www.istss.org/getattachment/Education-Research/Briefing-Papers/Trauma-and-Mental-Health-in-Forcibly-Displaced-Pop/Displaced-Populations-Briefing-Paper_Final.pdf.aspx
12. Calam R. Public health implications and risks for children and families resettled after exposure to armed conflict and displacement. Scand J Public Health. 2017;45(3):209–11.
13. Arenliu A, Bertelsen N, Saad R, Abdulaziz H, Weine SM. War and Displacement Stressors and Coping Mechanisms of Syrian Urban Refugee Families Living in Istanbul. J Fam Psychol. 2019;34(4):392–401.
14. Panter-Brick C, Goodman A, Tol W, Eggerman M. Mental health and childhood adversities: A longitudinal study in Kabul, Afghanistan. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2011;50(4):349–63. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.001
15. Tamayo Martínez N, Rincón Rodríguez CJ, de Santacruz C, Bautista Bautista N, Collazos J, Gómez–Restrepo C. Problemas mentales, trastornos del afecto y de ansiedad en la población desplazada por la violencia en Colombia, resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr [Internet]. 2016;45(S 1):113–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.09.004
16. Schleicher A. The impact of COVID-19 on education: Insights from education at a glance 2020. OECD J Econ Stud [Internet]. 2020;1–31. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/education/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-insights-education-at-a-glance-2020.pdf
17. UNESCO; UNICEF; Banco Mundial. El Estado De La Crisis Educativa Mundial : Un Camino Hacia La Recuperacion. 2021;5.
18. Escobar Henao JM. Panorama sociodemográfico de la juventud en Colombia ¿Quiénes son, qué hacen y cómo se sienten en el contexto actual? Univ EAFIT. 2017;62.
19. Gómez-Restrepo C. La Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental–ENSM 2015. Vol. 45, Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria. 2016. 1 p.
20. Marroquín Rivera A, Rincón Rodríguez CJ, Padilla-Munõz A, Gómez-Restrepo C. Mental health in adolescents displaced by the armed conflict: Findings from the Colombian national mental health survey. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2020;14(1):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00327-5
21. Sanchez-Padilla E, Casas G, Grais RF, Hustache S, Moro M-R. The Colombian conflict: a description of a mental health program in the Department of Tolima. Confl Health. 2009;3(1):1–6.
22. Programas de Desarrollo con Enfoque Territorial - Colombia [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.renovacionterritorio.gov.co/especiales/especial_pdet/
23. Smilkstein G. The family APGAR: a proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians. J Fam Pract. 1978;6(6):1231–9.
24. Forero L, Avendaño M, Duarte Z CA. Consistencia interna y análisis de factores de la escala APGAR para evaluar el funcionamiento familiar.Revista Colombiana de psiquitria[revista en internet]2006[acceso 7 de octubre de 2018];1(1):[23-29].Disponible en:http://www.redalyc.org/resumen.oa?id=8. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr [Internet]. 2006;35(1):29. Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/resumen.oa?id=8
25. Beusenberg M, Orley J. A user’s guide to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Geneva: World Health Organization. 1994. p. 84.
26. Shin C, Lee SH, Han KM, Yoon HK, Han C. Comparison of the usefulness of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9 for screening for major depressive disorder: Analysis of psychiatric outpatient data. Psychiatry Investig. 2019;16(4):300–5.
27. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7.
28. Blevins C, Weathers F, Davis M, Witte T, Domino J. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Int Soc Trauma Stress Stud. 2015;28:489–98.
29. Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new Resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76–82.
30. Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):547–60.
31. Jones N, Sanchez Tapia I, Baird S, Guglielmi S, Oakley E, Yadete WA, et al. Intersecting barriers to adolescents’ educational access during COVID-19: Exploring the role of gender, disability and poverty. Int J Educ Dev [Internet]. 2021;85:102428. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102428
32. Song SJ. Protecting the global mental health of forcibly displaced children from the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics. 2021;147(4).
33. Moya A, Serneels P, Desrosiers A, Reyes V, Torres MJ, Lieberman A. The COVID-19 pandemic and maternal mental health in a fragile and conflict-affected setting in Tumaco, Colombia: a cohort study. Lancet Glob Heal. 2021;9(8):e1068–76.
34. Bell V, Méndez F, Martínez C, Palma PP, Bosch M. Characteristics of the Colombian armed conflict and the mental health of civilians living in active conflict zones. Confl Health. 2012;6(1):1–8.
35. Melo-Becerra LA, Ramos-Forero JE, Rodríguez Arenas JL, Zárate-Solano HM. Efecto de la pandemia sobre el sistema educativo: El caso de Colombia. Borradores Econ. 2021;1179:1–58.
36. UNICEF. 27 million children out of school in conflict zones [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/27-million-children-out-school-conflict-zones#:~:text=In 2015%2C nearly 50 million,in 24 conflict-affected countries.
37. DANE, UNICEF. Situación de las familias con niños, niñas y adolescentes en Colombia en medio de la crisis por COVID-19. 2022; Available from: https://www.unicef.org/colombia/informes/DANE-UNICEF2022
38. Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents during COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142–50.
39. Santomauro DF, Mantilla Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, et al. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1700–12.
40. Gómez-Restrepo C, Bohórquez A, Tamayo Martínez N, Rondón M, Bautista N, Rengifo H, et al. Trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad y factores asociados en la población de adolescentes colombianos, Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr [Internet]. 2016;45(S 1):50–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2016.09.009
41. UNICEF. El impacto del COVID-19 en la salud mental de adolescentes y jóvenes. 2020; Available from: https://www.unicef.org/lac/el-impacto-del-covid-19-en-la-salud-mental-de-adolescentes-y-jóvenes
42. Porter C, Favara M, Hittmeyer A, Scott D, Sánchez Jiménez A, Ellanki R, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression symptoms of young people in the global south: Evidence from a four-country cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(4):1–14.
43. González-Ballesteros et al. A Resilience-Promotion Program for Caregivers of Young Children Affected by the Armed Conflict in Colombia. Journal of Education in Emergencies. 2021; 7(2): 212-252.
44. Murray, C., Barber, R., Foreman, K., Ozgoren, A., Abd-Allah, F., & Abera S. Global , regional , and national disability-adjusted life years ( DALYs ) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy ( HALE ) for 188 count. Lancet. 2015;386(10009):2145–91.
45. Gore FM, Bloem PJN, Patton GC, Ferguson J, Joseph V, Coffey C, et al. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years: A systematic analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2093–102.
46. Yuan K, Gong YM, Liu L, Sun YK, Tian SS, Wang YJ, et al. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(9):4982–98.
47. Selçuk EB, Demir AÇ, Erbay LG, Özcan ÖÖ, Gürer H, Dönmez YE. Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak and associated factors. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(11):1–7.
48. Sayed MH, Hegazi MA, El-Baz MS, Alahmadi TS, Zubairi NA, Altuwiriqi MA, et al. COVID-19 related posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021;16(8 August):1–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255440
49. Yue J, Zang X, Le Y, An Y. Anxiety, depression and PTSD among children and their parent during 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Curr Psychol. 2020;(2013).
50. Laird R, Kuhn E. Family support programs and adolescent mental health: review of evidence. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2014;127.
51. Marques ES, de Moraes CL, Hasselmann MH, Deslandes SF, Reichenheim ME. Violence against women, children, and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: Overview, contributing factors, and mitigating measures. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36(4).
52. UNICEF. Youth speak up about violence during COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/youth-speak-about-violence-during-covid-19
53. Feinberg ME, A. Mogle J, Lee JK, Tornello SL, Hostetler ML, Cifelli JA, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Parent, Child, and Family Functioning. Fam Process. 2022;61(1):361–74.
54. Kapetanovic S, Ander B, Gurdal S, Sorbring E. Adolescent smoking, alcohol use, inebriation, and use of narcotics during the Covid-19 pandemic. BMC Psychol [Internet]. 2022;10(1):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00756-1
55. Sen LT, Siste K, Hanafi E, Murtani BJ, Christian H, Limawan AP, et al. Insights Into Adolescents’ Substance Use in a Low–Middle-Income Country During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12(October):1–14.
56. Brener ND, Bohm MK, Jones CM, Puvanesarajah S, Robin L, Suarez N, et al. Use of Tobacco Products, Alcohol, and Other Substances Among High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic - Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January-June 2021. MMWR Suppl. 2022;71(3):8–15.
57. Ameen RF, Cinkara E. The impact of language learning on internally displaced and refugee resilience. Eur J Educ Res. 2018;7(3):529–38.
58. Connor K, Davidson J. Connor-Davidson resilience scale ( CD-RISC ) © manual. 2003;2(18):76–82.
59. Ziaian T, de Anstiss H, Antoniou G, Baghurst P, Sawyer M. Resilience and Its Association with Depression, Emotional and Behavioural Problems, and Mental Health Service Utilisation among Refugee Adolescents Living in South Australia. Int J Popul Res. 2012;2012(December):1–9.
60. Wamser-Nanney R, Howell KH, Schwartz LE, Hasselle AJ. The moderating role of trauma type on the relationship between event centrality of the traumatic experience and mental health outcomes. Psychol Trauma Theory, Res Pract Policy. 2018;10(5):499–507.
61. Levey EJ, Oppenheim CE, Lange BCL, Plasky NS, Harris BL, Gondah Lekpeh G, et al. A qualitative analysis of factors impacting resilience among youth in post-conflict Liberia. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2016;10(1):1–11.
62. Tol WA, Song S, Jordans MJD. Annual research review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict - A systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2013;54(4):445–60.